Heart Attack Paper

Heart Attack Paper
HEART ATTACKS
Each Year 1.1 Million people in the United States have heart attacks and almost half of them die. It
may be surprising that while many women believe breast cancer is most threatening to them, it is a
fact that they are eight times more likely to die of a heart attack. Coronary Artery Disease which
often leads to a heart attack is by far the leading cause of death of both men and women.
WHAT IS A HEART ATTACK?
Other Names for a heart attack include the name Myocardial Infarction, Coronary Thrombosis and
Coronary Occlusion. A Heart attack occurs when blood supply to part of the heart muscle itself is
severely reduced or stopped.
WHAT CAN CAUSE A HEART ATTACK?
Placque build up is one way of causing a heart ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even lowering resistance to certain type of viruses. Stress does not only cause detoriation to heart
but to your gums as well making you less immune from common colds to cancer. People who are
stressed are very much more likely to pick up habits like smoking, over eating, and are even less
likely to exercise.
The exposure to extreme cold may play another important role in why heart attacks happened. It has
been confirmed that people who have suffered heart attacks have suffered it during the winter
months. The reason why the extreme cold may increase a chance of some one getting a heart attack
would be due to over exertion. Meaning for example people who don't exercise at all in their
lifestyle going out in the cold to shovel away snow. As well may affect the heart by increasing its
heart rate as well as raising the blood pressure. With the in–activity of a person who does no type of
exercising activity at all in combination with the cold may cause a very high risk factor I causing
that individual to catch a heart attack. RISK FACTORS
There are many things that can contribute to having a heart attack. Most of these you can't really
change; Like Age for instance, About 85 percent of people who die from Coronary heart disease are
about the age of 60 years or older. Gender as well plays another important role, Men are more
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Heart Disease Is A Wide Term That Describes A Range Of
Heart disease is a wide term that describes a range of conditions that affect your heart. These heart
diseases consist of born heart defects, blood vessel diseases, and heart rhythm implications. This
term can also be interchanged with the term "cardiovascular disease", which refers to blood vessel
blockage that can lead to severe effects (chest pain, heart attack, stroke). Other symptoms that affect
your heart's beat or muscles also are considered a type of heart disease. Living a healthy life and
making healthy choices can help prevent and treat multiple forms of heart disease. There are a
multitude of risk factors that can increase the ability of getting heart disease. The most common are
high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In accordance to this, certain symptoms are more prevalent in certain sexes such as chest pain in
men & shortness of breath in women. Heart arrhythmia symptoms include fluttering in your chest,
tachycardia, bradycardia, chest pain & shortness of breath, lightheadedness, dizziness, and syncope.
Symptoms that are caused by heart defects can be split into two groups: Those that are prominent
soon after birth and those that appear later. Heart defects that become evident after birth are more
severe and symptoms consist of cyanosis, swelling in the legs, abdomen or areas around the eyes, or
in infants shortness of breath during feeding. The heart defects that appear later are far less fatal and
usually consist of symptoms like shortness of breath after activity, easily getting tired after activity,
or swelling in the hands, ankle, or feet. Symptoms derived from a dilated cardiomyopathy can
include dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting, irregular heartbeats, swelling of legs, ankles, or feet,
and breathlessness. Heart infections can produce a number of results depending on what infection
you refer to. However, the symptoms usually include fever, shortness of breath, dry or persistent
cough, unusual skin rashes, weakness, heart rhythm change, and swelling. Valvular heart disease
symptoms depends on which heart valve is affected, but usually is made

Myocardial Infarction Or Heart Attack
Based on the laboratory test, electrocardiogram, and the patient's presentation would lead the health
care provider to believe that the patient is having a myocardial infarction or heart attack. A
myocardial infarction is when suffienct blood flow to the coronary arteries is decreased or stopped
which in turn leads to partial or complete failure of the cardiac muscles in that area of the heart
(Abreu de Vargas, Riegel, de Oliverira Junior, Silveira Siqueira, & Oliveira Crossetti, 2017, p.
2804). When the cardiac muscle is not getting the blood flow and the oxygen that it needs the tissues
start to become necrotic and release a chemical called troponin. A laboratory test that is performed
on patient that complains of chest pain is a troponin,

Case Study Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the commonest heart disease in the United States1.
Approximately, 29% of patients with Myocardial Infarction ( MI ) present with ST– elevation
Myocardial Infarction ( STEMI )2. STEMI is the result of complete occlusion of a major epicardial
coronary artery due to thrombus formation. STEMI from a small coronary artery presenting as
substantial EKG abnormalities similar to occlusion of a major artery and hemodynamic instability is
a rare entity. The epidemiology, typical clinical presentation, outcomes, and optimal management in
this group of patients are not sufficiently known.
Case Description:
We present a case of 51–year–old male who presented to emergency room with complaints of
typical chest pain. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1). Chest X–ray was normal. Initial laboratory studies were remarkable for white blood cells count
of 12.1K, a creatine kinase MB fraction of < 3 mm was associated with significant reductions in
restenosis and the rate of target vessel revascularization19. In SES–SMART trial patients were
randomly assigned to receive a Sirolimus–eluting or bare–metal stent in small coronary artery.
Sirolimus stent was associated with significant reductions in the rates of angiographic restenosis
(primary outcome), target lesion revascularization and MI at 8 months20. The composite clinical
endpoint ( death, non–fatal MI, ischemia– driven target lesion revascularization, and
cerebrovascular accidents) was significantly lower with the sirolimus–eluting stent21. In the
TAXUS V trial, in the subset of patients with small coronary arteries, the paclitaxel stent was
associated with significant reductions in angiographic restenosis and target lesion revascularization
at nine months compared to bare metal stents22. Although DES improves target lesion
revascularization rates compared to bare–metal stents in small vessels, the absolute rates are still
higher in small vessels than large

Medical Case Study
A 60 year old male presented in the ED with a history of chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitis type
2, aortic valve stenosis and shortness of breath. He states that he cannot catch his breath and has
constant burning chest discomfort for one week without substernal chest pressure. He reports
coughing with production of sputum and denies having these symptoms before. He does drink
alcohol (including today) and admitted to drug use (marijuana). He developed worsening respiratory
distress in the ED and was placed on a Bipap, but his oxygenation worsened and he was intubated.
He was hypotensive and started on a norepinephrine drip after central line placed in right IJ. A chest
x ray showed evidence of fluid overload. He shows signs of CHF, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If the heart is compromised, it can compensate for a time by pumping harder and faster, but at a
certain point, it is so over worked that it can no longer over exert the force of contraction and pump
more volume out to the tissues. "The stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase
in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction (the end diastolic volume), when all
other factors remain constant (Frank Starling law)" . There are four one way valves that keep the
blood flowing in the correct direction throughout the body. Ther e are the mitral, tricuspid,
pulmonary and aortic valve. During each beat of the heart, they open and close, allowing blood to
flow through the vasculature. When the aortic valve between the left ventricle of the heart and the
main artery (aorta) became stenosed, it no longer allowes the blood to pump through properly. When
the left ventricle has to overcome the higher pressures (due to constriction or disfunction of the
aortic valve) to force blood into the aorta. Feeding oxygen rich blood to the tissues. The extra work
can cause enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle and over time, becomes weakened.
What caused aortic valve stenosis? Most likely having a history of cardiovascular risk factors, such
as diabetes type 2, high cholesterol and high blood pressure! Untreated aortic valve stenosis can lead
to weakening of the heart muscle, which could

Heart Disease And The Risk Factors That Can Increase The...
INTRODUCTION Heart Disease refers to several types of heart conditions. According to World
Health Organization or WHO, heart disease is the leading cause of death in United Kingdom, United
States, Canada and Australia. In fact, about 600, 000 individuals in the US dies of heart disease
every year and that is 1 in every 4 deaths. Heart disease is among the most widespread and costly
health problems facing today's nation. It accounts for more than $500 billion in health care costs in
2010 alone. It is also important to know that heart disease can be prevented and by knowing the risk
factors that can heighten one's chances of developing the disease it may be hindered. In this paper, I
provide an overview of the function of the heart and the risk factors that can increase the chances of
acquiring or worsen an existing condition that will affect our health severely. Finally, I review three
medical conditions associated with heart disease, and conclude the importance of this topic with
suggestions and recommendations about strategies to reduce the development or chances of
acquiring heart problems and to keep a healthy heart to improve personal well–being. Risk factors
are habits or conditions that increases an individual's chances of developing a disease. It can also
increase the ratio of an existing condition to get worse. Some of the risk factors for heart disease that
can be prevented are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, poor eating habits

Case Study : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Case Study on Chronic Diseases
Submitted by: Bhakti Amin
ID Number: 4209426
Presented to: Professor Cupac Tanja
June 06, 2016
NURS 1495 Nursing Theory
Patient's initials: BV Age: 55, Gender: Male Date of admission: 15/03/2016 Approximate
educational level: College Diploma
Definition of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
COPD is one of the most common respiratory diseases. It is characterized by airflow limitation that
is progressive, not preventable, and not fully reversible. It is usually describes a mixture of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition COPD caused by occupational exposure to dusts and chemicals, indoor and outdoor air
pollution, and antiprotease deficiency (rare inherited disorder) (Huether & McCane, 2012). Risk
factors for COPD are second–hand smoke, factors affect lung growth during gestation and
childhood, aging (least age 40), airway hyperactivity and alcohol consumption (Stone, Barnes, &
Petersen, 2012).
Etiology and risk factors of CAD
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CAD. CAD is caused by a focal deposit of cholesterol and
lipids in the walls of the coronary arteries. Plaque buildup causes of the arteries to narrow over time,
which block the blood flow partially or totally (Huether & McCane, 2012). Risk factors of CAD are
conditions or habits that raise a risk of CAD and heart attack. Nonmodifiable risk factors involve
age, family history, gender, and ethnicity. Modifiable risk factors involve diabetes mellitus, obesity,
sedentary lifestyle, stress, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption, end–stage renal disease,
high intake of saturated fat, and high cholesterol level (Huether & McCane, 2012).
Disease Progress and Possible Complications COPD
Changes associated with chronic bronchitis include hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the bronchial
mucous glands, increased goblet cells, ciliary damage, and chronic leukocytic and lymphocytic
infiltration of bronchial walls. Widespread inflammation lead to airway narrowing and

Coronary Heart Disease Risk Analysis
According to the CDC's website, heart disease or Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the number 1
killer in the United States for both men and women. For women though, there is a higher risk of
dying from heart disease. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1 in 4 women
dies from CHD. Studies have shown that men are more likely to develop CHD at a younger age than
women, but they tend to bounce back from complications better than women do. Coronary heart
disease occurs when plaque builds up on the walls of the coronary arteries. Blood, rich in oxygen,
flows through these arteries to the heart, so when the plaque builds up on the walls, it narrows and
blocks blood flow. If a blood clot forms from a ruptured plaque buildup, ... Show more content on
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Unfortunately, they realized these things were so bad after they had already had heart attacks. What
I think is very disturbing is the fact of their EKG's came back normal and Still went to her doctor
five times in two weeks. All three were later diagnosed with diabetes, high blood pressure, and high
cholesterol. Krolikowski's message to any women is to "listen to your inner voice when you know
something is wrong." Alexander–Wright's message is to be persistent if you feel something isn't
normal for your body, don't always brush it off as being stress. Lastly, Still's message is to educate
yourself, because "women get inferior medical care because doctors don't take our symptoms

Heart And Blood Vessel Assessment
Jacob Powell
Write–up for Heart and Blood Vessels
Date: 10/18/2013
Time: 1330
Biographical: G.B., 20, Male, Caucasian, DOB: 01/23/1993, Student, Dr. Wang, Orientated to
person, time and place, reliable source of information. No deficits in mental ability.
Write–up for Heart:
History of Present Illness– Chief Complaint– Fatigue
Denies chest pain
Fatigue is persistent, but not strong enough to interfere with capabilities
Denies associated symptoms
Denies medication
Denies cough
Denies difficulty breathing
Denies loss of consciousness
Symptom Analysis–
Where–
Symptoms systematic
States "I always seem to be tired."
When–
Symptoms began three months ago
Symptoms onset was gradual
Last entire duration of the day
What–
Rated pain 0 out of 10 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High intensity
Denies sexual activity
Denies use of illegal drugs
Risk Factors
Male, more at risk
Denies hyperlipidemia
Denies elevated homocysteine level
Denies smoking
Denies family history of cardiac disease
Denies diabetes mellitus

Denies obesity
Denies sedentary lifestyle
Positive personality, somewhat intense
Write–up for Blood Vessels:
History of Present Illness– No CC
Denies leg pain or cramps
Denies swollen ankles
Past Medical History–
Denies cardiac surgery or hospitalization for cardiac evaluation or disorder, congenital heart defect,
or vascular procedures
Denies acute rheumatic fever, unexplained fever, swollen joints, or vasculitis
Hypertension noted, denies bleeding disorder, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, stroke,
transient ischemic attacks, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, or thrombophlebitis
Family History–
Denies family member with risk factors, morbidity, mortality related to cardiovascular system,
hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, heart disease, thrombosis, peripheral vascular disease, or
abdominal aortic aneurysms
Personal and Social History–
Denies employment
Denies tobacco use
Healthy nutritional status
Usual diet consist of a large amount of carbs and sugars, low amounts of protein and fat
Denies weight gain or loss
Denies alcohol use
Exercises with weights twice a week for one

Symptoms Of Cardiovascular Disease
Heart Disease
Heart disease is many different conditions that can affect your heart in many different ways. Some
of these conditions include blood vessel diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart arrhythmias.
One other condition would be a heart defect you may have been born with such as congenital heart
defect. Another name people often use to describe heart disease is cardiovascular disease. This term
is about narrowed or blocked blood vessels. Symptoms for heart disease depend on what type of
heart disease you have.
3.jpgSymptoms of cardiovascular disease include; chest pain, shortness of breath, pain,numbness,
weakness or coldness in your legs or arms if the blood vessels in these spots are narrowed or
blocked, and pain

Symptoms And Treatment Of Coronary Artery Disease
D.L., a 33 year old female with history of Coronary Artery Disease was admitted with complaints of
chest pain. The patient had Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty or PCTA in 2011. The
chest pain started 3 days ago upon admission and described the pain as 3 out of 10 in pain scale for
severity. The patient stated that the pain feels like a squeezing pain on the chest and no aggravating
factors caused it as she recalls. The patient used Nitroglycerine to alleviate the pain, which lasted
about 4 hours each past several days. The patient also stated that she was not sick, no fever or chills,
and did not experience any nausea and vomiting.
The patient has a prescription of Plavix, Nitroglycerine, Aspirin, and Albuterol. She ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nitroglycerine was administered to aid in getting oxygenated blood to heart muscles. Aspirin was
given for antiplatelet effect (Deglin, Sanoski, Vallerand, 2013).
The patient brought herself to the hospital because of the necessity to seek medical help. The chest
pain was not relieved after 3 days when she decided to drive herself. The statement the patient
provided showed lack of knowledge and awareness of the possible danger she is facing by driving
herself to the hospital, particularly in the possibility of angina exacerbations while driving. The
husband was present during the interview. The husband stated that he did not realized the pain was
that bad. Both patient and family member lack awareness of the situation, they needed education
regarding the recognition of early signs and symptoms of angina. The husband mentioned having
fast foods most days of the week because of convenience and cost. They find Social and financial
awareness should be emphasized especially with their diet. A collaborative effort of a nutritionist
and cardiologist was suggested. The patient is a social drinker and a 10 pack/years smoker. The
client stated that smoking particularly is her stress–reliever. The client displays addiction with
substances. An emphasis from the social worker, cardiologist, and respiratory therapist that tobacco
are big contributors on worsening her

Myocardial Infarction
A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, usually occurs when a blood clot forms inside
a coronary artery at the site of an atherosclerotic plaque. The blood clot severely limits or
completely cuts off blood flow to part of the heart. In a small percentage of cases, blood flow is cut
off when the muscles in the artery wall contract suddenly, constricting the artery. This constriction,
called vasospasm, can occur in an artery that is only slightly narrowed by atherosclerosis or even in
a healthy artery. Regardless of the cause of a heart attack, the oxygen deprivation is so severe and
prolonged that heart muscle cells begin to die for lack of oxygen. About 1.1 million people in the
United States have a heart attack every year; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Arteriolar vascular constriction, heart rate increases, and renal retention of sodium and water all help
to regulate cardial output. Ventricular dilatation is commonly seen. A large amount of ventricular
myocardium is lost, contractility may be greatly compromised, and cardiogenic shock may ensue.
Right ventricular infarction may occur with occlusion of the right coronary artery. With infarct affect
the posterior wall of the left ventricle and the posterior interventricular septum, they extend to the
right ventricular wall in 15 to 30% of cases. The central venous pressure may be elevated markedly
if acute right ventricular failure develops. Low right ventricular output causing shock often responds
well to vigorous fluid therapy but poorly to vasodilators. Infusions raise both right and left
ventricular filling pressures. The diagnosis of right ventricular infarction is difficult but may be
established by right sided ECG leads and echocardiographic studies (Bullock, 1996).
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
The goal of medical management is to minimized myocardial damage, preserve myocardial
function, and prevent complications. These goals are achieved by reperfusing the area by emergency
use of Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) or thrombolytic medication.
Minimizing myocardial damage is also accomplished by reducing myocardial oxygen demand and
increasing oxygen supply with medications, oxygen administration, and bed rest.

Case Study Of A Patient
Case Study of a Patient in the Clinical Setting
Submitted by: Bhakti Amin
ID Number: 4209426
Presented to: Professor Tanja Cupac
June 06, 2016
NURS 1495 Nursing Theory
B.V., a 55 year old male admitted to the hospital on 15/03/2016. His approximate educational level
is College Diploma. He is admitted with the medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary
(COPD) disease and coronary artery disease (CAD).
Definition of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
COPD is preventable and one of the most common respiratory diseases. COPD characterized by an
airflow limitation that is progressive and not fully reversible. It is usually described as a mixture of
chronic bronchitis (increased mucus production and recurrent cough present on most days for at
least 3 months for 2 consecutive years) and emphysema (as the destruction of interalveolar septa;
occurs in the distal airways and involves both airways and lung parenchyma (Lewis, Barry,
Goldsworthy, & Goodridge, 2009).
Definition of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
CAD is also known as coronary heart disease. CAD is an abnormal condition that affects the heart's
arteries. CAD develops when the arteries, major blood vessels of the heart become damaged,
blocked, diseased, or become narrowed which results in the reduced flow of blood, oxygen, and
nutrients to the myocardium (Lewis et al., 2009).
Etiology and Risk Factors of COPD
The main cause of COPD in developed countries is tobacco smoking. Other factors

Obesity : Obesity And Obesity
The United States have the highest rate of people battling obesity, with childhood obesity on the
rise. Just about one–third of adults in America are obese, and about 17% of children are obese.
There are many health problems associated with obesity, which are preventable. America has state
and local programs to prevent obesity, which Centers for Disease control and Prevention funds in all
50 states. Obesity is considered one of the highest killers since the 1980's, with fast food shops on
the rise and the healthy prices going up it's hard to control how we eat. Obesity is a condition that
involves one to have excessive body fat, which cause a greater change of health problems. To be
diagnose with obesity, a doctor measures the patient's body fat. This measurement is called Body
Mass Index (BMI), which takes your height and weight in to consideration and results in the
patient's Body Mass Index number. A person with a 30 or higher BMI is considered obese. If the
patient bodyweight is 20% more than recommended based on height than that patient can also
categorized as obese. Obesity is a very serious condition that affects millions of people around the
world. Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980. Research shows that "In 2014, more
than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over 600 million were obese.
39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2014, and 13% were obese. 42 million
children under the age of 5 were overweight

Atherosclerosis And Cigarette Smoking
Smoking is the one drug that has become one of the most influential drug known in the United
States today. Many have smoked at least once in their lives, from the time of experiencing smoking
as a teenager too experiencing smoking well into adulthood. What many are not aware of is that by
smoking, it not only endangers the smoker's life but the lives of others around. It puts the risk for
others to become exposed to second hand smoke and other forms of health problems. These health
issues explain why many are facing heart disease today. There are three types of heart disease that a
person can contract because of smoking and they are cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease,
and atherosclerosis. These three main types of heart diseases ... Show more content on
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Atherosclerosis is another branch of both cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease. With
Atherosclerosis, it is most comparable to coronary heart disease because these two heart diseases
work hand and hand, plays the same roles, has the same effects on the heart, and allows plaque
substance that builds up in the heart. In this particular heart disease, however, the plaque begins to
harden in the artery pathways causing blood to flow poorly to the heart and more possible for blood
clotting (The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, n.d.). Atherosclerosis can lead to
troublesome health problems in the body for example, a person can experience anything from a
heart attack, stroke, or possibly death. Atherosclerosis disease is a preventable disease. By taking the
preventable measures, for example, eating right nutrition, making an exercising plan, and make sure
annual trips to the physicians are made, one can make heart disease more

Coronary Artery Disease Is Caused By Impaired Coronary...
Introduction Have you ever had a chest pain or even something as little as a shortness of breath and
just ignored it assuming it was nothing? Well just those two things can be a huge sign of one of the
deadliest diseases in the world. This disease is called coronary artery disease. Most people with this
disease don't even know they have it which is interesting because it is reported as one of the most
deadliest. This disease is not only important to me but it should be to everyone else because we
could have it and not realize it by the subtle symptoms. Everyone should be aware of this disease
because simple symptoms can lead to death. It's important to catch the symptoms, go to the doctor
and take care of it early on in these stages rather than finding out last minute when it's too late.
Pathophysiology
According to Porth's textbook, coronary artery disease is caused by impaired coronary blood flow.
This can cause ischemic disorders ranging from angina to myocardial infarction and other heart
defects like heart failure and even cardiac death. If the coronary arteries are not circulating properly,
this will cause the heart defects, heart failure, and possibly death. Coronary circulation involves the
arteries that supply the blood to the heart. It occurs when the arteries become narrow and also
hardened caused by a buildup of plaque and cholesterol. This is called atherosclerosis which is the
most common cause of CAD. Porth's textbook also includes that less blood flow

Living A Healthy Life, And Unhealthy Life
As you may already know, living a healthy life can give you many advantages later in life. You will
be able to live longer, think better, and be at a smaller risk of serious diseases later in life. However,
what you probably do not know what can await if you choose to live a healthy life full of exercise
and good nutrition choices, or a life of unhealthy obsessions, such as a gruesome diet or a terrible
workout schedule. We will go over the important facts to live a full, healthy, and happy life. This
paper will be about the kinds of health behaviors, the risk factors of an unhealthy life, and an
explanation and effects of coronary artery disease, (or CAD for short). With this information at your
side, you will have the knowledge to know the right choice for your health situations.
First off, you need to know about the kinds of health behaviors. Health behaviors are often
determined by actions you take during your day–to–day life. Maybe one day you decide that you are
going to take a bike ride downtown and decide to eat lots of fiber rich foods and plants, that day
would be a superb example of having good health behaviors. Nevertheless, there is always an equal
and opposite reaction. If you decided that another day, you were going to lay on the couch all day
and only eat salty and fatty foods, that would be an example of having an atrocious health behavior.
So to keep up your good health behaviors, all you need to do is have a good exercise regiment and
eat lots of brain and heart foods, such as fruits and fish. Even if you have a terrific workout routine
or a spectacular diet in place, there are still some factors that can still cause even the healthiest of
people to get the worst of diseases.
Also, you need to know about the dangers and the consequences of risk factors. Risk factors are
certain conditions or actions that the body takes to make it more susceptible to certain diseases. One
example would include smoking cigarettes. Cigarettes are one of the biggest of lung cancer. While
this is a controllable substance, some risk factors cannot be controlled, such as age. When men are
younger, they are more likely to have a stroke. However, once women have menopause, the odds of
women having a stroke increase

An Inside Look at Heart Disease Essay
You know how important your heart is, so it is no wonder people worry when they hear someone
has heart problems. More than 60 million Americans have some form of heart disease. The heart is
an amazing organ. Its job is to pump oxygen and nutrient rich blood throughout the body to sustain
life. In fact, this fist sized organ beats, or expands and contracts, 100,000 times per day. It pumps
five to six quarts of blood each minute or about 2,000 gallons per day. That's a lot of blood. Blood is
essential. It carries fresh oxygen from the lungs and nutrients to the body's tissues. It also takes the
body's waste products, like carbon dioxide, away from the tissues. ("How the Heart Works") The
heart is a four chambered, hollow organ about the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Uncontrolled risk factors include things like age, sex, family history of heart disease, and race.
There are things you cannot help or change. You are going to get older and your body is going to go
through changes during that time. Men have a greater risk of heart disease than women do. Even
after women go through menopause, their death rate from heart disease is less than men. If a family
member has heart disease, everyone in the family is at risk of also having heart disease.
Unfortunately even your race can put you at a higher risk of having heart disease. African
Americans, Mexican Americans, and American Indians have a higher risk of heart disease than
Caucasians. ("Risk Factors for Heart Disease")
While some risk factors cannot be changed, it is important to know realize that you do have control
of others. By making changes to your lifestyle, you can reduce your risk of heart disease. These
types of risk factors include things like smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, high blood pressure,
and high LDL or "bad" cholesterol. These changes may be done gradually. They don't have to be
done all at once. The key is to simply make healthy changes. ("Risk Factors for Heart Disease")
People who are at risk of heart disease should quit smoking. People who smoke increase their risk of
developing heart disease by two to four times. Even people who do not smoke, but live with
someone who does, also have an increased risk of getting heart disease. You should do what you

Why I Am A Successful Nurse
Cardiac Care Nursing Specialty Nursing is a valuable profession in which nurses provide care for
individuals, families, and community groups. In order to be a successful nurse, a person has to be
able to combine people skills like communication, compassion, commitment, and trust with an
adequate amount of science and new technology knowledge. On the other hand, nurses are highly
responsible for educating their patients about different medication, diseases, treatments, and healthy
lifestyle choices to help clients maintain and improve their health and well–being. Nursing consists
of a wide range of specialties and practices among which every nurse can choose depends on her/his
interest and skills. Personally, I am really interested in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of coronary care units deliver a high level of very specialized cardiac care. Nurses are
responsible to monitor and care for acutely ill patients or they may take charge of cardiac
rehabilitation and help patients who are chronically ill to make lifestyle changes in order to prevent
the worsening of their health condition. A variety of healthcare team member work together to
provide continuous cardiac and hemodynamic monitoring and deliver expert care to all patients
during the recovery stage either from a cardiac surgery, a heart failure, an angina, or any cardiac
dysrhythmias. Coronary care nurses play a huge part in the unit. They are required to use their
nursing skills, knowledge, and best judgment in interpreting patient's rhythm and monitoring
hemodynamics. On the other hand, like all nurses; cardiac care nurse follows the five nursing
process "Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation" and the six rights of
medication administration "right patient, right medication, right dose, right time, right route, and
right documentation". Also, they might assist doctors with different procedures and provide
education and support to patients and family. All of the coronary

The Role Of Lifestyle On Influencing Our Health
This essay will talk about the role lifestyle plays on influencing our health and in the development
of diseases. It will include in it what health is, lifestyle epidemiology going into the details of 3
illnesses in details.
WHAT IS HEALTH
The World Health Organisation (WHO) defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and
social well–being and not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity. It is a positive concept
focusing on social and personal resources as we as physical strength. A state of been free from
illness or injury.
BEING HEALTHY
Being healthy simply means staying fit and feeling well. This is maintained by eating healthy, eating
things in the right proportion and exercising regularly.
LIFESTYLE
Strydom (2005) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND WHAT IS THE ROLE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES
The World Health Organisation defined Epidemiology as the study of the distribution and
determinants of health–related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study
to the control of diseases and other health problems. Different methods can be used to carry out
epidemiological investigations. That is surveillance and descriptive studies, which is used to study
distribution, whereas analytical studies are used to study determinants.
Epidemiology as the study of distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human
populations can and should be considered a basic science in medicine.
Epidemiology simply studies the patterns and distribution of health–characteristics and health–
events, along with the cause and how they influence certain populations. It is the central method
used by public health researchers. It helps to provide valuable health policies and evidence–based
medicine by identifying the risk factors for diseases.
An epidemiologist helps to design research studies, collect and analyze statistical data, and most
importantly, they correctly interpret all of the results. There are various areas that they may choose
to focus on, such as investigating outbreaks or comparing the results of different treatments.
Epidemiology studies diseases such as stroke, cancer, heart disease, strokes as well as mental
illnesses, sports injuries

Heart Successure: What Is Heart Failure?
What is heart failure?
Heart failure is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood with enough force and speed
to meet the needs of body tissues. In some cases, the heart pumps blood fast enough to meet the
needs of the body, but at the cost of extra work. It does this by increasing the pressure within the
heart and blood vessels. The increased pressure accentuates the wear of heart. This state is known as
congestive heart failure or heart failure name.
The term heart failure seems to mean that the heart has stopped working altogether, but that is
wrong. In general, congestive heart failure means that the heart has failed operation. This can occur
over several years, but it can also occur quickly. In heart failure, blood flow to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Other treatments may be needed when the patient does not react to changes in lifestyle and
medication. These other treatments may include surgery, installation of special electronic
pacemakers or other medical devices or heart transplants.
Should we treat heart failure?
Yes I Do. Untreated heart failure will worsen. Untreated patients are also at high risk of heart attack
or sudden death. To increase their chances of survival, people who suffer from heart failure should
take care of their health. It is essential to regularly consult a health care professional and
scrupulously respect its guidelines. Taking medications as prescribed can help the heart pump more
efficiently.
Patients should know the warning signs of heart failure. In case of recurrence or worsening of the
signs, patients should alert without waiting for a medical professional. These signs include:
Sudden weight gain (1.5 kg or more in a day or 2.5 kg or more in one week)
Increasing breathlessness even at rest
Swelling in the legs and feet
Sleep disorders due to shortness of breath when lying

Essay On Coronary Artery Anomaly
A coronary artery anomaly (CAA) is defined as a congenital coronary artery malformation in the
absence of other congenital cardiac defects. As we continue to lack a screening tool to diagnose
CAAs, catheter–directed angiography remains the gold standard both for diagnosis and treatment of
CAAs. Intervening CAAs continues to remain a complicated task even in the hands of experienced
operators. The greatest challenged faced in the management of CAAs is a delay in recognition
largely due to the element of surprise associated with their low prevalence. Other major factors
which pose a challenge during CAA interventions are the location of the coronary ostium within the
aorta, the proximal course of the vessel, and angulation of the vessel. We discuss ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Initial electrocardiogram (EKG) revealed normal sinus rhythm with non–specific T wave
abnormalities in the lateral leads. Serial troponin I were 7.050, 10.9, 29.7 consistent with Non–ST
segment Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and coronary angiography was planned. An FL4 (Boston
Scientific) catheter was used to engage the left coronary artery, which demonstrated a patent Left
main (L) giving rise to the Left anterior descending(L) and ramus arteries, both with minimal
disease. An FR4(Boston Scientific) catheter was used to engage the Right coronary artery RCA
which gave rise to the posterior descending artery (PDA) and posterolateral branches (PLB), all with
minimal disease. Surprisingly, the Left circumflex artery LCx was found to originate from the
proximal RCA and was totally occluded at its proximal segment. We used a multipurpose catheter to
engage the RCA . Subsequently, the LCx lesion was crossed with a Whisper wire and a Runthrough
wire(Terumo) in a buddy–technique was utilized to provide additional support. A 2.0 x 12 mm
Emerge balloon was used to dilate the proximal LCx and the mid–LCx lesion. This was followed by
the deployment of a 2.5 x 32 mm Promus Premier Stent (Boston Scientific) to the proximal left
circumflex

Exercise Persuasive Speech
Attention Getter: Are you tired of being of gaining weight or just feeling sluggish all the time? Do
you have health issues? Well exercising can give you good health and psychological advantages.
Central Idea: I want to persuade my audience that when you decide to exercise it helps you majorly
with your health and you life. With that being said lack of exercise is harmful. Just do yourself and
your body a favor and exercise. [Transition] to body of speech: I want to let you know today that
everyone here today needs to exercise. Even though everyone here knows that exercise is good for
you but in reality how many of you are actually getting physical? Body Main Point 1: Being inactive
can cause health issues. Sub–point a.: Coronary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Science shows that you do not need to do hard core exercise to reduce your risk of a early death.
Even doing less that that 150 I mentioned earlier still puts you at a lower risk of dying early. *A
person being physically active for at least 7 hours a week have a 40% lower risk of dying early than
those who were active less than 30 minutes a week. (Division of Nutrition and Obesity, June, 2015)
[TRANSITION] into conclusion If none of those health benefits impressed you, well keep in mind
you will look great also. CONCLUSION: Attention Material: None of us want to die early or none
of us want those unwanted pounds we put on. Summary: Being inactive is not good for our health.
*You want to avoid getting CAD and heart disease, and you want to live a long healthy life *It
doesn't take a lot of your time to exercise at least be active 30 minutes a day. *Being physical will
increase your chance of living longer Overview: We should all at least try and get into the habit of
exercising. If you were to start exercising today remember it give us not just a better physical state
but mental as well. Living for a very long time is a great

Angina Pectoris: The Heart Killer Essay
Introduction
In today's society, people are gaining medical knowledge at quite a fast pace. Treatments, cures, and
vaccines for various diseases and disorders are being developed constantly, and yet, coronary
disease remains the number one killer in the world.
The media today concentrates intently on drug and alcohol abuse, homicides, AIDS, and so on.
What a lot of people aren't realizing is that coronary disease actually accounts for about 80% of
sudden deaths. In fact, the number of deaths from heart disease approximately equals to the number
of deaths from cancer, chronic lung disease, pneumonia and influenza, and others combined.
One of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These two left arteries feed the front and left side of the heart. The division of the left coronary
artery is the reason why doctors usually refer to three main coronary arteries.
Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease
There are three main symptoms of coronary disease: heart attack, sudden death, and angina.
Heart attack occurs when a blood clot suddenly and completely blocks a diseased coronary artery,
resulting in the death of the heart muscle cells supplied by that artery. Coronary and Coronary
Thrombosis 2 are terms that can refer to a heart attack. Another term, Acute Myocardial Infarction 2,
means death of heart muscle due to an inadequate blood supply.
Sudden death occurs due to cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest may be the first symptom of coronary
artery disease and may occur without any symptoms or warning signs. Other causes of sudden death
include drowning, suffocation, electrocution, drug overdose, trauma (such as automobile accidents),
and stroke. Drowning, suffocation, and drug overdose usually cause respiratory arrest which in turn
cause cardiac arrest. Trauma may cause sudden death by severe injury to the heart and brain, or by
severe blood loss. Stroke causes damage to the brain which can cause respiratory arrest and/or
cardiac arrest.
People with coronary heart disease, whether or not they have had a heart attack, experience

Essay about Heart
Coronary Artery Disease
Heart Disease
Heart disease can take many forms. The form of heart disease I am focusing on is coronary disease.
Different arteries supply different areas of the heart with oxygenated blood. If one or more of these
arteries become narrowed or clogged as a result of coronary artery disease, or atherscelorosis the
artery cannot fully supply the part of the heart it is responsible for. The heart is an effective pump
only when good blood supply is maintained to all heart muscles.
If an artery becomes so clogged that blood cannot flow through it, the result is chest pain which
could progress to a heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI). "Myocardial" is a
medical term that means "having to do with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a blockage occurs, heart cells use stored energy for pumping. By–products, such as lactic
acid, build up and are not removed efficiently because of the blocked blood flow that caused the
problem initially. Waste product build up is thought to be the cause of pain. The pain may be similar
to the pain experienced when you overwork your muscles, which is also due to lactic acid buildup.
The heart cells can rely on stored energy only for a short time before the cells become damaged
permanently. This temporary injury is called ischemia. Permanent damage is called infarction or
tissue death.
Angina
There are two types of angina associated with coronary artery disease: stable and unstable. Whereas
stable angina has a predictable pattern that occurs over time, unstable angina is different from the
patient's usual pattern of chest pain. Typical symptoms of angina include a variety of sensations. For
example, angina may involve only mild, vague discomfort that is not really perceived as pain but as
more an ache. Or it may be a severe, intense, crushing pain in the center of the chest. The location of
pain may differ, however, pain is usually felt beneath the breastbone. In addition to chest pain, there
may be associated pain that radiates to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, or back. Patients are often
pale,

The Cardiovascular Surgeon Steps Of Cardiothoracic Surgeon
The heart beats about 1000,000 times every day sending 2,000 gallons of blood thought your body.
The hearts job is keeping blood flowing through 60,000 miles of blood vessels that feed organs and
tissues. The cardiac muscle is the tissues that make up your heart. The heart sends blood around
your body. When there is a problem with your heart and it can't pump blood it is critical for it to be
fixed. This is when the cardiovascular surgeon steps in.
Cardiothoracic surgeon, also known as heart surgeon or cardiac surgeon or cardiovascular surgeon,
is a healthcare professional who specializes in the diagnosis, surgical treatment and medical
management of the patients with heart and lung diseases. Cardiothoracic surgeons are responsible
for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
John Lewis that attended University of Minnesota on September 2, 1952. The following year, Soviet
surgeon Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vishnevskiy conducted the first cardiac surgery under local
anesthesia. This surgery is during which the heart is exposed and the blood made to bypass it.
The earliest operations on the pericardium (the sac that surrounds the heart) took place in the 19th
century and was performed by Francisco Romero (1801). The first surgery on the heart itself was
performed by Norwegian surgeon Axel Cappelen on the 4th of September 1895 at. He ligated a
bleeding coronary artery in a 24–year–old man who had been stabbed in the left axillae and was in
deep shock upon arrival. Access was through a left thoracotomy. The patient awoke and seemed fine
for 24 hours, but became ill with increasing temperature and he ultimately died. The first successful
surgery of the heart, performed without any complications, was by Ludwig Rehn of Frankfurt,
Germany, who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle on September 7, 1896.
Cardiac surgery training in the United States is combined with and called cardiothoracic surgery. A
cardiothoracic surgeon in the U.S. is a physician D.O or M.D who first completes a general surgery
residency (typically 5–7 years), followed by a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship (typically 2–3
years). The cardiothoracic surgery fellowship typically two or three years, but certification is based
on the number of surgeries performed as

Cardiovascular Diseases
Several researches investigated the benefits of knowing the genomic sequence and how it is
associated with the risk of certain disease. There are several arguments contrary to genomic research
and some are supporting it. For instance The Director of Cancer genetics center at Johns Hopkins
university says "it may become one important determination in patient care, but certainly not the
only one" [source]. Several studies doubts that genomic research providing any extra information
about the possibility of getting common diseases, including heart disease and stroke, since such a
disease also involves one's daily routine and lifestyle [res]. On the other side several papers showed
the impact that the genomic research can have on the medical ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The new findings help better understand the cardiac development and effect on clinical care for
patients with CHD. In general, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a complex disease; no one single
gene mutation is responsible for it. Therefore a new genome–wide association study (GWAS) was
launched to investigate a wide range of genes that is associated with the CVD.
Genome–Wide associated Study is a study involving hundreds of thousands of single–nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) to be examined in relation to diseases in hundreds of thousands of subjects.
GWAS studies compare the DNA of various subjects having different phenotypes of a specific
disease, to the control subjects in order to identify the genome associated with the disease. Another
way to run GWAS studies is by collecting thousands of hundreds of DNA samples. Using SNPs
arrays genetic variants are read, if one variant has a higher frequency in subjects with a specific
disease, which reveals that this genetic variant is linked to the disease.
A GWAS study was done by O'Donnell and his team, revealed 20 new genetic loci related to
myocardial infraction and other CVD phenotype (O'Donnell & Nabel, 2011; Schnabel, Baccarelli,
Lin,

Atherosclerosis Case
Based on the common law duty of confidentiality (DOH, 2012) and recognizing peoples right to
privacy and confidentiality (NMC, 2016) my patient discussed here will be addressed as MR BOB.
Cardiac arrest is a grave medical emergency where the heart stops pumping blood throughout the
body and can lead to death in minutes. There are currently 30,000 out of hospital cardiac arrest in
UK (Perkins, 2016). In coronary artery disease there is a obstruction in the arteries that supply blood
and oxygen to the heart. The initial step in coronary artery disease (CAD) is the formation of
atherosclerosis. The build up of plaque is called atherosclerosis. CAD is a progressive disease that
most commonly presents as angina. The beginning of CAD is thought ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The development of an atherosclerotic plaque is relatively a very a complicated process where
Plaque rupture accounts for about 76% of fatality lead by thrombi. The evolution of atherosclerosis
begins with foam cell accumulation where the macrophages accumulate within arterial wall intima,
progresses to form fatty streak where further accumulation of intra and extracellular lipids, this is a
potentially reversible stage (Greenland p, 2013) further atheroma/fibroatheroma forms where
cholesterol and phospholipids accumulate intramurally. This is a vulnerable state as it is predisposed
to spontaneous rupture by inflammation and thrombus deposition may occur. Hemodynamic
changes during this stage may cause ischemia or silent infarction, if large plaque rupture total
occlusion may cause myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death. Finally a complex lesion can
develop where fibro muscular tissue can be seen with repair efforts followed by repeated plaque
formation, this may slowly increase in size and produce significant arterial narrowing.
Coronary arteries undergo a compensatory mechanism in relation to the area of the elastic lamina,
which is involved with plaque this is known as adaptive or positive remodelling where it preserves
the artery until 40% of the lesion is occupied, thus stenosis may not be clinically evident and can be
asymptomatic. Positive

Cardiovascular Pathology
Cardiovascular Pathology Heart disease affects people all around the world. Many life habits can
lead you to potentially having a heart disease, but it can also be inherited. About 610,000 people die
of heart disease in the United States every year. It is the leading cause of death for both men and
women. These case studies show that heart problems can strike you at any moment, even when
you're least expecting it. Beth Bradley is a lady from New York with a serve heart problem. She had
a blocked artery, resulting in a heart attack. Open heart surgery was operated on her. She had a torn
artery in her heart, resulting in ventricular heart failure. Her heart was too weak to work on it's own,
her only hope was to live off of a heart pump and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was no blood flow to most of her vital organs. There were small inefficient contractions and
the bottom of her heart was ballooning out, also known as broken heart syndrome. Her ventricles
were not contracting in the proper way. She had stunned heart tissue. Sharon had a satisfying
outcome, she got to participate in her daughters wedding and that meant a lot to her. Heart is perfect,
she has high cholesterol but her heart is perfectly normal, there is no damage done to her heart. All
in all, heart disease is effecting people all around us. Weather it's needing a heart pump, having
electrical issues, or having coronary artery disease, it changed each one of these people's life. These
studies show that the outcome of being diagnosed with a heart condition, can be positive or
negative. Nobody is expecting it to be them that gets the heart disease so we have to live every day
to the fullest and not take the time we have for granted because who knows, any of us could be in
one of these case

Heart Disease : The Highest Leading Cause Death For Men...
The highest leading cause of death for men and women within the United States is heart disease.
The number of deaths for heart disease is 611,105; this is more than half of a million lives being
claimed by heart disease. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Leading Causes of Death).
This disease tends to be preventable, even though it's the highest cause of death. In order to prevent
one self from having a heart disease, individuals should take the right precautions throughout their
everyday lives to reduce the risk of contracting different types of heart diseases; one of the best
ways to prevent heart diseases is to engage in exercise. Heart disease involves the blood vessels
becoming narrow in the body, which causes restriction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cigarette and tobacco smoking helps to increase ones blood pressure, it decreases ones tolerance to
exercise and increase the chances of having a blood clot. Smoking also increases ones chances of
having a coronary heart disease again after bypass surgery. (American Heart Association). Having
too much cholesterol in the blood causes high cholesterol, also called hypercholesterolemia. When
people eat too much food with high saturated fats, the blood isn't able to carry it through the arteries.
The fat then starts to buildup in the arteries, which causes a decrease in oxygen flowing to the heart
this increase ones risk of having a heart attack. (Mayo Clinic Staff). High blood pressure, also
known as hypertension, is the amount of force is pushed against the artery walls as blood flows
through them. (Medical News Today). If ones blood pressure remains high, this can damage the
arteries, which leads to coronary heart disease. In order for one to live a healthy life, they must
exercise; this helps strengthening the hearts muscles. Lacking exercise leads to individuals
becoming obese. Being obese damages the arteries and weakens the heart. All of these risk factors
are what causes individuals to be diagnosed with coronary heart disease (CHD). The image below
gives a more vivid understanding of fatty deposits piling up against the artery walls.
(National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute).
Studies

How Much Are We Much More Than We Eat?
“ We are indeed much more than we eat, but what we eat nevertheless helps us to be much
more than we are.” A century ago our ancestors feared infectious and communicable
diseases such as smallpox –– diseases that claimed many children’s lives and limited the
average life expectancy of adults. Today far fewer infectious diseases threaten us, thanks to medical
science’s ability to identify disease–causing microorganisms and develop vaccines. In
developed nations, purification of water prevents the spread of infections, and immunizations
protect individuals. Most people live well into their later years, and today’s average life
expectancy far exceeds that of our ancestors (Whitney pp.646). As the 20th ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A diet with this percent of calories from fat can contain both lower–fat and higher–fat foods. What
matters is not how much fat is in each food but how much fat you can eat over the course of a day or
several days (Ibid. 11pp). “These misconceptions tell us that consumers need further
guidance in balancing individual food over time to create sound eating patterns,” said Sara
C. Parks, RD, President of the American Dietetic Association (ADA). “People need to be
shown that foods are not ‘good’ or ‘bad’.... [and that] one’s
overall diet, not individual foods, should contain 30 percent or less of calories from fat. One of our
goals is to help consumers understand how all foods can fit into their overall eating style.”
Where do consumers look for information about diet and health? As in the 1990 findings, the media
is cited as the primary source of food and nutrition information for the general public. The most
popular sources include magazine articles, newspaper reports, and television broadcasts. A small
percentage of people further seek nutrition advice from health professional. Many consumers want
to eat less fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, more complex carbohydrates, and dietary fibers.
Until recently, however, grocery shoppers found foods without nutrition labels or labels without
enough

Myocardial Infarction: Heart Attack
Myocardial infarction, commonly referred to as "Heart attack" refers to the death of cardiac muscle
as a result of prolonged severe ischemia.
Myocardial ischemia is brought about by a number of mechanisms. It can occur due to diminished
coronary blood flow precedent to coronary artery disease or relatively severe hypovolemic shock.
Increased myocardial demand due to exercises or emotions can also result in myocardial ischemia.
Another mechanism is when there is hypertrophy of the heart without simultaneous increase of
coronary blood flow that may occur in conditions such as hypertension or valvular heart disease.
Myocardial infarction in most cases is usually experienced in the setting of coronary artery disease.
A sequence of events is followed

Coronary Artery Disease ( Cad )
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as heart disease, is defined as the "narrowing or
blockage of the arteries and vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart" (Milto, Odle,
p.1). The main cause of CAD is an accumulation of fatty materials on the lining of arteries. Once the
fatty materials line the inner arteries, it restricts blood flow to the heart. When blood is can no longer
long flow to the heart, it causes a heart attack. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death
in both women and men in the United States. The American Heart Association states that since 1990
deaths caused by the coronary artery disease have decreased, however, "more than 40,000 people
still died from this disease in 2000" and about 13 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main reason why African Americans are more likely to develop CAD because their ancestors
were salt–sensitive meaning that their bodies retain more sodium. Their descendants still carry this
gene. The next minority group is Hispanics. The Harvard Medical article states "Hispanic and
Latinos have higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular risk factors compared to
whites"; however, they are less likely die from heart disease (Harvard University). The last group is
Asian. South Asian tend to have higher rates of coronary artery disease, while east Asians have
lower rates. The article state the children of the Asian Americans have a higher risk of developing
CAD because they often adopt Western cultural practices (Harvard University). In the article
"Effects of a Transtheoretical Model–based Exercise Stage–Matched Intervention on Exercise
Behavior and Quality of Life in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease", the researchers used a
randomized controlled trial to examine the effects of a TTM–based exercise stage–matched
intervention (ESMI) on exercise behavior and poor quality of life (QoL) among sedentary patients
with coronary heart disease. There was a total of 196 patients that were included and randomly
assigned to the control group, sham group or the experimental group. Instead of having one
exposure, this study had two which were the transtheroretical model–based exercise and the quality
of life of the patients. The outcome of

Heart Disease : Disease Control And Prevention
Heart disease has been around as early as the 1900s and is the number one killer of men and women
in the United States. According to the CDC about 610,000 people die of heart disease in the United
States every year, which is 1 in every 4 deaths ("Heart Disease Facts." Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Killing roughly over 370,000 people
yearly, coronary heart disease is clearly the most common type of heart disease ("Heart Disease
Facts." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
Even though the cause and effects of heart disease began to become visible around the 1900s, the
actual history of this disease dates as far back as ancient Egypt. During the 1800s, a German
Egyptologist and novelist, Georg Ebers came across an Egyptian papyrus in Thebes. In it had data
regarding information on how to detect heart failure. With his discovery, the Egyptians basically
knew how the heart operates and how to spot the symptom and treat the problem. Other names for
heart disease are: Arrhythmia, Broken heart syndrome, Coronary heart disease, Coronary
microvascular disease, Heart failure, and Sudden cardiac arrest.
Before I get any further, we must first know what heart disease actually is? Well, heart disease is a
range of conditions that affect your heart. What Causes Heart Disease? Studies show that heart
disease starts with damage to the lining and inner layers of the coronary heart

Cause And Effect Of Smoking
When most people think about the negative effects caused by smoking, they usually associate it with
breathing problems and lung cancer. It has been proven that smoking is also a major cause of heart
disease for men and women. The Surgeon General's Warning states "Smoking causes lung cancer,
heart disease, emphysema, and may complicate pregnancy." It has also been labeled as the leading
preventable cause of disease and death in the United States. With around 20 percent of deaths
related to heart disease being caused from smoking, it is important to look at how smoking causes
heart disease, what types of heart disease arise from smoking and the possibility of reversing the
damage after smoking cessation. The term heart disease is often also referred to as cardiovascular
disease. Cardiovascular disease is the narrowing or blockage of blood vessels that can lead to a heart
attack, chest pain or stroke. There is a drug in cigarettes known as nicotine which causes increased
blood pressure and heart rate. This is turn, results in your heart requiring more oxygen to keep
pumping. Some of the most common types of heart disease associated with smoking are coronary
artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and strokes are also a major risk factor. It is possible to
prevent or treat these forms of heart disease with the decision to practice a healthy lifestyle.
Coronary artery disease is one of the most common heart diseases associated with smoking. With
coronary artery disease,

Nursing Is A Essential For Care For Individuals, Families,...
Nursing is a valuable profession in which nurses provide care for individuals, families, and
community groups. In order to be a successful nurse, a person has to be able to combine people
skills like communication, compassion, commitment, and trust with an adequate amount of science
and new technology knowledge. On the other hand, nurses are highly responsible for educating their
patients about different medication, diseases, treatments, and healthy lifestyle choices to help clients
maintain and improve their health and well–being. Nursing consists of a wide range of specialties
and practices among which every nurse can choose depends on her/his interest and skills.
Personally, I am really interested in working on the Coronary Care unit and eager to learn more
about this specialty. Coronary care unit is a specialty department that provides care for patients with
coronary artery diseases, heart failure, and life threatening dysrhythmias which requires continued
monitoring of the patient's condition. According to J. Edgar Caswell (1967), the first coronary care
area in the United States opened at Bethany Hospital, Kansas City, Kans., in May 1962. By the
beginning of summer 1962, the Heart Disease Control Program initiated major efforts toward
establishing specialized coronary care units for patients with acute myocardial infarction. It was at
that time that the name "coronary care unit" received its impetus as a specialized entity. (p. 1105).
The invention of coronary care

Heart Disease: The Most Important Muscle In Human Body
Heart is the most important muscle in human body; it allows us to stay alive, and if it stops that
mean death. The job of the heart is very simple, its pumps blood through entire body. The heart is
located in the chest and it is the size of human fist. These days many people suffer from heart
disease. The heart problems are conditions that affect the structure and the functions of the heart.
This disease cannot be ignored, because heart disease known as the first kill for both gender at
different ages. People have to understand the heart disease, first need to know the different types of
this disease, the symptoms, the risk factors, the treatment, and the prevention.
Types of Heart Disease
First let talk about the types of heart diseases, there is more than one type of heart disease. However,
let look to four common heart disease, which are coronary heart disease, congenital heart disease,
heart attack, and rheumatic heart disease. No matter how many different types of heart disease ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such as fruit and vegetables, and other foods that have "low in fat, especially saturated fat and
hydrogenated oil; low in cholesterol; and high in fiber" (Ford–Martin, P., 2015). And be sure to eat
food that has high fiber, because it prevents high cholesterol. Be sure to eat food that has lower salt
to keep blood pressure normal, also eat food that has lower sugar to prevent for diabetes. On other
hand, people have to exercise regularly, at least for thirty minutes a day. Because exercising
regularly can help to, "lower blood pressure, help control weight, and increase HDL (good)
cholesterol. In addition, it may "keep the blood vessels more flexible" (Ford–Martin, P., 2015).
Exercising can help the heart pump blood to the body; also maintain healthy weight, because
controlling healthy weight can avoid people from heart disease, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and
other

The Diagnosis Of Heart Disease
DATA MINING IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HEART DISEASE
Data mining as it has been established is simply a way of getting hidden knowledge or information
from data, the technique(s) employed search for concurrency, relationships, and outliers in this data
that they present as knowledge [4]. This knowledge can then be used in different applications.
Prediction is one of the ways that the hidden knowledge gotten from the data can be used. The main
aim is to use a large number of past values to consider probable future [9]. Heart disease is the
common term for a variety of diseases, conditions, and disorders that affect the heart and the blood
vessels [6]. Symptoms of heart disease vary depending on the type of heart disease. Congenital heart
disease suggests to a problem with the heart 's structure and function due to abnormal heart
development before birth. Congestive heart failure is when the heart does not pump adequate blood
to the other organs in the body [8]. Coronary heart disease or in its medical term Ischemic heart
disease is the most frequent type of heart problem [24]. Coronary heart disease is a term that refers
to damage to the heart that happens because its blood supply is decreased; it leads to fatty deposits
build up on the linings of the blood vessels that provide the heart muscles with blood, resulting in
heart failure. Heart disease prediction using data mining is one of the most interesting and
challenging tasks. Shortage of specialists and high wrongly diagnosed

Heparin
What is Heparin used for?
As a physician prescribes Heparin, he or she will put into consideration the factors mentioned at the
start of the article for a patient to be given the lowest effective dose because a high dose Heparin
may lead to bleeding episodes. The medication is used to deal with the following:
Treating deep vein thrombosis (DVT): it's a blood clot that develops deep in the vein especially in
the leg. Such clots are also termed as venous thrombosis. DVT triggers pain and can result in severe
complications like pulmonary embolism, hence the medication is given but one should take the right
amount of the medication and avoid Heparin overdose and underdose
Treating and preventing pulmonary embolism: it is a fatal condition ... Show more content on
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Thanks to the heart–lung machine also known as cardiopulmonary bypass machine. The machine
takes over the role of the heart (it pumps blood and adds oxygen to the blood). During surgery, a
specialist operates the machine and monitors the flow of the blood to confirm the heart–lung
machine is working properly. Before a patient is hooked to the machine, a low dose of Heparin (but
it must be effective) is given to prevent the blood from clotting while in the machine.
Treatment for Heparin overdose
One of the possible side effects of the drug is bleeding, that's why it's advisable to follow the dosage
as directed and avoid taking an overdose. Also, a patient is said to have taken an overdose of
Heparin if the ability to form blood clot is impaired; the quantity of the medicine that is toxic is
individualized and the bleeding time is based on the level of toxicity. In one take too much of the
medication, a patient will experience Heparin overdose symptoms such as:
Unexpected bleeding such as unusual bleeding from the gums, nose bleeding frequently, and periods
that are heavier than

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