2. FEW QUESTIONSFEW QUESTIONS
What are Basic Requirements of Lubricants ?What are Basic Requirements of Lubricants ?
What are Performance Requirements of lubricants ?What are Performance Requirements of lubricants ?
What are Related Properties ?What are Related Properties ?
What is Viscosity & How is it measured ?What is Viscosity & How is it measured ?
What are SAE and ISO VG grades ?What are SAE and ISO VG grades ?
3. Few questions contdFew questions contd ……
What is meant by 15W/40 Grade ?What is meant by 15W/40 Grade ?
What is Viscosity Index ?What is Viscosity Index ?
What are TAN – TBN – Flash Point – Pour Point ?What are TAN – TBN – Flash Point – Pour Point ?
What is Grease ? What are their properties ?What is Grease ? What are their properties ?
finallyfinally
How safe is it to use Regenerated Oil ?How safe is it to use Regenerated Oil ?
9. BASIC REQUIREMENTSBASIC REQUIREMENTS
• Adequate body to provide lubrication and overcome
friction in rubbing surfaces (consistency)
• Low rate of change of consistency with temperature
• Safety at high temperature operation
• Low temperature fluidity
• Ability to cling to water in special applications
• To be friendly with system material (not to be
reactive or corrosive)
• Ability to neutralise acid if formed in the system
10. What should be performance requirements of a
Lubricant ?
11. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTSPERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
• Ability to shed water
• Ability to withstand rust formation in water contamination
• Ability to resist foaming
• Ability to disperse entrapped air bubble
• Oxidation Stability
• Thermal Stability
• Ability to protect moving parts from wear and tear
13. Properties connected to Basic Requirements
• Adequate Body to provide lubrication
Viscosity
• Rate of change of consistency
Viscosity Index
• Handling Safety
Flash Point (COC)
• Low Temperature fluidity
Pour Point
14. Properties connected to Basic Requirements
(contd…)
• Ability to cling to water
Emulsion Stability
• Friendly to system
Measure of Acidity (Neut No. or TAN)
Measure of Corrosivity (Copper Strip Corrosion)
• Ability to neutralise generated acidity
Measure of Basicity (TBN)
15. Properties connected to Performance requirements
• Ability to shed water
Water Demulsibility (ASTM) or Steam
Demulsibility (IP)
Ability to withstand rust formation in water contamination
ASTM Rust Test
• Ability to resist foaming
Foaming Characteristics
• Ability to disperse entrapped air bubble
Air release property
16. Properties connected to Performance requirements
(contd….)
• Oxidation stability
ROBOT
• Ability to protect moving parts from wear and tear
Timken Load
Shell Four Ball test
SAE Rig Test
FZG Test
18. Different Viscosity Units
America
Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU or SUS)
Saybolt Furol Seconds (SFS)
United Kingdom
Redwood Seconds
Germany
Engler
Universal
Kinematic
India utilises all these standards depending on Clients’ need
19. Viscosity Contd…..
• Saybolt or Redwood Viscosity
- Measured volume of oil
- Standard orifice
- Actual time of flow
• Viscosity Kinematic (KV)
- Expressed as Centi Stokes (CS)
- Capillary glass tube of appropriate size
Tube Constant X Time of flow
- Minimum time of flow 200 seconds
20.
21.
22. • Viscosity Contd…
• Absolute viscosity expressed in Poise or Centipoises (CP)
• KV gives other standards of viscosity
• For KV Up to 75 CS tables available
• For KV above 75CS,
Engler = CS X 0.132
SUS = CS X 4.632
RW = CS X 4.08
• CP = CS X Density at same temperature
Viscosity has no meaning without temperature
23. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION AS PER CONSISTENCY
Specifying AuthoritiesSpecifying Authorities
SAE for Automotive lubricantsSAE for Automotive lubricants
ISO for Industrial LubricantsISO for Industrial Lubricants
NLGI for GreasesNLGI for Greases
29. MONO GRADE AND MULTI GRADE ENGINE OILS
• Servo Super 20W – A mono grade oil
• Servo Super 40 – A mono grade oil
• Servo Super 20 W/ 40 – A multi grade oil
• Servo Premium 15W/40 – A multi grade oil
•Servo Gear 75W/90 – A multi gradew Gear oil
30. RATE OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE WITH
TEMPERATURE
VISCOSITY INDEX (VI)
VI - Characterizes variation of viscosity with temperature
VI – a number. Higher the VI, relatively smaller is the
change of viscosity with temperature and vice versa
Comparison against reference oils of 0 VI and 100 VI
31. VI CALCULATION
• We need three sets of data for comparison purpose.
- Test Oil data
- 100 VI reference Oil data
- 0 VI reference oil data
OILS KV 40C KV 100C
1. Test Oil U
r
2. 100 VI reference H r
3. 0 VI reference L r
VI =
L-U
L-H
32. 40 60 80 100
120
100
60
40
20
0
Temperature in Degree Celsius
68.5
73.3
8.86
VI Determination Graph
KinematicViscosityCS
120
L – 0 VI oil
U – Test oil
H – 100 VI oil
U
H
L
VI =
L - U
L - H
X 100
120 – 73.3
120 – 68.5
X 100 = 92
33. L & H FIGURES
Where to Get ?
• ISO 2909 and Joint Publication ASTM D2270 / IP 226
• IS 1448 (P:56) adopted the data
KV 100C L H D (L-H)
3.00 15.49 12.15 3.334
8.80 118.50 68.79 49.75
8.90 120.90 69.94 50.96
5.40 47.31 32.37 14.94
10.0 147.70 82.87 64.86
60.0 3676.0 1222.00 2454.00
70.0 4905.0 1558.00 3346.00
34. HOW TO CALCULATE VI 100 AND ABOVE ?
Formula gets altered
Data on 0 VI reference oil not needed
OILS KV 40C KV 100C
1. Test Oil U r
2. 100 VI reference H r
VI = [(antilog N) – 1] / 0.00715 +100
N = (log H – log U) /log r
Example
U=22.83, r = 5.05. From table wrt r=5.05, H=28.97
N = (log 28.97-log 22.83)/ log 5.05 = 0.14708
VI =(antilog 0.14708 –1/0.00715+100 = 156
35. DISCUSSIONS ON OTHER TESTS
• Flash Point (COC)
• Pour Point
•Emulsion Stability
• Measure of Acidity (Neut No. or TAN)
• Measure of Corrosivity (Copper Strip Corrosion)
• Measure of Basicity (TBN)
• Water Demulsibility (ASTM) or Steam
Demulsibility (IP)
• ASTM Rust Test
• Foaming Characteristics
•Air release property
36.
37.
38. GREASES
• Oil thickened with Soap
• Lubrication by Oil
• Consistency and drop point important properties
• Percentage of soap gives consistency
Type of soap determines drop point
• When oil is expended, soap remains as spent thickener with
no function
39. TYPES OF GREASES
Lithium soap greases.
Lime or calcium soap greases.
Soda or sodium soap greases.
Aluminium greases.
Mixed soap greases
Complex greases
Non-soap type greases
(Clay thickened, Polymer thickened)
40. ADVANTAGES OF USING GREASES
• Sealing agent
• Dripping and spattering eliminated.
• Less frequent application – Inaccessible areas
• Method of application is far simpler then in the case of
oils.
DISADVANTAGES
Tendency to harden with age
Susceptible to oil separation both on storage and in use.
Inability to carry away heat.
Dust and dirt entering the system cannot be flushed
away as in the case of oils
41. PROPERTIES OF GREASES
Consistency(ASTM D-217)
Drop point (ASTM D-566)
Mechanical stability(ASTM D-1831)
Water resistance (ASTM D-1264)
Oil seperation(ASTM D-1742)
Load carrying characteristics(ASTM D-2596)
Oxidative stability test(ASTM D-942)
45. TWO TYPES OF CHANGES IN OIL
• Internal or Chemical change
Due to inherent structural configurations and
transformation
• External change
Due to influence of outside factors
46. •Two enemies of oil :-
Temperature
Oxygen in air
HYDROCARBONS
OXIDATION ONLY CHEMICAL CHANGE
…
Ketones & Alcohols Org. Acids
• Oil becomes corrosive and attacks metal
• Metal soaps produced
• Gummy resinous substance forms
• Hydrocarbon carbonation takes place
• Molecular structure changes
• Oil may become thick
Incorporated additives guard against these phenomenon
47. EXTERNAL CHANGE (OUTSIDE FACTORS)
• Contamination is the culprit
• Two areas of concern
- Lubricant itself – its degradation products
- Major outside contaminants
48. CHANGES IN OIL
1. Change in Viscosity ?
• Chemical change has taken place ?
Increase in TAN ?
Confirmed by Copper Strip Corrosion ?
3. Reserve Alkalinity O.K. ?
TBN value abnormally low ?
4. Increase in Sediment level ? Nature of sediment ?
5. Increase in water content ?
49. • Is rusting taking place ?
• Any foaming problem ?
• Any stable emulsion formation ?
• Excessive Wear ?
Source ? Gear or Bearing or any other parts ?
Changes in oil ( contd...)
50. 1 – Viscosity variation - Can be corrected by make-up
2 & 3 – Causes of Concern
4 – Sediment - Remove by Filtration
5 – Water - Remove by draining & Vacuum filtration
or Centrifuging.
6, 7 & 8 – Rust/ Foam/ Emulsion – Needs Additive
Treatment.
9 – Excessive Wear - Relative to 4
So long Sediment level remains within limit why
to spend time and money on wear metal analysis ?
Exclude gear as a source of wear metal by visual
examination.
Do not take risk on 2 & 3
CHANGES IN OIL ( Contd...)
52. DISTURBING THOUGHTS
Additive has been depleted in used oil
Where to get Additives to upgrade RO?
Regenerated oil will contaminate Virgin oil
53. • Why not we look at virgin oil as source ofWhy not we look at virgin oil as source of
Additive replenishment ?Additive replenishment ?
• Are we downgrading our virgin oil ?Are we downgrading our virgin oil ?
oror
• Are we not upgrading our regeneratedAre we not upgrading our regenerated
Oil?Oil?
54. OEM’s 1000 HOURS
• OEM dictates “Change Oil after 1000 Hours”
• Whose 1000 hours ? Equipment’s ? Or Oil’s ?
• Is it possible to calculate Oil’s 1000 hours ?
55. Your Organisation
Started in 1970 with 100 employees
Retirement Criteria – 35 Yrs of
Service
Today 2005 – Organisation has run 35
Yrs. Total employee = 100
How many People to retire ?
Can we Identify these people ?
1975
1980
1995
2004
1975
1980
1995
2004
+ 10
T1
+ 30
T2
+ 40
T3
+ 5
T4
(-10) L1
(-30) L2
(-40) L3
(-5) L4
56. 1000 HRS. NOT A PRACTICAL GUIDE LINE
• We cannot identify which portion of sump oil has been
subjected to 1000 hours
• Basing our assumption on 1000 hours of equipment
running, yesterday’s “Top UP” being thrown away today
• What is the alternative ?
• Monitor condition and decide on further use
57. OUR GUIDELINES
1. Change in Viscosity ?
• Chemical change has taken place ?
Increase in TAN ?
Confirmed by Copper Strip Corrosion ?
3. Reserve Alkalinity O.K. ?
TBN value abnormally low ?
4. Increase in Sediment level ? Nature of sediment ?
5. Increase in water content ?
58. Changes in oil ( contd...)
• Is rusting taking place ?
• Any foaming problem ?
• Any stable emulsion ?
• Excessive Wear ?
Source ? Gear or Bearing or any other parts ?