2. Legislative Background
Specific provisions on Environmental
Protection in Indian Constitution
Directive Principles of State Policy,
Fundamental Duties explicitly enunciate the
National Commitment to protect and
improve the Environment
Ruling of Court - Environment is
Fundamental right of life
3. Major Environmental Acts/Rules/Notification
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974/1988
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977/
1992/2003
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981/1987
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986/1991
The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991/1992
Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
The Bio - Medical Waste (Management, Handling and
Transboundry Movement) Rules 2009
The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules
2000
The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules 2001
The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000
Environmental Statement Notification, 1993
Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006
4. The Water Act
An Act to provide for the prevention and control of
water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of
wholesomeness of water, for the establishment, with
a view of carrying out the purpose aforesaid, of
Boards for the prevention and control of water
pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such
Boards powers and functions related thereto and for
matters connected therewith.
Prevention and Control of Water Pollution
Maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water
Formulation of Pollution Control Boards
5. Salient Features of Water Act
Vests regulatory authority to Pollution Control Boards
(PCB) to establish and enforce effluent standards
PCB control sewage/effluent discharge by consent to
discharge
PCB advise and assist for selection of appropriate
sites for industrial activities
Acts give guidelines for formulation, operation and
other duties/powers of the PCB
The 1988 Amendment strengthened the Act’s
implementation provisions and added the Provisions on
Citizen’s Suit
6. The Water Cess Act
An Act to provide for the levy and collection of a
cess on water consumed by persons carrying on
certain industries and by local authorities, with a
view to augment the resources of the Central
Board and the State Boards for the prevention and
control of water pollution constituted under the
Water Act, 1974.
To collect Cess on Water Consumption
To meet the expense of Central and State Boards
These revenues are used to implement the Water Act
7. The Air Act
An Act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of
air pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carry out
the aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for conferring on and
assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating
thereto and for matters connected therewith.
Similar Framework as of Water Act
Act expand the authority of Boards to include Air Pollution
All industries causing Air Pollution must take consent
Formulate Standards for Emission from Industries,
Automobiles and Ambient Air Quality
Air Amendment Act, 1987 introduced stiffer penalties and
introduced citizen’s Suit provision and added Noise Pollution
8. Environment Act
An Act to provide for the protection and improvement of
environment and for matters connected therewith.
In wake of Bhopal tragedy, the Government of India
enacted the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986
under Article 253 of the Constitution.
To implement various International conventions on
Environment
Act to cover Protection and improvement of the human
environment
Prevention of hazards to human beings, other living
creatures, plant and property.
9. Environment Act
Umbrella legislation designated to provide a
framework for Central Government co-ordination
of the activities of various Central and State
authorities established under Water, Air Act.
Covering broad scope to include water, air and land
and the inter-relationships with other living
creatures, plants, micro-organisms and property.
Defines broadly the scope of Environmental
Pollution and Hazardous substances.
10. Environment Act
Act empowers the Centre to take all such measures
deem necessary or expedient for the purpose of
protecting and improving the quality of the environment.
Authorises Central Government to set new National
standards for Ambient Air Quality, Emissions, Effluent
Discharge
Regulate industrial locations
Prescribe procedures for managing hazardous
substances
Establishing safeguards for preventing accidents
To collect and disseminate information on
environmental pollution
11. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
An Act to provide for public liability insurance for the purpose of
providing immediate relief to the persons affected by accidental
occurring while handling any hazardous substances and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Liability to give relief in certain cases on principle of no fault.
Liability of owner to takeout insurance policies.
Verification and publication of accident by District Administration.
Establishment of Environment relief fund.
Provisions as to other right to claim compensation for death etc.
Power of entry, search and inspection.
Power to make application to courts for restraining owners from
handling hazardous substances.
12. Hazardous Wastes Rules
Applicable to industries generating, handling, storing
hazardous waste as per schedule
Practical steps needed for hazardous wastes treatment,
storage and disposal
Hazardous wastes to be collected, treated, stored and
disposed off only on authorised places
Authorisation for above to be issued by SPCB
Hazardous waste to be packed and transported in
sufficiently safe conditions
State government or a person authorised shall undertake a
continuing programme to identify the sites and publish
periodically an inventory of disposal sites within the state for
disposal of Hazardous wastes.
13. Environmental Statement Notification
As per Environmental Statement Notification, Every
industry is required to submit Environmental Statement
for the Financial Year ending 31st March before 30th
September.
Environmental Statement enables industry to take
comprehensive look on :
Industrial Process and facilities
Material Balance
Areas for Waste reduction
Savings
Environmental Status
14. Contents of Environmental Statement
Site plan & process flow diagram
Material balance, Process inputs and outputs
Wastes considered to be hazardous or for which regulations
exist
Wastes for which disposal costs are high
Listing of unit operations
Recording of water usage
Current levels of waste re-use/recycling
Accounting for waste water (effluent discharge point, waste
water generated from each unit operation)
Characteristics of waste water
Accounting for gaseous emissions
15. Contents of Environmental Statement
Accounting for off-site wastes
Waste reduction measures, including areas of priority-activities
which looked promising from the view point of prevention i.e. good
house keeping, technological change, use of alternative raw
materials
Targeting and Characterising problem wastes
Development of long term waste reduction options including
energy impact, water conservation and substitution of chemicals
Environmental and economic evaluation of waste reduction
options, including cost benefit analysis of preventive options
Recommendations for developing and implementing and action
plan for reduction of waste and increase of production efficiency
and sequence of steps toward waste prevention options
16. EIA Notification, 2006
To formulate a transparent, decentralised and
efficient regulatory mechanism to :
Incorporate necessary environmental
safeguards at planning stage
Involve stakeholders in the public
consultation process
Identify developmental projects based on
impact potential instead of the investment
criteria
17. Stages in Environmental Clearance Process
Stage I : Screening
Screening refers scrutiny of category ‘B’ projects seeking prior environmental
clearance made in Form-1 by the concerned State Level Expert Appraisal
Committee for determining whether or not the project requires further
environmental studies for preparation of EIA for its appraisal depending upon
the nature and location specificity of the project.
Stage II : Scoping
Scoping refers to the process by which the EAC in the case of Category ‘A’
projects or activities, and SEAC in the case of Category ‘B1’ projects or
activities determine detailed and comprehensive TORs addressing all the
relevant environmental concerns for the preparation of EIA report.
18. Stages in Environmental Clearance Process
Stage III : Public Consultation
Public Consultation refers to the process by which the concerns of local
affected persons and others who have plausible stake in the environmental
impacts of the project or activity are ascertained.
Stage IV : Appraisal
Appraisal means the detailed scrutiny by the Expert Appraisal Committee or
State Level Expert Appraisal Committee of the application and other
documents submitted by the applicant for grant of environmental clearance.
19. Flowchart for Revised EC Process for all Cat-A projects (GoI Level)
START
Time-line
45 days
by SPCB
60 days
45 days
Recommended by EC?
Decision by MEF
END
No
END
No
Yes
Has decision been made by
MoEF within 30 days?
END
60 days
Checklist information as part of pre-feasibility report by PP
Technical Review by MoEF
Specifications of TORs for EIA by Expert Committee
Draft EIA/EMP preparation by PP
Review by MoEF as per ToR Communicate
inadequacies (if any)
Appraisal by Independent Expert Committee
PH by SPCB
Reject EIA/ EMP
Technical Review by MoEF
Issue / Reject EC in terms of
Expert Committee recommendation
Yes
Total = 210 days
(with certainty)
Project proponent
MoEF
EAC
SPCB
(EC meets at least once
every month on a fixed date)
(EC meets at least once every
month on a fixed date)
20. Revised Environmental Appraisal for Category “B”
projects (State level) – Building Projects
Start
Checklist and conceptual plan by PP
Technical review by SEIAA
Appraisal by SEAC
End Recommended?
Issue of in-principle EC / EMP by SEIAA
Preparation of Building Plans
with EMP by PP
Confirmation of the revised plan by SEAC
End
Yes
No
Part opfr nepoarmraatli oPnroject
Part opfr nepoarmraatli oPnroject
30 days
SEAC meets at least
once a month on a fixed
date
Total = 90 days
(with certainty)
60 days
SEAC meets at least
once a month on a
fixed date
21. Category ‘A’
Offshore & onshore oil & gas exploration and production
Nuclear power projects and processing of nuclear fuel
Petroleum refining industry
Asbestos milling and asbestos based products
Soda ash industry
Chemical fertilizers
Pesticide and pesticide specific intermediates (excluding
formulations) – All units producing technical grade pesicides
Petrochemical complexes (industries based on processing of
petroleum fractions & natural gas and/or reforming to aromatics
22. Category ‘A’
Oil & gas transportation pipeline (crude and refinery/ petrochemical
products), passing through national parks/sanctuaries/coral
reefs/ecologically sensitive areas including LNG terminal
Airports
All ship breaking yards including ship breaking units
Asbestos mining
Primary metallurgical industry
All molasses based distilleries
Pulp manufacturing and pulp & paper
New national highways
23. Category ‘A’
Integrated paint industry
Induction/arc furnaces/cupola furnaces 5TPH or more
Isolated storage & handling hazardous chemicals (as per threshold
planning quantity indicated in column 3 of Schedule 2 & 3 of MSIHC
Rules 1989 amended 2000)
Aerial ropeways
Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs)
Common municipal solid waste management facility (CMSWMF)
Building and construction projects
Township and area development projects
Paper manufacturing (non-pulp manufacturing)
New state highways
24. EP ACT 1986 – Emission Standards
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has developed
National Standards for Emission under the statutory
powers of the Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981.
These standards have been approved and notified by
the Government of India, Ministry of Environment &
Forests, under Section 25 of the Environmental
(Protection) Act, 1986.
Emission Standards for different categories of
industries have been evolved.
25. Important Standards
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
The Environmental (Protection) Rules, 1986
SCHEDULE III : Ambient Air Quality Standards
in respect of Noise
SCEDULE VI : Part - A - Effluent General
Standards for discharge of environmental
pollutants
SCHEDULE VI : Part - D - General Emission
Standards for Air Emissions
28. Schedule III - Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise
Area
Category of Area Day Time (Leq) Night Time
(Leq)
A. Industrial Area 75 70
B. Commercial Area 65 55
C. Residential Area
55 45
D. Silence Zone
50 40
1.Day Time 6 AM - 9 PM
2.Night Time 9 PM - 6 AM
3.Silence Zone Hospital, Educational Institutions, Courts
29. Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986
Schedule VI
Part - A : Effluents
Inland Surface Water
Public Sewers
Land for Irrigation
Marine Coastal Areas
30. The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 - SCHEDULE VI
General Standards for discharge of environment pollutants
(Part - A : Effluents)
S.N. Parameter Inland
Surface
Water
Public
Sewers
Land for
Irrigation
Marine
Coastal Areas
1. Colour and Odour Nil Nil Nil Nil
2. Suspended Solids mg/L, Max. 100 600 200 100
3. Particle size of suspended solids < 850 micron - - -
4. pH value 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5 - 9.0 5.5-9.0
5. Temperature < 5 oC
increase
- - < 5 oC
increase
6. Oil and Grease mg/L 10 20 10 20
7. Total residual Chloroine mg/L 1.0 - - 1.0
8. Ammonical N (as N), mg/L 50 50 - 50
9. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as
NH3) mg/L
100 - - 100
31. The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 - SCHEDULE VI
General Standards for discharge of environment pollutants
(Part - D : General Emission Standards for Air Emissions)
S.N.
Parameter Standard Conc. not to exceed (mg/Nm3)
1.
Particulate Matter 150
2.
Total Fluoride 25
3.
Asbestos 4 Fibres/cc and dust should not be more
than 2 mg/m3
4.
Mercury 0.2
5.
Chlorine 15
6.
Hydrochloric acid vapour and mist 35
7.
Sulphuric acid mist
50
8.
Carbon monoxide
1 % max. (v/v)
9.
Lead
10
33. Boiler (Small)
Steam Generation Capacity
(TPH) Pollutant Emission limit
(mg/Nm3)
Less than 2 Particulate Matter 1200*
2 to less than 10 -do- 800*
10 to less than 15 -do- 600*
15 and above -do- 150**
* To meet the respective standards, cyclone/multicyclone is
recommended as control equipment with the boiler.
** To meet the standard, bag filter/ESP is recommended as
control equipment with the boiler.
34. Stack Height for Small Boilers
For the small boilers using coal or liquid fuels, the required stack height
with the boiler shall be calculated by using the formula
H = 14 Q 0.3
Where H = Total stack height in meters from ground level
Q = Sulphur dioxide (SO2) emission rate in kg/hr
In no case, the stack height shall be less than 11 meters.
Where providing tall stacks are not feasible using above formula,
the limit of 400 mg/Nm3 for SO2 emission shall be met by
providing necessary control equipment with a minimum stack
height of 11 meters.
35. Cement Industry : Emission Standards
Plant Capacity Pollutants Emission Limit
(mg/Nm3)
200 tonnes per day and less
(All Sections)
Particulate Matter 400
More than 200 tonnes per day
(All Sections)
Note:
The Central and the State
pollution control boards may
fix stringent standards not
exceeding 250 mg/Nm3 for
smaller plants and 150
mg/Nm3 for larger plant.
Particulate Matter 250
36. Integrated Iron & Steel Plant : Emission Standards
Pollutant Source Emission limit
Particulate Matter A. Sintering plant
B. Steel making
i) during normal
operation
ii) during oxygen
lancing
150 mg/Nm3
150 mg/Nm3
400 mg/Nm3
C. Rolling mill 150 mg/Nm3
Carbon Monoxide D. Coke-oven 3 kg/tonne of
coke produced
37. Thermal Power Plant : Emission Standards
Generation Capacity Pollutant Emission
limit
Generation capacity 210 MW or
more
Generation capacity less than
210 MW
Particulate
matter
Particulate
matter
150 mg/Nm3
300 mg/Nm3
Depending upon the requirement of local situation, such as protected
area, the State Pollution Control Boards and other implementing
agencies under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, may
prescribe a limit of 150 mg/Nm3, irrespective of generation capacity of
the plant.
38. Thermal Power Plants : Stack Height/Limits
Generation Capacity Stack Height (Meters)
500 MW and above 275
200 MW/210 MW and above
to less than 500 MW 220
Less than 200 MW/210 MW
H = 14 Q0.3 where Q is
emission rate of SO2 in
kg/hr, and H is Stack height
in meters.