What do you call the cellular process of RNA production What is the.pdf

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What do you call the cellular process of RNA production? What is the main function of the mitochondria? Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? What reads mRNA to produce a polypeptide? What is the term used to describe a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic? Where in the cell does pyruvate decarboxylation occur? What is the major structural material making up ribosomes? The mode of cell division that results in four daughter cells that are genetically different, with each cell containing one haploid set of chromosomes, is knows as? A dihybrid cross SS tt times ss TT is made in which S is dominant, but there is no dominance between T and t. Assuming independent assortment, how many phenotypic classes are expected in F2? Disulfide bonds are often found to stabilize which of the following levels of protein structure? Solution Answer : Q1. Transcription is the molecular biology term used to describe the synthesis of RNA from DNA. This is catalysed by RNA polymerase enzyme. Q2. Mitochindria is the site of TCA cycle, Electron transport chain and Fatty acid oxidation. This is the organelle involved in the synthesis of ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell. Q3. Cytoplasm is the site in the cell where glycolysis ( Breakdown of glucose) occurs producing two molecules of pyruvates. Q4. tRNA or transfer RNA is the molecule that reads the mRNA (messenger RNA) to produce a protein in a process called translation which occurs in the cytoplasm. Q5. Amphipathic is the term used to describe a molecule possessing both hydrophobic and hydrophillic parts..

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Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8: DNA RNA Protein What is DNA? a phosphate Structure of DNA: Building blocks are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is composed of three br uithofenas bee. What makes DNA so special? Provide 4 reasons, below DNA DNA (Replication): Where does DNA replication take place? When does DNA replication take place? Explain steps involved in DNA replication: DNA RNA Protein (Gene Expression) Involves 2 processes: 1. Transcription 2. Translation Explain the Synthesis of Proteins (Gene Expression): o DNA RNA Protein What is RNA? What is \"codon What is \"anticodon\" What is a protein molecule? DNA mutation; Change in nucleotide bases of DNA Duplex Point mutation Frame shift mutation Solution Question Answer Where does DNA replication take place: It takes place in the nucleus in case of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm in case of prokaryotic cells When does DNA replication take place: DNA replication occurs during the S-phase during cell cycle, so that cell can make an extra copy of genetic material. Explain steps involved in DNA replication: Initiation: During initiation, the proteins will bind to the origin of replication; helicase unwinds the DNA helix which results in the formation of two replication forks. Elongation: A RNA primer sequence will be added to this the DNA pol III will add the nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction and chain will elongate. Termination: In case of bacteria, termination of replication occurs whenever two replication forks meet each other from the opposite end of the parental chromosome. Transcription Gene expression first step is transcription, here a particular segment of DNA will be copied into RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase Translation Translation is the final step of the gene expression. Here mRNA will be used to synthesize the polypeptide chain. The information present in the mRNA in the form of codon will code for the amino acids needed for polypeptide chain synthesis. What is RNA? RNA is ribonucleic acid and is found in all living cells. It acts as the messenger carrying instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins. Few viruses will have RNA as their genetic material. What is codon? Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides and they together form a unit of genetic code in either DNA or RNA. What is anticodon? It is found on tRNA and it is a sequence of three nucleotides which forms a genetic code on tRNA, and these anticodon is complementary to the codons found on messenger RNA. What is a protein molecule? During translation, when amino acids are added in a sequential manner, the condensation of amino acids will form a peptide bond in between them and finally forms a polypeptide chain. It is the DNA through mRNA directs the protein synthesis. Point mutation In point mutation, only one or very few nucleotides will be affected or mutated in a gene sequence. Frame shift mutation Either insertions or deletion can result in frame shift mutation, due to th.

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Protein synthesis is vital for cell growth and metabolism. Describe transcription and translation Identify the similarities between transcription and translation Identify the differences between transcription and translation Describe structural changes that can occur to a protein after translation to make it function properly Solution Transcription: The ultimate function of a DNA strand is to produce proteins, for that; the DNA has to convert into RNA. In transcription, a part of the double-stranded DNA template helps for producing single-stranded RNA molecule. Only one strand of DNA serves as a template for transcription at any given time. This template strand names as the noncoding strand. The other strand refers as the coding strand because its sequence will be the identical as that of the novel RNA molecule. Transcripton helps in rises of many RNA molecusles like ribosomal RNA, noncoding RNA, transfer RNA and ribozymes. In most organisms, within the same chromosome, the strand of DNA that works as the template for one gene may be the nontemplate strand for another gene. It has following steps: Initiation: After choosing a strand, an enzyme RNA polymerase starts to make RNA by binding to the promoter sequence of DNA strand. This is called as initiation. In this step, the enzyme needs various transcriptonsal factors for recognizing and starting the process. The enzyme moves forward in the direction 3’ to5’ by skipping the promoter when all factors bind to the strand. Elongation: In this step, RNA polymerase codes RNA from the strand. Termination: the termination process needs to stop the unnecessary production of RNA. Translation: the process to produce proteins, translation is the step to make polypeptide chain(s) for protein. This step requires mRNA for template of coding sequences, a site for synthesis which is ribosome and tRNAs for every type of amino acid. The process includes following steps: Initiation: During initiation, ribosomal units cover the mRNA for creating a complete ribosome. Now, a tRNA which has anticode of AUG for the amino acid methionine, binds to ribosome. Elongation: it is the step of continuing the polypeotide synthesis. Termination: this step requires stopping the synthesis. The process is regulating by stop codons, when a stop codon appears the synthesis stops. Similarities between transcription and translation: Both require RNA Both processes have common procedure which follows initiation Elongation and termination. Difference between transcription and translation: Transcription Translation It synthesizes RNA It synthesizes polypeptide chain The RNA is as a product It requires mRNA as a template The template is DNA strand for transcription process RNA is as a template The process needs enzyme over DNA strand No enzyme is present over RNA Transcription factors requires for the synthesis No factors needed. Enzyme binds to promoter region of DNA tRNA binds to start codon of RNA The structural changes after transl.

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Detailed solutions please: 1. Let R and S be commutative rings and let sigma: R right arrow S be a homomorphism. Prove that if sigma is one to one and b in R is a zero divisor of R, then sigma(b) is a zero divisor of S. Solution we are given that R--->S is a homomorphism A homomorphism is a map that preserves selected structure between two algebraic structures, with the structure to be preserved being given by the naming of the homomorphism the set R and S are the same as they form a homomorphic relation. now b E R that is b lies with the set R and since R and S are homomorphic so b will also lie in the ser S since sigma is one to one function threfore the entire domain of sigma will be mapped . its also gven that sigma(b) is a zero divisor of R and since b E S as well so sigma(b) is a zero divisor of S as well hence proved..

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What is the target cell for the hormone Angiotensionogen? Solution Answer: zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland on kidney Reason: Primarily low blood pressure trigger the release of precursor, angiotensinogen peptide, a serpin family from the liver cells followed by formation of angiotensin I finally to angiotensin II in the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This angiotensin II active form is going to act on the \"zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland on kidney\" to trigger release of aldosterone to act on kidney cells finally to the reabsorption of sodium.

What is the target cell for the hormone AngiotensionogenSolut.pdf

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