Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean? Briefly describe the structure of DNA by using the following terms: nucleotide, strand, complementary, deoxyribose, phosphate, anti-parallel, base pairing, adenine, cytosine. How many DNA molecules are in a chromosome? How many genes are in an average bacterial chromosome? What is the purpose of DNA replication? (\"To make more DNA\" would not be a complete answer.) Summarize the process of DNA replication by using the following terms: replication fork, template, nucleotide, primer, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase. (Know what each term means.) Summarize the process of RNA synthesis (transcription) by using the following terms: template, promo RNA polymerase, rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, terminator. (Know what each term means.) Where are operons found and what is the advantage of organization of genes within operons? What are some fundamental differences in organization of genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? How do eukaryotes produce mRNA that they can use for translation? Summarize the process of protein synthesis (translation) by using the following terms: genetic code, ribosome, mRNA, protein, amino acid, tRNA, codon, anticodon, start codon, stop codons, polypeptide. (Know what each term means.) Be able to predict the sequence of a complementary strand in both DNA and RNA synthesis, w hen the template sequence is given. Be able to use genetic code table to predict amino-acid sequence of a encoded by a nucleic acid, when the nucleic acid sequence is given. Classify mutations by type and briefly describe how mutations arise, are prevented or repaired. Explain why mutations are important by giving at least three different examples. Why do bacteria and viruses mutate so much faster than eukaryotes? What are some consequences of Briefly explain (and be able to compare and contrast) three different mechanisms of horizontal gene in bacteria: transformation, conjugation and transduction. What are some practical implications of these phenomena? Solution 3. Genes code for gene products Gene is a portion of DNA. It is made up of nucleotide sequences. It expresses itself and transfer from one generation to next generation. Gene expression means the nucleotide sequence is used for synthesizing a biomolecules- generally it is protein but it may be RNA molecules. Here gene products are those proteins and RNAs. 4. Structure of DNA DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that contains all genetic information of an organism. DNA has a double helix shape, which is like a ladder twisted into a spiral. Each spiral is composed of polynucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of - deoxyribose, a kind of sugar with 5 carbon atoms; a phosphate group made of phosphorus and oxygen, and nitrogenous base. There are four types of nucleotide: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G). Nucleotides are joined to one another by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, kn.

1. Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean? Briefly describe the structure of
DNA by using the following terms: nucleotide, strand, complementary, deoxyribose, phosphate,
anti-parallel, base pairing, adenine, cytosine. How many DNA molecules are in a chromosome?
How many genes are in an average bacterial chromosome? What is the purpose of DNA
replication? ("To make more DNA" would not be a complete answer.) Summarize the process
of DNA replication by using the following terms: replication fork, template, nucleotide, primer,
DNA polymerase, DNA ligase. (Know what each term means.) Summarize the process of RNA
synthesis (transcription) by using the following terms: template, promo RNA polymerase,
rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, terminator. (Know what each term means.) Where are operons found and
what is the advantage of organization of genes within operons? What are some fundamental
differences in organization of genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? How do eukaryotes
produce mRNA that they can use for translation? Summarize the process of protein synthesis
(translation) by using the following terms: genetic code, ribosome, mRNA, protein, amino acid,
tRNA, codon, anticodon, start codon, stop codons, polypeptide. (Know what each term means.)
Be able to predict the sequence of a complementary strand in both DNA and RNA synthesis, w
hen the template sequence is given. Be able to use genetic code table to predict amino-acid
sequence of a encoded by a nucleic acid, when the nucleic acid sequence is given. Classify
mutations by type and briefly describe how mutations arise, are prevented or repaired. Explain
why mutations are important by giving at least three different examples. Why do bacteria and
viruses mutate so much faster than eukaryotes? What are some consequences of Briefly explain
(and be able to compare and contrast) three different mechanisms of horizontal gene in bacteria:
transformation, conjugation and transduction. What are some practical implications of these
phenomena?
Solution
3. Genes code for gene products
Gene is a portion of DNA. It is made up of nucleotide sequences. It expresses itself and transfer
from one generation to next generation.
Gene expression means the nucleotide sequence is used for synthesizing a biomolecules-
generally it is protein but it may be RNA molecules. Here gene products are those proteins and
RNAs.
4. Structure of DNA
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that contains all genetic information of an
organism.
DNA has a double helix shape, which is like a ladder twisted into a spiral. Each spiral is

2. composed of polynucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of - deoxyribose, a kind of sugar with
5 carbon atoms; a phosphate group made of phosphorus and oxygen, and nitrogenous base. There
are four types of nucleotide: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G). Nucleotides
are joined to one another by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the
phosphate of the next, known as sugar-phosphate backbone. Bases from two opposite strand
pairs with hydrogen bonding. A is complementary for T and C is complementary for G. Each
polynucleotide chain has polarity. There is a 5-end, which frequently contains a phosphate group
attached to the 5 carbon of the ribose ring, and a 3-end, which typically is unmodified from the
ribose -OH substituent. But the two strand are situated antiparallelly, means 3` end of one strand
faces 5` end of another strand.
5. # Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids. Each chromatid has single DNA. So each
chromosome is consist of two DNA molecules.
# There are several thousand genes in a bacterial chromosome. Each bacteria has different
numbers of genes. Generally E. coli has 3000 genes.
6. Purpose of DNA replication
To grow as a large organism or to produce offspring cell needs to divide. DNA replicates in
order for cells to divide, with a parent cell divides giving each daughter cell the full DNA string
in each nucleus. During replication from a parental strand cell produce two exact copy or two
daughter strand. So, they can transfer the newly synthesized strands to new cells. The exact DNA
for an organism carry out exact codes. So every daughter cell has same genetic content like its
parental cell.