2. PARATHYROID GLAND
• Parathyroid glands are four small glands located on the back of the thyroid gland
below the Adam’s apple.
• Parathyroid glands control the levels of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D in the
body.
3. • PTH also reduces the amount of calcium lost in urine
• Sometimes, one or more of the glands becomes enlarged then it
produces too much PTH.
4. Too much PTH leads to too much calcium in the blood. This condition is
called hypercalcemia
Lead to
frequent urination
stomach problems
confusion
fatigue
6. CAUSES
• Adenoma
An adenoma is a noncancerous tumor on one of these glands. These
tumors are the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism.
• Parathyroid gland enlargement
In other cases, enlargement of at least two of the parathyroid glands
can lead to hyperparathyroidism.
• Parathyroid cancer
Parathyroid cancer may cause enlargement of one or more of the
parathyroid glands. These tumors can cause hyperparathyroidism.
8. If the condition is more severe,
then it leads to:
• kidney stones
• abdominal, or stomach, pain
• nausea and vomiting
• confusion
• impaired memory
• constipation
• bone thinning and fractures
• coma (in rare cases)
9. DIAGNOSIS
Primary hyperparathyroidism is generally diagnosed through blood tests.
Signs of this condition include:
• elevated PTH
• elevated blood calcium
• elevated alkaline phosphatase
• low levels of phosphorus
X-ray
10. TREATMENT
surgery is the most common treatment
Medications:
• Bisphosphonates, such as Alendronate (Fosamax),
help decrease bone turnover.
• Cinacalcet (Sensipar) helps normalize calcium
levels in the blood.
• Estrogen therapy may be prescribed for
postmenopausal women.
PTH helps regulate the amount of calcium in the body. If the calcium level in body becomes too low, PTH helps bring more calcium into the blood.
It does this by increasing the reabsorption of calcium from the intestines and from the bones.
. In other cases, a growth on one of these glands can cause it to produce increased amounts of PTH.
kidney stones due to increased calcium levels and can also leads to kidney stones in body
When the doctor suspects hyperparathyroidism, they’ll probably check the bone density. Having too much PTH raises the levels of calcium in the blood, then body draws this calcium from the bones. X-rays can help the doctor identify bone problems, such as fractures and thinning.
surgery is the most common treatment, Only the glands that are affected are removed. If all four glands are enlarged, a portion of one of the glands will be left in the body so the patient still have parathyroid tissue that is functioning