Lesson designed for A-Level Geography (Edexcel) Unit 3 – Globalisation

1. Globalisation - Revision
1. The acceleration of globalisation
2. Geographical impacts of globalisation
3. The development challenges of
globalisation
Key words in purple
Examples/case
studies in red

3. Revision – Chapter 12
• The acceleration of globalisation
• Globalisation
• Trans-National Corporation
• What is globalisation?
• Global flows and global networks
• Different lengths and depths of
globalisation
• Gross Domestic Product
• Emerging Economies
• Remittances
• Interdependency
• Transport and trade in the 19th and
20th centuries
• ICT and mobile phone use in the 21st
century
• Spatial division of labour
• Intermodal containers
• Shrinking world
• Mobile phone use and banking in
developing countries
*The flow of capital – in 2013 the volume of
foreign exchange transactions reached US$5
trillion a day
* There are approx one-quarter of a billion
refugees/economic migrants globally
* By 2014 EasyJet own 200 airplanes carrying
65million people to their destinations
* There is uneven distribution of undersea data
cables – the largest bandwidth usage between
America and Europe
* Africa’s M-Pesa system launched in 2007

4. Revision – Chapter 12
• The politics and economics of
globalisation
• Digital divide
• Political barriers
• The work of international
organisations
• Foreign Direct Investment
• BRICS Groups
• IMF
• World Bank
• WTO
• How F.D.I works
• Different types of F.D.I
• Players
• The attitudes and actions of national
governments
• Trickle-Down
• Sovereign wealth funds
• Trade Blocs
• Tariffs
• The growth of free trade blocs
• The actions of governments in new
global regions
• Special Economic Zones
* The global financial crisis of 2008 undermined
entire world economy
* In 2014 a US$470 million loan was granted to the
Philippines by the world bank to reduce poverty
* In 1986 the City of London was deregulated and
red tape removed
* FDI by China in UK (£800million investment in
Manchester Airport)
* The European Union and ASEAN
* China and its open door policy

5. Revision – Chapter 12
• Uneven Globalisation
• Measuring globalisation
• Measuring globalisation using the
KOF index
• The uneven geography of TNCs
and their global production
network
• Offshoring
• Outsourcing
• Global production network
• Risks of outsourcing
• Developing new markets
• Switched off places
• Glocalisation
• Least developed countries
*Food giant KRAFT have 30,000 suppliers providing
the ingredients they need.
* Production of the MINI by BMW
* Indian Spiderman by Marvel comics
* Switched off places - North Korea
* Switched off places – Sahel region

6. Issues for analysis – Chapter 12
• How has transport and trade accelerated
globalisation?
• How do different countries use different
measures and strategies to attract FDI?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of
being part of a trade bloc?
• How do TNCs and the Bretton woods institutions
link the economies of different countries
together?
• Why have some places become more globalised
than others?

7. Revision – Chapter 13
• Winners and losers of the
global shift in economic
activity
• Costs and benefits for
emerging Asia
• Environmental challenges
for communities in
developing countries
• Social and environmental
problems for
deindustrialised regions
• Deindustrialisation
• Inner-city spiral of
deindustrialisation
*Asian ‘Tiger’ economies from the 1950s
onwards
* Global outsourcing to India
* Global outsourcing of manufacturing to China
* Environmental challenge in Ivory coast
* Deindustrialization in Baltimore

8. Revision – Chapter 13
• The increasing scale and pace of
economic migration in an inter-
connected world
• Internal migrants
• Urbanisation
• Economic Migrants
• Refugees
• Rural-Urban migration – causes
and impacts
• Intervening obstacles
• Megacity growth
• Natural increase
• Centripetal migration
• Social and environmental
challenges of megacity growth
• Brownfield site
* Sao Paulo has 500,000 new migrants a year
* Rural – Urban push factors in the Darfur region
of Sudan (scarcity of resources)
Mumbai and Karachi as rapid megacity growth
* Examples of low-wage international migration
(India to the UAE)
* The ‘golden arch’ theory by Thomas Freidman
• Global hubs
• International migration to global
hubs
• The costs and benefits of migration
• Interdependence

9. Revision – Chapter 13
• The emergence of a global
culture
• Cultural traits
• Cultural diffusion and its
causes
• Cultural imperialism
• Soft power
• The growth of a global culture
– influence and evaluation
• Global brand analysis
• The costs of cultural erosion
• Resisting and reacting to
cultural and environmental
change
* Changing diets in Asia
* 4billion speak globish
* Indigenous people of Amazonia
* Global Paralympics
• Cultural landscapes
• Reactions against globalisation
• The cultural continuum

10. Issues for analysis – Chapter 13
• How has the global shift had an impact on the
economies of different countries?
• How has the global shift had an impact on the
environments of different countries?
• What are the social, economic and environmental
impacts of migration?
• What is meant by a global culture?
• What are the arguments of an optimistic and a
pessimistic hyperglobaliser?
• Are countries right to react against a global
culture?

11. Revision – Chapter 14
• Globalisation, development and
the environment
• Absolute poverty
• Millennium development goals
• Relative poverty
• Development cable
• Development linkages
• Economic and social development
measures
• GDP
• Economic sector balance
• Informal sector
• Human Development Index
• Gender Inequality Index
• A multi-speed world at varying
speeds
• Environmental winners and losers
• Development and environmental
trends for global regions
• Gini co-efficeient
* Global poverty has halved since M.D.G
* World bank estimated global nominal
GDP at US$78trillion
* Nigeria re-balancing its economic sector
* Norway is 1st in HDI index, Niger is last
* Average incomes in all continents has
risen since 1950
* Asia has jumped past the absolute
poverty line. Since 2010 Asia’s GDP is
US$7000 per capita

12. Revision – Chapter 14
• Social, environmental and
political tensions caused by
globalisation
• Post-accession migration
• Diaspora
• Crude birth rate
• Varying attitudes towards
migration and cultural mixing
• Tensions in London surrounding
foreign investment and migration
• Nationalist
• Post-colonial migration
• Legislating against global flows
• Prohibited flows
• Resource nationalism and
protecting cultures
* 1million migrants from Eastern Europe
to UK in the mid 2000s increased the UK
population by 5million by 2015
* Extremism in Europe
* Around 40 governments limit their
citizen’s freedom
* Internet censorship in China and North
Korea
* Migration controls in the UK
* First nations in Canada
* Prohibited flow where Australian
honey was banned in New Zealand due
to fear of bee disease
* Illegal flow of opium from Afghanistan
to the UK is estimated to contribute to
60% of Afghanistan's GDP

13. Revision – Chapter 14
• Globalisation, sustainability and
localism
• Links between globalisation and rising
environmental insecurity
• Natural resources
• Consumer society
• Ecological footprint
• Water footprint
• Carbon footprint
• The local sourcing solution
• Food miles
• Transition town
• Ethical consumption and fair trade
• Evaluation of consumption schemes
• Recycling and resource consumption
• Beyond recycling
* Almost 1million people in emerging
economies have attained new ‘global
middle class’ status; 2 billion are on the
cusp of it
* The average US citizen has an
ecological footprint twenty times larger
than a subsistence farmer in Sub-
Saharan Africa
* Todmorden as a transition town
* Eden project serving 600,000 annual
customers 90% locally sourced material
* The Rana Plaza collapse
* UK government actions

14. Issues for analysis – Chapter 14
• How does economic development support social
development?
• How does globalisation assist the development
process?
• What economic disparities exist within and
between African states?
• Evaluate the benefits of local sourcing
• What tensions can arise out of global flows?
• How do different ethical consumption schemes
aid sustainability?