investigatory project

1. Aim
To understand the working of XOR (Exclusive or gate) using p-n junction
diodes and to design a circuit of XOR gate using diodes, LED and
suitable resistances.

2. Introduction and principle of a XOR gate
The gates like OR, AND and NOT gates can not be used in making of ICs.
So we need some gates which can work as different mathematical
operators and can perform desired functions. XOR, XNOR, NAND and
NOR are used to design ICs.

3. Apparatus used
p-n junction diode (IN 4007)
Circuit board
Wires
9V battery and battery connector
LED (5mm, 1.5V)
Resistors
Push button type toggle switch

4. Theory and working
1.)Working of p-n junction diode in forward and reverse biasing

6. 2.)XOR gate and its working

7. Uses of XOR gate
Used in making ICs applied in calculators, counters
Conclusion
The output of XOR gate according to the logic table.
Sources of errors
Write yourself
Precautions
Keep away from high voltage current.
Bibliography
NCERT textbook of class 12
Physics by S.L.Arora
Circuits available on internet