2. IntroductionIntroduction
• Crystals are solids that form by a
regular repeated pattern of
molecules connecting together .
• In crystals, a collections of atoms
called the Unit Cell is repeated in
exactly the same arrangement
over and over throughout the
entire material.
• Naturally Crystals can take on
strange and interesting looking
forms because of the repetitive
nature.
3. CRYSTAL SYSTEMCRYSTAL SYSTEM
• Triclinic crystal systems :Usually
not symmetrical from one side to
the other, which can lead to some
fairly strange shapes
• Monoclinic crystal systems:
Skewed tetragonal crystals, often
forming prisms and double
pyramids
4. • Orthorhombic crystal systems: Tetragonal
crystals except not square in cross section
(when viewing the crystal on end), forming
rhombic prisms or dipyramids (two pyramids
stuck together)
• Tetragonal crystal systems:Similar to cubic
crystals, but longer along one axis than the
other, forming double pyramids and prisms
• Trigonal crystal systems: Possess a single
3-fold axis of rotation instead of the 6-fold axis
of the hexagonal division
• Hexagonal crystal systems: Six-sided
prisms. When you look at the crystal on-end,
the cross section is a hexagon
5. Cubic crystal systems: Not always cube
shaped! You'll also find octahedrons (eight
faces) and dodecahedrons (10 faces).
6. Physical/ChemicalPhysical/Chemical
CClassificationlassification
• Covalent Crystals: has real chemical
covalent between all of the atoms in the
crystal-a single crystal of a covalent
crystals - just one big molecule. Eg:
diamond or zinc sulfide-extremely high
melting points
• Metallic Crystals: Individual metal
atoms sit on lattice sites while the outer
electrons from these atoms are able to
flow freely around the lattice. Metallic
crystals normally have high melting
points and densities.
7. • Ionic Crystals: A crystal where the
individual atoms don't have covalent
bonds between them, but are held
together by electrostatic forces. Eg:-
sodium chloride (NaCl). Ionic crystals
are hard and have relatively high
melting points.
• Molecular Crystals: A crystal where
there are recognizable molecules in the
structure and is held together by non-
covalent interactions like vander Waals
forces or hydrogen bonding. Eg :-
sugar. Molecular crystals tend to be soft
9. STRUCTURE OF SODIUMSTRUCTURE OF SODIUM
CHLORIDECHLORIDE
• NaCl have an ionic structure
• NaCl comes under cubic crystal
systems
• It is hard ,normally white in color
10. USES OF NaClUSES OF NaCl
• Flavouring and preserving of food
• Natural development of colour in ham
• Carrier of Iodine
• To produce other chemicals (chlorine and
sodium hydroxide)
• Used in metal cleaners, plastics, water
treatment
• For metallurgy and photography
• To melt ice
• Regulation of body fluids, medicine for
livestock and natural gas
12. STRUCTURE OFSTRUCTURE OF
DIAMOND CRYSTALSDIAMOND CRYSTALS
• The crystal structure of a diamond is
a face cubic
• Diamond crystals can also form
cubes, dodecahedra, and
combinations of these shapes
• Real diamond crystals don't have
completely smooth faces
13. USES OFUSES OF DIAMOND CRYSTALSDIAMOND CRYSTALS
• Diamonds are an ideal of mechanical
parts
• Diamond bearing are used in
instruments for laboratories
• Diamond cutting tools cut much
faster and accurately
15. • Sugar is an informal term for class of
edible crystalline substances, mainly
sucrose, lactose, and fructose
• They are characteristically have a
sweet flavour.
• It is an example for molecular
crystals
Structure of sugar crystalStructure of sugar crystal
16. USES OF SUGARUSES OF SUGAR
• Ingredient in recipes and food
preparation
• Glass-like material is made from
crystals formed from sugar
• Sugar crystals are useful for organic
synthesis and are used in the
pigment, agriculture, plating and
chemical sectors
• Used for lightening spots on skin
18. STRUCTURE OF BLUEVITRIOLSTRUCTURE OF BLUEVITRIOL
• Copper(II) sulfate is the chemical
compoundwith the formula CuSO4
• Encountered salt, is bright blue in
color
• Archaic names for copper(II) sulfate
are "blue vitriol" and "bluestone".[1]
• It has a triclinic structure
19. USES OF BLUEVITRIOLUSES OF BLUEVITRIOL
• As a herbicide, fungicide and
pesticide
• As an Analytical reagent
• For Organic synthesis
• Used to grow crystals in schools
and in copper plating
experiments
21. STRUCTURE OF ICESTRUCTURE OF ICE
CRYSTALSCRYSTALS
• Ice crystals are a small crystalline
form of ice including hexagonal
columns, hexagonal plates,dendritic,
crystals and diamond dust.
• Temperature and water vapour
humidity determine crystalline forms.
22. USES ICE CRYSTALSUSES ICE CRYSTALS
• Ice crystals are used for the freezing
process
• Ice crystals are used for the pickling
of meat,vegetables,and fruits
• Ice cream is a product .
• Ice crystals are used for the
preservation of different substances
23. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
• We use many types of crystals in our
daily life.They are having a wide
range of classification.they are both
interesting and attracting..They
occur naturally and can be defined
as a gift of nature.
24. REFERENCESREFERENCES
• NCRT text book for class +1.
• Britannica Encyclopedia volume 3, 7,
5.
• Yahoo search on different topics like:
• Crystals and their uses
• Types of crystals
• Crystals of sugar,sodium
chloride,diamond,blue vitriol etc.
