Communication is the interchange of information between two or more people; in other words, the exchange of ideas or thoughts.

1. COMMUNICATION
Presented by
Anu thapa
Lecturer,Rn

2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Definition of communication
Purpose of communication
Communication process
Types of communication
Methods of communication
Barriers of communication
Nursing roles in communication
References
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3. Communication is a series of
experience of
Hearing
Smell
Seeing
Taste
Touch

4. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
• Communication originates from ‘communis’, a
Greek word, meaning ‘to make common’.
• Transmission of information and opinion between
people.
• Interaction between two or more people.
• To some communication is the interchange of
information between 2 or more people; in other
words, the exchange of ideas or thoughts.
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5. DEFINITION
• Communication is a means of persuasion to influence
the other so that the desired effect is achieved.
Aristotle
• Communication is “a process by which two or more
people exchange ideas, facts, feelings or impressions
in ways that each gains a ‘common understanding’ of
meaning, intent and use of a message.”
Paul Leagens
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6. COMMUNICATION PROCESS
 Communication is an ongoing dynamic and
multidimensional process.
 In the professional role, we will use critical
thinking to focus on each aspect of
communication.
 So our interactions are purposeful and effective.
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8. Cont…
Source or Sender
• Originator of the message.
• A person or group who wishes to convey a
message to another .
• The person or group sending the message must
have an idea or reason for communicating
(source) and must put the idea or feeling into a
form that can be transmitted.
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9. Cont…
 Encoding
• Involves the selection of specific signs or symbols
(codes) to transmit the message
• Such as which language and word to use, how to
arrange the words and what tone of voice or gesture
to use.
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11. Cont…
Message
• It is the content of the communication.
• The spoken words, printed words, a graphic
drawing, an expression of the face, a gesture of the
body.
• Personal perceptions sometimes distort receivers’
interpretation of the message.
• It can be verbal, nonverbal.
• According to the need and intellectual power of
individual.
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12. Cont…
Channels
• It is the medium used to transmit the message
from the source to the receiver.
• Facial expression send visual messages, spoken
words travel through auditory channels and touch
uses tactile channel.
• If the senders use more channels to convey
message, the communication will be more
effective.
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13. Cont..
Receiver
• Receiver is the person to whom the message is sent.
• He/She is the listener who must listen, observe and
attend.
• The receiver must decode the symbols and signs of
the message sent through the channel.
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14. Cont…
 Decoding
• The receiver receives or decodes the message.
• In decoding, receiver interprets the perceived
message and gives some meaning to the words.
• Perception uses all the senses to receive verbal and
nonverbal message.
• If the meaning of the decoded message matches the
intent of the sender, then the communication will be
effective.
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15. Cont…
Feedback (Response)
• It is the final and vital part of communication
because it enables the original source to evaluate
how the receiver has received the message.
• Feedback is the message that the receiver returns to
the sender.
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16. Cont…
Interpersonal variables
• There are factors within both the sender and
receiver that influence communication.
• Perception is such variable that provide a uniquely
personal view of reality formed by one’s
expectations and experiences.
• Each person senses, interprets and understands
events differently.
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17. Cont…
Environment
• It is the setting for sender-receiver interaction.
• Noise, temperature extremes, distraction and lack of
privacy or space may create confusion tension and
discomfort.
• Environment distracting are common in health care
setting and can interfere message sent between
people.

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19. PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION
 It brings coordination among the employees by
identifying authority relationship.
 Helps generate trust between nurse and clients.
 Provides professional satisfaction.
 Brings changes in an organization (means for change
process).
 Serves as a lubricant fostering the smooth operation.
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20. Cont…
 Project the image of organization in the society.
 Basis for leadership actions.
 Foster cooperation among employees.
 It aids in planning and decision making.
 Foundation of relationship between nurse and
other team.
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21. CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
It includes
1. Vertical communication:
 Upward communication: Subordinates transmit
their expectations, problems, suggestions for
organisational improvement.
 Downward communication: It is the traditional
channel of communication in which the managers
relay information to the subordinates in regard to
organisational goals, strategies etc.
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22. Cont…
2. Horizontal communication
• Communication occurs between peers at the same
level.
• These could take place among managers who are
managing different units at the same hierarchial
level or among employees working at the same
level.
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23. Cont…
3. Diagonal communication
• Managers or employees interact with other
managers and employees from other department
who are not at the same hierarchial level.
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24. Cont…
4. Grapevine communication
• The information flows haphazardly between people
at all hierarchial levels and usually involves 3 or 4
people at a time.
• This type of communication is subject to error and
distortion.
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26. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Intrapersonal communication
Interpersonal communication
Transpersonal communication
Small group communication
Public communication
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27. Intrapersonal Communication
• It is a powerful form of communication that occurs
within an individual.
• Also called as self-talk, self verbalization and inner
thought.
• Nurse should be aware of the nature and content of
their own thinking and try to replace the negative,
self defeating thoughts with positive assertion.
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28. Cont…
• Intrapersonal communication creates a set of
conditions through which life is experienced.
• Positive self-talk can be used as a tool to improve the
nurse's or client's health and self-esteem.
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29. Interpersonal Communication
• One-to-one interaction between the nurse and
another person that often occurs face to face.
• Most frequently used in nursing situations and lies at
the heart of nursing practice.
• Nurses work with people who have different
opinions, experiences, values and belief systems, so
meaning must be validated or mutually negotiated
between participants.
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30. Cont…
• Meaningful interpersonal communication results in
exchange of ideas, problem solving, expression of
feelings, decision making goal, accomplishment,
team building and personal growth.
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31. Transpersonal Communication
• Occurs within a person's spiritual domain.
• Many persons use prayer, meditation, religious
rituals, or other means to communicate with their
‘higher power’.
• Nurses who value the importance of human
spirituality often use this form of communication
with clients and for themselves.
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32. Small Group Communication
• Occurs when a small number of persons meet
together.
• Usually goal directed and requires an understanding
of group dynamics.
• When nurses work on committees, lead client
support groups, form research teams, or participate
in client care conferences, a small group
communication process is used.
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33. Cont…
• Small groups are effective when they are a workable
size, have an appropriate meeting place, suitable
seating arrangements, and cohesiveness and
commitment among group members.
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34. Public Communication
• It is an interaction with an audience.
• Nurses have opportunities to speak with groups of
consumers about health related topics, present
scholarly work to colleagues at conferences, or lead
classroom discussions with peers or students.
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35. Cont…
• Requires special adaptations in eye contact,
gestures, voice inflection and use of media materials
to communicate message effectively.
• Effective public communication increases audience
knowledge about health related topics, health issues,
and other issues important to the nursing profession.
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36. METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
A. One-way Communication (didactic)
• Flow of communication is “one-way” i.e sender send
information to the receiver.
• There is no feedback.
• Learning is passive and there is no participation of
learners. e g. Lecture method.
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37. Cont…
• Advantages
Considerable faster than two-way communication.
Appears neat and efficient to an outsider observer.
Sender is more psychologically comfortable.
Plan-fullness, order, systemization are associated
with.
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38. Cont…
• Disadvantages
Knowledge is imposed
Learning is authoritative
Little audience participation
No feedback
Little influence on human behaviour.
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39. Cont…
B. Two-way Communication (Socratic)
• Flow of communication occurs between sender and
receiver.
• Feedback or response is present.
• Full participation of the receiver.
• The process of learning is active and democratic.
• It is more likely to influence behaviour than one-way
communication
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40. Most Common Ways to
Communicate
Speaking
Writing
Visual
Image
Body
Language

41. A. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Verbal message are message communicated through
words and language.
• Exchange of information using words and includes
spoken and written word.
• To make the message clear, the nurse uses effective
verbal communication techniques which includes the
following:
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42. Cont…
Vocabulary
Denotative and connotative meaning
Pacing
Intonation
Clarity and Brevity
Timing and relevance
Humour
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43. B. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Nonverbal communication is the exchange of ideas
without the use of words.
• Action often speaks louder than words.
• It includes all of the five senses and everything that
doesn’t involve the spoken or written word.
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44. Cont…
i. Personal Appearance
ii. Posture and Gait
iii. Facial Expression
iv. Eye Contact
v. Gestures
vi. Sounds
vii. Touch
viii.Territory and personal space
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46. Personal Barriers
Barriers in Superior
 Attitude of Superior
 Fear of challenge of authority
 Lack of time
 Lack of awareness
Barriers in Subordinates
 Unwillingness to communicate
 Lack of proper incentive

47. Barriers to
Communication
Semantic Barriers
Emotional Or Psychological Barriers
Organizational Barriers
Barriers in Superiors

48. Semantic Barriers
Symbols with different meaning
Badly expressed message
Faulty translation
Unclarified assumption
Specialist’s language

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50. Emotional Or Psychological
Barriers
Inattention
Loss of transmission & poor retention
Undue reliance on the written word
Distrust of communication
Failure to communicate

51. DeeptiSingh
Organization Barriers
Organizational policy
Organization rules & regulation
Status relation
Complexity in organization

52. REFERENCES
• Potter A P, Perry A G. Fundamentals of Nursing. 6th edition,
Mosby; 2009.
• Kozier B, Erb G et al. Fundamentals of Nursing.7th edition,
Pearson Education Inc; 2006.
• Rai L,Nursing Concepts Theories and Principles, 2010.
• Sankaranarayanan B, Sindhu B, Learning and Teaching
Nursing, 4th edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P)
Ltd; 2012.