Module 3 Research Certification Essay Essay.pdfModule 3 Research Certification Essay Essay

Module 3 Research Certification Essay Essay
Subject: Module 3 Research Certification Essay In order to maintain well organized and managed
processes, every organization will need to implement some form of inspection methods or adhere to
inspections set forth by overarching authorities. For airports serving, or intending to serve, air
carrier operations, the Federal Aviation administration's (FAA) Regulations 14 CFR Part 139 defines
specific policies, activities, and standards for airfield operations management that are required for
compliance (Wells & Young, 2011). In addition, the FAAAdvisory Circular (AC) 150/5200–18C
provides information to airport operators on airport self–inspection programs and identifies items
that airport operators should include in such a program (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2004).
Using these two references, applicable airports are equipped to conduct self–inspections, which are
vital to ensuring safe operations and compliance with stated requirements. The U.S. Government
Publishing Office details the FAA 14 CFR Part 139 on its website, which spells out the frequency
that the airport must be inspected. It provides that this should be done daily, except as otherwise
required by the Airport Certification Manual, when required by any unusual condition, such as
construction activities or meteorological conditions, that may affect safe air carrier operations, and
immediately after an accident or incident (U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2016). In essence,
the airport will be
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A Summary On Lotus Airline Foundation Essay
Aim
We go for manageable answers for social difficulties in ASEAN. Along these lines, we put resources
into imaginative social organizations that impart our vision our altruistic aim, Lotus airline
Foundation.
Objectives
To be made as the main ease transport in the Asian district.
To provide a minimal effort air transport bearer that offers five–star administration with 95% of on–
time execution.
To have the capacity to give moderate airfares, in the meantime advancing Malaysian
neighbourliness and the neighbourhood sustenance.
To concentrate on client's requirements by empowering request and offers that least passages,
thorough appropriation channel and creating different items and administrations.
To convey 70 million travellers a year, inside six years beginning from 2014.
Turn the minimal effort bearer terminal at the KL International Airport into the territorial centre
point for plan travel.
problems in current system
Unorganized content layout
The structure of the layout not well organized. User may have problems and difficulties in searching
some of the information that the needed.
Do not have pop up screen.
When user purchase their ticket there is no pop up screen display regarding the purchase they made
in the system.
Slow load time problems.
User need to wait until the page load completely in order to confirm the booking when they

purchase the ticket from our system.
Do not have search button
User might be looking for something

How People Give Up Rights When Using an Airline
Many people modern day use airlines as a form of transportation. To be able to use this service
passengers must have their bags and personal belongings checked by the airline. Airlines do this for
the safety of their passengers and to ensure that no catastrophe happens during flight. But when this
is done are passengers giving up their rights? Is it right for someone to go through your personal
belongings? Or is this procedure only for security reasons? What rights do airplane passengers give
up by allowing themselves to be checked before boarding?
When Someone travels with an airline they must have their baggage checked before boarding the
plane. Some people feel that this invades their privacy and that it is not necessary. Why ... Show
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3. The owner of the firearm must be at the screening or the item and provide the combination or key
to open the secure container containing the firearm. 4.ant and all ammunition must be placed in fiber
or packaging specifically designed to hold ammunition. And 5. The ammunition must be in the same
container as the unloaded firearm. As long as when traveling with a firearm you follow all of these
procedures you can legally bring a gun with you while traveling with an airline. Once again these
rules might restrict your rights as an American citizen but they do NOT take away your rights as an
American citizen. And there is also rules with sharp objects such as knives. The only rule that there
is on these items is,1. It can not be in carry on luggage and it must be securely wrapped to prevent
injury. So once again it is one hundred percent legal to bring a weapon with you while flying with an
airline service. Also if someone fells that having their baggage checked is taking away their rights
that is also not true. The FAA (a government–run organization) enforces these rules and regulations
for the airline passengers safety and for no other reason except for the passenger's safety. Also by
having these rules enforced by the government they can not possibly eliminate your rights as an
American citizen (although they might restrict them temporarily). And concerning the rule for
having baggage checked, it is up to the airlines to charge

Positive Effects Of Deregulation In Airlines
The impact of deregulation
Deregulation provided a freely competitive market that would provide air service efficiently changes
due to deregulation eliminate of restrictions on which routes airlines could fly that airlines can add
new routes and remove old routes by themselves, not controlled by Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB).
Thus, deregulation make rapid expansion of the airline operations, also emerged of new airlines
such as low cost carriers (LCC), smaller airlines which would not squeezed out from the airline
industry base on the deregulation, also they can survive in airline industry with large airlines now.
After deregulation, airlines have developed a hub and spoke structure as spatial and the commercial
strategies for organizing airline ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, the another factor is travel season. In the peak season for travelling, the number of traveller is
more than other travel season that more travellers and flights use the airport. Also, the airport need
more staff for the airport operation, so the revenue and cost of airport would be increase. However,
in the low season, the airport revenue and costs would be decrease because the number of traveller is
less than peak season, so no more people who use the airport than no more flight provide for
traveller, and the airport no need more staff for airport operation. Thus, airport's revenue and costs
would be lower.
The main techniques for measuring airport economic performance
Furthermore, airport measure the economic performance based around the work load unit (WLU)
which mean handle 1 passenger or 100 kg freight how many costs would use, for example per WLU
for total cost, operating cost, depreciation cost, labour cost, total revenue and

10 Most Unique Commercial Airports
10 Most Unique Commercial Airports There are a lot of strange and unique airports and airstrips out
there but not all of them are accessible to the general public. This is a list of a few strange airports
that you and me can get a ticket and fly to, that is, if you have to nerves to fly to some of these
unique feats of engineering. 1. Mataveri International Airport (IPC)
The Mataveri International Airport or Isla de Pascua Airport located on Rapa Nui (Easter Islands) is
the most remote airport in the world. The nearest continental point lies 3512 kms (2182 miles) away
in Central Chile in comparison that is more than the distance from New York to Mexico City (2090
miles) and the nearest inhabited point 2075 kms (1289 miles) away in Pitcairn Island. It has
scheduled flights from Santiago, Chile (3759 kms) and is the main entry point for tourists who come
to Easter Island to see the mysterious Moai Statues. The airport was once designated as an abort site
for U.S Space shuttles. 2. Madeira International Airport (FNC)
Madeira International Airport which is also known as Funchal Airport is an international airport in
the Portuguese island chain of the Madeira. The airport was once known for its very short runway
which is surrounded by high mountains and the ocean making landing a dangerous task for even the
most experienced of pilots. In 2000, Engineers were told to extended the runway, and they came up
with an innovative solution which received the outstanding

The Current Global Economic Crisis Would Change the Face...
INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL AVIATION
Lucas Lee
Executive Summary
The current global economic crisis has changed the way aviation industry goes about its business. It
has brought about a boom in low–cost carriers, which has made travelling by air cheaper for the
masses. Services offered by airlines and airports are also of higher standards to make people want to
travel by air.
The economic downturn has seen a significant drop of investments in the aviation market. Airport
ground handlers and airplane part manufacturers have also had to retrench their workers in order to
counterbalance the poor market. The amount of air traffic is likely to decrease as well, as people are
travelling lesser and choosing cheaper alternatives.
People ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pratt & Whitney, an engine manufacturer for planes, is set to cut 200 jobs in an attempt to
counterbalance the poor market. The big players like Boeing and Airbus may face such problems in
the future even though large amount of orders for the B787 and A380 have been placed. They may
have to come up with better variants in order to keep up their sales.
There would also be a change in the volume of air traffic. The previously busy air traffic may die
down due to the fact that people are travelling lesser. People would also want to travel cheaper.
Hence, instead of taking planes they would choose cheaper means of transportation like trains, ships
and coaches.
With the decrease in amount of flights, ground handlers may have lesser things to do and they may
face retrenchment. Product sales in the airport shops may drop as well since there are lesser people
visiting the airport. Airports may not be earning as much as before and terminals may eventually be
closed to sustain the financial situation.
The face of aviation would have to change in order to sustain the current situation, and the fact that
the economy downturn has already started to show it's effects, the industry has to evolve and remain
relevant to suit the needs of people, and in time to come I believe that aviation would be forced to
become cheaper in order to recover from the current economic crisis.

References:
M. Gubisch, Jul 2009, "Boeing declares dividend of 42 cents per

Analysis Of CSR Strategy Of Turkish Airlines
Already developed CSR strategy of Turkish Airlines can be thoroughly analyzed in their annual
sustainability reports. Through reviewing the company's previous disclosures and publishing, it's
noticeable that, only in 2013, the company has separately put forth a sustainable report, and indeed,
a very detailed one. Previously, all regarded information could be found in general annual reports
and other disclosures. Although publishing a separate sustainable report is far behind schedule
compared to other leading airlines, it is a perceptible approach. In the following sections, this paper
will examine the sustainably report in assorted aspects.
4.1 Committing to CSR
Turkish Airlines, as presented in their sustainability report, point out to following in their vision
statements; maintaining worldwide quality based service with prices equivalent to low–cost carriers.
Increased prevalence in globally preferred air carrier. Adopting modern management principles in
governances overseeing shareholders as well as all stakeholders. Overall the mission statement
refers to being a flag carrier of Turkey, securing its places as a leading European airline company
and improving their service in various aspects. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regarding governance, the company points out to highest standards of integrity and business ethics
as they are published in their Code of Ethics. Economic pillar take a notice of the importance of the
company to Turkish Economy and local developments. Reduce environmentally unfriendly impacts
arise as a consequence of the company operations are featured in environmental pillars. Finally,
social pillar is set to steadily improve the performance of the company, create value for employees
and its affect on the

Pestel Analysis Of Apple
External Environment Apple Inc.'s high performance can be linked to its effective understanding and
addressing of the external factors in it's macro environment. These include strategies that are used to
exploit any arising opportunities and to protect against potential threats. In order to identify these
factors, we can use the PESTEL analysis. While the company may be a leader in the industry, the
PESTEL analysis goes to show that Apple must continue to evolve as per the leading external
factors. Political Factors Political factors such as geopolitical uncertainties, wars, legislations,
authority to work and health laws can potentially impact Apple's production. Apple has outsourced
the production of its components to different countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Purchases of luxury products has gone up as purchasing power of consumers continues to increase
in different markets. Music industry growth has witnessed soaring heights which is a big social
influence on Apple and its products. One of Apple's main offerings is the music store iTunes and
Apple has gained a lot from this social development and change in modern lifestyles. However, the
young consumers in these markets might lack a strong emotional attachment with the products.
Also, increasing ethical concerns regarding low cost manufacturing in China could limit Apple's
products appeal among the socially–conscious consumers. Technological Factors IT is one of the
highest earning industry and companies who have evolved and innovated have been able to maintain
their position. Apple has always been a trend setter in the consumer electronics business and has a
very aggressive innovation philosophy. Apple's investments in unique and advanced technology has
always helped it stay ahead of its competition and maintain its position. Apple can exploit the trends
in cloud computing by continuing to invest in technology and devices that can be connected
seamlessly. Additionally, the apps markets continue to grow and Apple can continue to benefit from

The Plan For Aviation And Aerospace Industry
Describing the blueprint of a particular aviation career
Background
The aviation and aerospace is one promising front in terms of careers and opportunities. Just like
any industries in the 21st Century, aviation and aerospace industry is a complex one that requires
skilled labor in all of its ranks. The demand for the various job positions in the industry is motivated
by both inadequate skilled personnel and the rapidly increasing demand for the airline transport.
From the beginning, aviation opportunities were believed to be only piloting, engineering, and
machine operator. Well, as that notion is gradually fading, more and more opportunities are
springing up in the exponentially increasing airline companies (Goglia, 2014). These are air ... Show
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Finally, one needs to master their passion and to question the purposes for the career choice.
With the opportunities in the aviation industry in the open, it serves as a wakeup call for individuals
to pursue career choices that are aligned to aviation and aerospace industry. Among all the choices
in this industry, I particularly will single out one part of aviation system: the airline ground staff,
most specifically, the air traffic controller.
The air traffic controller job
Air traffic controllers are one of the most important airline ground staff members, tasked with the
role of "keeping airlines separated when flying under instrument flight rules" (Outlook, 2015). With
the changes taking place in the air traffic control all the time, this front is believed to be one of the
most lucrative job opportunities in the near future. It is a well–paid career with a minimum
requirement of a standard four–year degree qualification.
The entry requirements for this post would have varied details between airline companies but the
standard requirements are minimum distinction in secondary school certificate, with as in Math and
English as well as eligibility to work in the country that hosts the airline company. In most cases, the
respective airline companies provide training and certification programs for these positions.
However, before one is inducted into the air traffic controller programs, there are various aptitude,

Impact Of Globalization On A Country's Economy
When we think of a country's economy the first thing that comes to mind is how successful a
country is, and how successful a country is determines its status as a global power. One of the tools
used to measure a country's economy is call Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP can be defined as
the value all the goods and services produced within a country within a given period of times, such
as a financial quarter or a year. Over the years we have seen an increase in globalization, which is
the integration between companies and governments of different countries, which has lead to an
increased international trade. As a result of globalization countries can produce more because they
are more markets for their products, which in returns adds to GDP. One of the engines of
globalization is the transportation and logistics industry, and this industry is considered an engine
because without the industry globalization would not be possible. Today with globalization
companies can set up factories in low income countries across the world like China and India, and
sell the their finish product in the united states making huge profits. Maximizing the profits of
companies depends on good transportation and logistics management, because when these products
are finish they have to be transported to the United States. Goods can be transported in many
different modes of transportation, the most popular mode for international trade are ships, because
they are more economical, but airplanes,

American Airlines Flight 1572 Crash Analysis
The Accident
On November 12, 1995, an American Airlines McDonnell Douglas MD–83 type passenger aircraft,
which was operating as Flight 1572, departed from Chicago O'Hare International (ORD); however,
the aircraft got substantially damaged due to impact to the top of oak trees on Peak Mountain Ridge
in East Granby, Connecticut. The aircraft also hit the Instrument Landing System (ILS) localizer
antenna, which was on its way to Runway 15 of Bradley International Airport (BDL). The aircraft,
lastly, crashed while on approach to Runway 15 of BDL at 00:55 Eastern Time. Fortunately, there
were no fatalities and all 73 passengers and crew of 5 survived the impact.
Accident Factors
Among many contributing factors to the crash of Flight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, a VDP keeps the aircraft at an altitude that will not descend lower than the MDA. The
VDP is useful for and frequently utilized during approaching to an unintended runway, such as the
one at BDL, the VOR Runway 15. However, airmen of the flight 1572 were not utilizing any VDPs
during the flight, did not calculate one either.
Furthermore, the tower issues at the BDL airport might have contributed to the crash too. The last
ATIS report the crew received was at 10:51 PM, which was almost two hours before the accident
occurred. That last ATIS record became obsolete in short notice due to rapidly changing weather
conditions at BDL. Even though extreme conditions were in effect at BDL, the aircrew was not
informed with recent information. Therefore, even though the last ATIS record that was sent to pilots
informed them about extreme weather conditions at BDL, additional ATIS records should have been
released. The reason behind not emitting new ATIS records after the one sent at 10:51 PM was the
timing and personnel congestion issues at the BDL tower. According to the controller that sent the
last ATIS report to the crew, he was waiting for additional recent weather information to appear on
the Systems Atlanta Information Display System (SAIDS); however, until the time he left the tower,
which was around midnight, SAIDS did not show any new weather

Five Forces Of The Airline Industry
Five Forces model is one way to answer the fundamental question in strategic management; "Why
are some industries more attractive than others?" This pattern suggests five forces that shape
industry competition; bargaining power of buyers, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes,
bargaining power of suppliers and competitors. In order to analyze the airline industry, we have a
look at each of these forces.
Bargaining power of Buyers The airline industry is made up of two groups of purchasers. First, there
are individual pilot. They buy airplane tickets for a number of reasons that can be personal or
business related. This group is extremely multitudinous; most people in developed countries have
purchased the airplane ticket. They can do this through the particular airline or through the second
group of purchasers; travel agencies and online portals. This buyer group ... Show more content on
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In this case the key suppliers are the airplane producer. The top two producers in the world currently
are Boeing and Airbus (Odell, Mark). In this industry the factor of production is extremely
standardized. Airline companies only look differentiate with amenities. The planes are very similar.
Currently, some producer is trying to make their plans more Eco friendly.
Threat of New Entrants
The threat of new entrants is one of the five forces. This aspect is under threat for the aviation
industry. There are two aspects that are not But the threat level is raised. First, there is the cost of the
change is very low. Second, no proprietary products or services.
Despite the threats, the industry still has a very low overall. The company has a large cost
advantage. This industry requires significant capital and have a strong customer base will have little
to no gain in the first few years. Companies are able to finance their higher to counter the new
company with the means necessary, such as lower prices and a loss.
Threat of

KLAX Dep/West Argument Analysis
For this week's discussion, I chose to listen to KLAX Dep/West App, live ATC. While listening, I
found many similar and simple words and phrases being said. There was only a two–way
conversation with the pilot and ATC. Directions from the ATC were given to the pilot. Repeated
directions and confirmation of hearing the message was repeated by the pilot. Call signs of pilots
such as "American 34" was said from the pilot identifying themselves upon request of departure or
arrival. Altitudes such as "one one thousand" was said to stay below 18,000 feet as expressed in our
lesson this week. When the numbers were said, each number was said individually, or in pairs or
two, as well as a number with "point" and numbers after, so no confusion was involved.

Federal Aviation Administration: 14 Code Of Federal...
Abstract
This project will reveal the importance of the rules spelled out in the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part121 concerning airline safety.
Without strict adherence to these rules, the level of safety is severely compromised and dangers
associated with air travel are heightened. Every moving part will be explored including
management, dispatch, scheduling, hub coordinators, flight operations, airport operations, ground
handling, airport customer service, airport maintenance, and the role that each plays in day to day
operations. This paper includes how culturally specific operations change by region, as well as the
effects of technology on the congested skies monitored by the International ... Show more content
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Scientific literacy is extremely important, not only to the production of the laws found in Part 121,
but to the operation of a Part 121 flight. Most all data and laws found within the airline world are
scientifically based. Whether it is the ticket prices or the cost of bags, scientific evidence drives
these factors. Many of the laws set forth by the FAA are derived from scientifically proven
information, while some are based on accidents. Direct operation of an airplane that falls under FAA
14 CFR Part 121 is flooded with scientific information. From the dispatching of a flight, dealing
with weather patterns and fuel burn numbers, to pre–departure weight and balance where weight is
shifted along a datum to keep the airplane within the center of gravity scientific, scientifically
derived equations are used (INT P.H. FAA.gov). The en route phases of flight, where a complete
understanding of the regulations spelled out by the FAA, allow the flight crew a safe envelope in
which decisions can be made. Scientifically proven performance data is used for fuel burn in cruise,
approach, and landing data (POH faa.GOV) Performance data changes with weather phenomena
based on scientifically proven information; notably landing distance with an icy runway or gusty
winds on an approach. The chart below is an example provided to show how landing data can be
affected

The Crash Of A Chartered Bombardier Learjet Model
On September 19, 2008 at 11:53 pm eastern standard daylight time, a chartered Bombardier Learjet
Model 60, N999LJ, owned by Inter Travel and Services, Inc., and operated by Global Exec Aviation,
overran runway 11 during a RTO at Columbia Metropolitan Airport, Columbia, South Carolina. The
captain, first officer and two other passengers were killed. The cockpit voice recorder caught
multiple loud rumbling sounds, which was later concluded in the NTSB report to be tires blowing
out. The tires were sequential blowing out due to the insufficient maintenance of the tires by Global
Exec Aviation. The recorders also documented confused conversations by the crew, regarding the
unexpected noises. The pilot committed to a RTO after V1 and after a ... Show more content on
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Safety recommendations to perform were required from the crew and pilot to monitor tire pressures
and checks, pilot's needed training on tire failure scenarios, change deficiencies in the Learjet's
system with thrust reverse, and require that all Learjet pilots receive training, for takeoff as well as
landing phases of flight (NTSB, 2010).
History of Flight
Incident
On September 19, 2008 at 11:53 pm eastern standard daylight time, a chartered Bombardier Learjet
Model 60, N999LJ, owned by Inter Travel and Services, Inc., and operated by Global Exec Aviation,
overran runway 11 during a RTO at Columbia Metropolitan Airport, Columbia, South Carolina. The
aircraft crashed and burned after the crew was unable to stop the aircraft before departing the
runway. The captain, the first officer, and two passengers were killed; two other passengers were
seriously injured. The chartered passenger flight was headed to Van Nuys, California. The flight was
ready for departure just prior to midnight. After analysis of the cockpit voice recorder (CVR)
transcript, it was revealed that the flight crew received clearance instructions from the CAE ground
controller to taxi from the northeast fixed–base operator's (FBO) parking ramp to runway 11. After a
short conversation with the first officer about which way to turn, the captain, who was the pilot
flying, turned the aircraft left onto taxiway U. The controller provided a corrected taxi clearance
after detecting

The Impact Of Advanced Aircraft Technology : An...
7.Future scope for Research and Innovations: 7.1 Advanced aircraft technology: Advancements in
aircraft manufacturing technology over the past decade have afforded direct benefit to carriers air
cargo looking for fuel efficient aircraft with greater payloads. This technology improvements
include the airframes, which incorporate composites and other advanced materials which result in
significant weight savings. Furthermore, the future advances such as new generation cockpits and
latest interactive displays ensure optimum handling conditions which improve overall efficiencies of
the aircraft. All of these improvements can offer the airlines and cargo operator better fuel efficiency
and other reduced operating costs. For example, New ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the large surge of cargo growth in developing markets such as China, Africa, South America,
and other regions where transportation infrastructure is limited, the future of Cargo Airships looks
promising. There are currently a handful of companies that have prototypes under research and
development where they envision a vast potential market in air cargo industry. A one of the
prototype of these cargo airships is shown in the following figure: Figure 7– A prototype of Cargo
Airship In the future, cargo airships can offer following benefits: Airships can work without ground
infrastructure, thus eliminating trans–shipment issues Fuel saving up to 75% Capable of picking–up
and delivering heavy and large payloads to remote areas anywhere in the world regardless of
infrastructure restrictions Huge benefit for oil exploration, humanitarian relief operations and other
remotely located industries that rely on air cargo But, one of the major issues with these cargo
airships is that its operation required considerable facilities on the ground to deliver and offload
cargo. 8.Global Perspective: Just like stock markets, the Air Cargo market is very difficult to
forecast and volatile in nature given the many variables and factors involved in air freight trends
globally. In spite of that, the air cargo industry is

Personal Narrative : Facing Your Fears
Facing your fears The wheels of my almost falling apart luggage where obnoxiously squeaking as I
paced down the busy and rather lengthy airport hallway. Intimidated by frequent stares and unsettled
by the lingering feeling of uncertainty, I tried my best to not attract any more attention than I already
was. My scrawny arms struggled to lift my grey worn out bag, and I avoided eye contact at all
expenses to not feel the rapidly flourishing feeling of embarrassment and regret sitting at the pit of
my stomach. If you couldn't already tell, this was the first time I have ever proceeded to fly alone,
and at the inexperienced age of 13, I wasn't too hyped about taking that step in my life, but for some
stupid reason I thought I had the balls to do it in the first place. I couldn't help but be terrified. All
my life until that very moment, most challenges and tasks are overcome with the assistance of my
parents. Kids don 't have to worry about booking doctors appointments, paying for soccer practice,
packing their lunches, and God forbid travelling alone. This generation's corrupted society seems to
give off the impression that kids don't need to have any responsibilities nor make the effort to
become a more self–reliant individual that will sustain a promising future. Unfortunately I wasn't
much different from the rest of the crowd, since I was raised an only child and the concept of
becoming an independent individual was a distant concern until that very moment. This time

In-Service Aviation Orange Tolerance Essay
In–Service Aviation Orange Tolerance Chart shown with a tower with paint that is no longer in
compliance. For those tower owners with FAA Style A marking (painted towers with red lighting at
night) there are some options to consider that can save you money on the periodic painting that is
required to ensure proper compliance. Let's first go over some background information. Painting of
the structure: FAA Style A towers are painted for visibility to air navigation with certain
requirements for painting of the structure. First and foremost, the painting must meet the FAA's
Aviation Orange color requirement – Federal Standard 595 color #17875 for the white and color
#12197 for the aviation orange. There are also requirements regarding ... Show more content on
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Annual paint test: The Federal government rules require that he FAA's "In–Service Aviation Orange
Tolerance Chart" be used as the benchmark for determining whether a structure needs to be cleaned
or repainted. Importantly, the requirement specifies that the annual paint test be performed at the top
of the tower. After all, the top of the tower is the part that is most exposed to the elements and is
most important to be visible for air navigation. There are two potential cost impacts with this
requirement: Cost of Annual Inspection – Painted tower owners must test the fade of the paint and
record the result annually. Since the FCC requires the test at the top of the tower, a certified
climbing crew is required. The tower crew cost is driven by the mobilization requirements and the
time it takes to do the test. If the tower is relatively close to the tower crew, the cost may be $1,200,
but estimate can be more costly depending upon tower location, height and type. Tower repaint may
be required – The annual paint inspection may indicate that the tower needs to be repainted. The
cost range for a tower repaint are as specified above. Options to Not Paint Your Tower Anymore:
One option to eliminate the cost of periodic paintings is to get a new determination from the FAA to
a tower style which is marked with obstructions lights during the day as opposed to paint marking.
For

Disadvantages Of Public Transport
I. Introduction (Christian Matthew Carbonell)
Everyday people would take different forms of transport simply because of some occasions and
obligations to attend to. Many people prefer using public transportation vehicles because they don't
have the budget to buy their own cars or because no one would accompany them to their destination.
Most people would wake up very early and set their time. Some would record how long and how
fast they should be taking a transport. Recording the time of walking to the transportation terminal,
the amount of time inside, and going to work or school is a good way for a commuter to develop
time management. No one can really predict what may occur when taking a transport. The recorded
time will not be the same as the next time the person would commute, because there would be
unexpected events that could either delay or hasten travel. It is a person's decision whether to keep
going or stop. A common issue in riding a transport is the limited amount of people are allowed to
go inside that transport. Commuters would usually be stressed, because of technical difficulties or
problem. There is a Facebook page called "MRT: Mga kuwento ... Show more content on
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These vehicles may be owned by government entities as public utilities or by private entities for
their own profit. These means of public transport are important to the country's development
because most people need to use mass transport to meet commitments or fulfill obligations like
going to school or work, especially when the places they need to go to are particularly far from
where they live. However, there are many forms of public transport for people to choose from and
not all of them available in a given situation are convenient for the job, so people tend to be choosy
with these modes of transport to

Pros And Cons Of Long-Term Franchise
Long–Term Franchise (BOT or LDO)
Around the world, long–term franchises for infrastructure facilities are usually referred to as BOT
projects, because under this type of contractual agreement the private sector builds, operates, and
eventually transfers to government the facility in question. When a lease of the underlying land is
involved, this type of arrangement is sometimes called Lease–Develop–Operate (LDO); in this case
the "transfer" back to government is implicit approach is widely used for several reasons. First, it
taps into a different pool of capital than is normally available for public infrastructure projects,
thereby expanding the range of potential funding sources. Second, private consortia are often able to
design and build large facilities in significantly less time than is possible via traditional government
procurement methods. Third, both the up–front cost and the operating costs may be ... Show more
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Fourth, BOT is a way of shifting many of the risks of project development from the public sector to
the private sector. For these reasons, airport BOT projects have proliferated in recent years. As of
early 1994, there were 15 airport BOT terminal or runway projects under way worldwide, and
another five projects to develop entire new airports. In addition, another 18 such projects were under
study. No outright airport BOT project has yet occurred in the United States, but Transport Canada
used this process to develop the successful international terminal (Terminal 3) at Toronto (as will be
discussed in the next section). Many U.S. airports have used something resembling an LDO process
to develop new terminals sponsored by either one or a group of airlines, which gain exclusive
control of the gates in that terminal. But this type of project raises important competition and access
issues that do not arise when the developer/operator is an independent third party which relates to all
airlines equally as users (as is the case

West Caribbean Airways Flight Analysis Essay
In the early hours of the morning on Tuesday, August 16th 2005, West Caribbean Airways Flight
708 was a West Caribbean Airways charter flight which crashed in a mountainous region of
northwest Venezuela. With eight crew members and 152 passengers the McDonnell Douglas MD–80
departed Tocumen International Airport (PTY) in Panama City, Panama and headed to Martinique
Aimé Césaire International Airport (FDF) in Fort–de–France, Martinique, France. After initially
climbing to FL310, and subsequently to FL330 to level off, the Captain of the aircraft noticed the
engines sounded abnormal. Reacting to sounds of the engines, the Captain began to take corrective
actions to correct the problem, by starting a rapid descent as a precaution. The time from the initial
radio call from the first officer declaring engine problems to the subsequent crash took only 9:00
minutes. This research paper will delve into the chain of mistakes that were made in order for this
terrible accident to have occured.
Background In 1998 the charter service West Caribbean Airways was started in Medellín, Columbia
by company founder Hassan Tannir. The organization focused flights primarily in Central America,
part of the mainland of Colombia, and San Andrés in the Caribbean. It operates largely domestic
services, and its main base of operations are out of Olaya Herrera Airport (EOH), Medellín. West
Caribbean Airways began flight in 1999 with four Let L–410's that supported flights between

Airport Passenger Process Mapping and Evaluation
Airport Passenger Process Mapping and Evaluation
Sofia Airport is the largest and one of the three currently functioning airports in Bulgaria. It is built
in 1937 and continues to serve flights and today. It consists of two terminal buildings – Terminal 1
and Terminal 2. Terminal 1 was the original airport site until 27th of December 2006 when the
airport expanded and Terminal 2 started functioning as Terminal 1's capacity was insufficient to
serve all the flights. According to AIP at EUROCONTROL, Sofia Airport served 3 296 936
passengers for 2010. Terminal 1 is the one that serves both inside and international flights. It
functions now for more than 70 years but has been rebuilt and renovated numerous times to perform
at the expected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Duty free zone faces the small size with various shops offering various duty free goods. At the end
of the duty free zone you can find the cafeteria area and waiting area to spend your time before the
gate opens. Normally before the staff commences boarding procedure, there is a time window
lasting around fifteen– twenty minutes. At each gate there is only one desk for boarding
confirmation, so as it opens a large queue forms again. The airport's solution is to assign multiple
employees serving at the desk although sometimes it takes about ten minutes for this simple
operation. After this check, passing trough the gate you leave the terminal building. Passengers are
loaded at bus transport to be taken to the airplane. Most passengers find this procedure unnecessary
and annoying as the distance from the terminal exit to the airplane is not longer than 200 meters.
These are security requirements but could be rearranged the distance to be covered on foot as it
would take less time and as it's done at other airports. The whole action to go out trough the gate, get
on the bus and reach the airplane entrances lasts about 5 minutes. Then the airplane buses take the
passengers to the both entrances of the airplane. Once you get off the bus, it takes two or three
minutes and few steps to go up the stairway entrances and find your seat. When arrived back,
initially you come back from your traveling, you go back the same way you got on the plane.
Getting down the stairway and

How Aviation Industry Influenced By Information System Essay
AVIATION INDUSTRY
How aviation industry influenced by information system?
1. History:
Aviation industry evolved after the World war 3 almost at 1950. With the passage of time many
advancement and changes occurred in this industry. But one of the most technical and informative
changes that occurs in late nineties was the GPS and TCAS in the aircraft. At that time there was no
much paper work in this industry to plan and integrate with others. But as the technology spread and
new advancement became aviation industry also adopted it. Much other advancement which
industry adopted was GBAS and ILS. But on the other hand industry have done much paper work at
airport building to reduce this many new modules were adopted. When industry was not highly
advanced people didn't trust to fly because there was the much risk of accidents.
2. Introduction: Aviation is currently the fastest growing industry in the world. 75% of the total
industry is owned by private companies mainly in the domestic markets. The aviation industry is
growing at compound annual growth rate of 15%. Airline companies lease or own their aircrafts are
into alliance with other companies with mutual benefits.
The aviation industry provides air transport services for passengers and cargo. The industry is
categorized into domestic, international, intra–continental and intercontinental routes. Some
companies are only into passenger or freight transportation whereas some are in both in national
market and

Creative Writing: Why I Hate Airports
Final form
I used to hate airports and fire but now I love the both of them so much. They both represent so
much more than just physical objects that exist in this world. Everything in this world has a special
meaning to someone. These things have idiosyncratic tendencies that are unique to us individually
(for example the great fighter Mohammed ail loved eating shellfish for dinner every night and only
changed with his third wife). Everything I just talked about will now be connected and expanded on
through the use of airports and fire I've flown through the Atlanta airport at least ten times. That
airport is stuck in my head like a fly that doesn't go away. In the many times I've flown thought that
the airport only a few experiences are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This time, though you saw all the work it had taken to make the airport what it was that day; Steel,
concrete, all the things you see on a construction site were everywhere, not blocking your path or
anything but pretty close. The airport employees were more attentive and active due to the
construction materials lying everywhere around the airport. One other time my flight was delayed
by over 5 hours. The first plane that was meant to take us was snowed in, the second was stopped by
lightning storms around that airport, and the third had mechanical issues and had to land in Denver.
It was only the fourth airplane which had flown in from Quebec that we got to leave the airport.
Now and then on my other flights I've met interesting people like an elderly woman who owned oil
wells in the Middle East. I met a man who was convincing business in Asia that it was a good idea
for them to switch to digital for record keeping. I've met a couple who got married after world war
two and were still hitched. The experience that airport has provided me weave a story of humanity
and just how ridiculously interesting people are. Ever been jerked in the seemingly opposite
direction in a speech before? How do campfires relate to airports? Your about

AAnalysis On The Stripe Hog
FOREWORD
Waterblasting Technologies manufactures the Stripe Hog Waterblasting System to remove all types
of durable pavement markings from roadways and runways and rubber deposits left from aircraft
landings. The business began in 1988 and the Stripe Hog has been available to the public since 2005
and is now in 50 countries with more units working around the world than our top five competitors
combined. The fact that the founder, James Crocker, has been a waterblasting contractor since 1988
has allowed Waterblasting Technologies to have a laboratory where new innovations reckon with the
real time results of every day rugged use. The Stripe Hog was the first to have vacuum recovery as a
standard feature, the first to have the entire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Simultaneous removal of parallel markings with the double blasting heads in the side–by–side
configuration.
Rapid removal of single, continuous lines with the double blasting heads in the tandem
configuration.
Cleaning and rejuvenation of the retro–reflectivity of thermoplastic and cold plastic markings.
Simultaneous vacuum recovery allows of application of new markings in 20 minutes
LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN WATERBLASTING TECHNOLOGY FOR MODERN AIRPORT
OPERATIONS Waterblasting Technologies has the following technology unique to them and the
industry:
BLASTING HEADS
PICTURE OF BLASTING HEADS
Up to a 6 foot (1.83m) pass for runway rubber removal
Variety of spray bars available to meet removal and cleaning needs.
OPERATOR LICENSING PROGRAM  "If you don't pass, you don't blast." Extensive training
and continuing education programs that allows Stripe Hog owners to measure the productivity of
their operators.
 Licensing gives owners peace of mind that comes with knowing the right person is operating the
machine in the right way.
 Only licensing program in the industry.
 Maximize productivity with properly trained operators.
HIGHER DEBRIS TANK CAPACITY
DEBRIS TANK PHOTO OR ILLUSTRATION OF DEBRIS TANK LIKE THE WATER TANK

ONE ON WEBSITE
Longer run time.
Less work stoppage so airports can stay within their critical window of opportunity.
SURFACE HOG
SURFACE HOG PHOTO
Gives airport the ability to remove markings and clean under jetway

Discontinuity And Irrational Relations In Katy Perry's...
The music video for Katy Perry's song, "Rise", shows her overcoming each obstacle she comes
across. The video utilizes both rhythmic and spatial relations as well as using continuity and
discontinuity between shots in order to tell the story of the song. First, the video utilizes rhythmic
relation to get the viewer anticipating the clip change. Essentially, rhythmic relation is the length of
the individual clips. The music video is a compilation of various length clips that utilize both
continuity and discontinuity to effect one's feelings towards the video. For example, in the beginning
of the music video, it shows Katy Perry pulling a parachute through a series of rapid yet smooth
changing clips. This sequence of clips offers continuity between ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During a film, a man steals his pocket watch and he follows the tips in his book to try to find it.
Later in the film, he falls asleep and enters the realm of the movie where he is a phenomenal
detective and works to find who stole the pearls. The rhythmic relation in Sherlock Jr. offers
discontinuity through the varying lengths of scenes and through the obvious changes between clips
that reveal the editing. For example, the film contains some clips which are very quick quotes from
the dialogue both in front of and behind the clip. Discontinuity is also offered through the rhythmic
relation with several extended scenes. One of these scenes is when Sherlock Jr. is sitting on the
couch while the girl and the bad guy are in the kitchen talking. The clip rolls for an extended period
of time with no interruptions as Sherlock Jr. attempts to get the bad guy away from the girl and
humiliate him by making him slip on a banana peel. Sherlock Jr. offers continuity through the spatial
relation. As the setting changes, there are only few abrupt changes in the setting. For the most part
the change in setting is explained through clips where the characters are walking, running, or driving
to the new

Descriptive Essay
It was a crisp morning in the first week of June, 2014. With her step–mom and father, Oriana and I
got into the car at four o'clock in the morning and set out for the Eppley Airfield in Nebraska. The
lengthy drive was masked by exotic dreams of Europe as Oriana and I slept soundly in the backseat
of their champagne Cadillac. Before we knew it, the sun was creeping up from behind the scenery,
eloquently painting the sky with vibrant tones of red, orange, and purple. We stopped at a small gas
station with a McDonalds across the street. After filling up the gas tank, the four of us walked across
the dull, pavement parking lot and into McDonalds. I was immediately enlivened by the scent of the
freshly made food. The building was filled with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My stomach had been pulled into my back, but I felt it settle as the wheels sucked back up into their
rightful place and the plane leveled out. The takeoff was definitely my least favorite part of the
flight. The view was unlike anything I'd ever seen. As the plane continued to increase in altitude,
everything below us continued to decrease in size. I was amazed that I could seeing so much and so
little at the same time! Miles upon miles of land visible from the 9x12 inch window on my right, and
yet the cars looked like ants. After a few essential pictures, a short nap, and some conversation, our
two hour flight was almost over. The plane began to slow down and steadily sink towards the
ground. I remember experiencing my first bit of turbulence and feeling a sense of comfort from it.
The bumps and slight rattling reminded me of riding in my car. After a fairly bumpy and somewhat
soothing landing, we unbuckled and Oriana said, "That was an awful landing," turning to me and
continuing, "they aren't usually like that: hopefully the next one won't be so bad." She was
genuinely concerned that the landing had bothered me in some way; as if the shaking and bumping
had put in me in a state of distress. I looked at her blankly, almost confused by what she had just
said. "I didn't think it was bad at all: the take off was way worse!" I quipped as we slowly made our
way into the aisle. The process was lengthy and laborious; each step felt

Turkish Airlines : The Airline That Carries The National...
Turkish Airlines is the airline that carries the national of Turkey. Its headquarters are situated at the
Turkish Airlines General Management Building on the Atatürk Airport in Yeşilköy, Bakırköy, and
Istanbul. The airline operates and offers its services to two hundred and ninety destinations in
Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. This has made it the fourth–largest carrier in the world by
number of destinations which it started in the year 2014. It is said to serve more destinations non–
stop from a single airport than any other airline in Europe. Turkish Airlines also flies to one hundred
and fifteen countries. It also has an operational fleet of ten cargo aircraft which gives the airline 's
cargo capacity to serve fifty two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a new government came to power in 1983, it began the airline 's makeover into a modern
operation. Its aim was to maintain one of the youngest fleets in the world. It recognized the role that
the airline played as a Turkey ambassador to the world. Security was intensified and this saw less
delays and hijackings of the planes. By the mid–1980s the fleet started was flying close to three
million passengers. Turkish Airlines eventually became the number one source of foreign currency
in the country.
Just like any other business the airlines has seen a number of ups and downs throughout the years. In
2001 for example, they underwent an economic crisis like most business did because of the
economic crisis that was experienced in the world. In 2003 things were also bad as they had to close
some of their routes because of the war in Iraq. New competitors were also a challenge because the
market became so stiff. It was publicly traded off and the government still owns about 98% of its
shares .In 2016 there was the Turkish coup d 'état attempt. This led to the banning of flights between
Turkey and USA by the Federal Aviation Authority . This posed a major challenge for Turkish
Airlines because the airline's major strategy was to deliver one–stop journeys between the USA and
hard–to–reach destinations

'The Case' By Sheriff: A Short Story
The Case By Sheriff
Early in the sun filled morning (11:00 which was early for me) in New York City. I trudged my way
down to my old but valuable 1969 Ford Mustang 428 Cobra Jet R–Code it had a V–8 Engine, with
reinforced main bearings. As I drove to our relatively new department I paired very close attention
to my surroundings. At first all I saw was people,skyscrapers nod the blistering hot sun, but if you
look closer and longer with more interest the details just come to you.
Being a detective I saw the details with less effort this is what I train for and what I get paid for. I
saw the clouds coming up the horizon and knew that it was due to rain. The terrifying amount ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
BANG!!! As I see a bullet hole inches away from my face.
BANG!!!
"Oh no please don't let that have hit Nancie" I pray.
I wait a few more moments my heart racing.
Bangbang bangbang
Complete silence that either meant that she got shot, but was holding it in or was safe and the bullet
missed her. I hoped it was the first one.
After a while he heard the sound of a bag being unzipped I looked up but saw no zipper moving that
meant that it must be Roslyn's bag. All kinds of thoughts started to scramble my mind. Then I
calmed down and remembered the plan.
"NYPD gun on the ground now" Nancie shouted.
I bust out like a boss gun posited at his kneecap waiting for even the smallest of movement. I make
no noise and stand in silence.
A few seconds of no words go by then
"Ok ok I give up I'm putting the gun down don't shoot" he says in his quavery tone.
As he starts to reach down, he tries to pull a gun from his sock. As he is reaching down towards the
gun I shoot at his sock.
BANG!!!
The bullet goes right through his leg through his hand and hits the pilot on his shoulder.
"Oh god no" the pilot wailed in distress as pain hits his

Logan International Airport Case Study Essay
Logan International Airport Case Study
MGCR 472: Operation Management
Executive Summary
This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current and prospective delay problems of
Logan International Airport at Boston, Massachusetts. Method of analysis includes waiting line
simulation and historical data tracking as well as response from both local community and
Massport. Results of the data show that the major causes to delay are broken down in the following:
1. Increasing demand for annual operations
2. Adverse weather conditions, especially the northwest wind which Logan airport is not designed to
accommodate at normal capacity.
3. Continuous heavy air traffic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If Turboprops and regional airplanes were to be diverted then their delay time would only be 10
minutes in adverse weather conditions. As the delay time would be significantly reduced for
regional and turboprops in this scenario, we believe that the small planes would be willing to make
the switch. This would also free up capacity by 56% at Logan airport so that the conventional planes
would also have a decreased delay time of 22 minutes as compared to an infinite wait time (Figure
2).
However, while this alternative might be favorable in the short term, it is rather unfeasible over the
long term as there would be a significant passenger cost in terms of loss of goodwill. We assume
that the loss of goodwill would be similar to the passenger cost of $30.9/passenger/hour and we
include a car rental cost of $9/passenger/hour for a total passenger switching cost of
$40/passenger/hour. Passengers would likely be upset at arriving at a different location resulting in
many inconveniences and additional costs incurred. If this happens on a regular basis, Logan
airport's reputation will be hurt and this may adversely affect its revenue as well.
Building a new runway
Building a new runway 14/32 (one end at 320 degrees facing the NW and the other at 140 degree
facing the SE) which will situate at the southwestern edge of the airport is a favorable solution
toward the

Exm 2557 Submit Essay
National Institute of Business Management
Chennai – 020
EMBA/ MBA
Elective: Airline and Airport Management (Part –1)
Attend any 4 questions. Each question carries 25 marks
(Each answer should be of minimum 2 pages / of 300 words)
1. Airline management practice has evolved significantly over the past three decades. The
development of this practice has contributed to recent advances in computation and communication
technologies and, more importantly, the need to reduce costs and increase revenues. Explain.
2. The Total Airport Management System (TAMS) is an integrated airport management system
which supports the business goals of providing an efficient, cost effective operation as it is the
nucleus on the Multimedia Super Corridor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Number of circuits and approaches are used for aeronautical billing and statistical purposes.
A major point to bear in mind with the way is that the airlines/handling agents are also being
updated on estimates of arrival and departure. Therefore it has to be agreed by all the party's
concerned on who will be responsible for the updating the information.
Airlines and handling agents know of new flight information and if both parties' have the ability to
create new flights then a minute difference in time can create two flights instead of the one.
ATC information can be used to create mandatory statistics required by some Government agencies
such as the National Air traffic Service (NATS) who use the information for planning purposes and
in some case for airspace usage.
ATC Billing
Information entered in ICAO format and UTC and consists of the following information: –
Aircraft Registration
Point of Entry into Air Space
Point of Departure of Air Space
Airport Point of Departure and/or Landing
Times at the Different Points of Entry or Departure
Aircraft registration is entered so that the aircraft type and weight can be used in the calculation of
the fee.
Airport of origin/destination or point of entry and exit are used in the calculation of the fee.
Times are entered if entry and exit time in the FIR forms part of the billing calculation.

Airline/Handling Agents
Information can be entered by

The Aviation Industry: Comparative Analysis of Boeing and...
RUNNING HEAD: Aviation Industry Submitted by Name of Researcher Name of Discipline (Area
of Study) Name of Institution Logo of Institution Date (of Submission) Contents Introduction 3
Scope of Research 4 History of Boeing 4 History of Airbus 5 History of COMAC 7 Aviation Market
Backgrounder 7 Contrasting Boeing and Airbus 8 SWOT Boeing 9 SWOT Airbus 10 SWOT
COMAC 11 Competitive analysis 12 Market Analysis 14 Outlook for COMAC 15 Conclusion 17
References 18 Introduction The Chinese are an emerging economy that has taken over the world's
production in recent years. In fact China is now considered to be the world's factory, as all the major
players in the world outsource all or some of their manufacturing activities to the country. All this
would not have been possible without the help of technology and with the state of globalization
being such, that logistics and distances are becoming shorter and shorter. The aviation industry has
been different however, as to date; it has mainly been dominated by two main Western players
Boeing and Airbus. Now that China has also entered the Aviation industry, it will not be fool hardy
to say that the Aviation industry is bound to undergo another transformation. The main barrier to
entry in the aircraft manufacturing market is the sheer size of the industry and the amount of capital
investment required to make the aircraft. Moreover, the concerns of the aviation industry are not
similar

Southwest Airlines Hub Capacity And Congestion Management
Giancarlo Villafaña
Southwest Airlines Hub Capacity and Congestion Management
ASCI602 The Air Transportation System
06 June 2015
Abstract
Southwest Airlines shot out of the gates, much to the chagrin of their competitors as a short haul,
low fare, and high frequency carrier. As SWA expanded and deregulation occurred, they had to
decide what kind of airline they wanted to be and how they would adapt to the changing
environment. The FAA reports that passenger numbers are expected to reach a billion passengers in
2023 (FAA, 2011). Most Airlines are responding to the increased demand by centralizing and
consolidating their assets. This in turn creates a situation where capacity is maximized in some
airports and congestion increases causing significant delay. Demand will continue to rise over the
next few decades and these airlines must rely on regulators and policy makers to upgrade the very
necessary infrastructure and technology. Southwest's strategy is to remain a point to point carrier
instead of the traditional hub and spoke carrier, satisfying their customer demand with lower
congestion at underutilized airports with more flights. However Southwest continues to remain
flexible looking forward as it adopts hub and spoke techniques, coordinates with the FAA and
governing bodies, and invests heavily in its most important airports to stay ahead of the pack.
In the early seventies, SWA was begun by a couple of innovators in Teas, Rollin King and

A Note on Fuel Hedging in the Airline Industry
Fuel hedging in the airline industry Introduction Hedging can be defined as a risk management
mechanism or strategy which is used to prevent the chances of incurring losses which arise as a
result of fall in prices commodities or currencies. It is a technique which is majorly used by the
investors in protecting their capital against the effects of the economic situations such as inflation
whereby the investors invests in the high yield financial instruments or take a position to cushion
them against such effects (Investopedia, 2012). From its definition it can be noticed that hedging is a
strategy employed by companies in an effort to safeguard their economic position and to prevent the
company from the losses which are associated with the unforeseen risks. Companies can hedge
against risks which are associated with losses by taking control of their future purchases. The
commodity prices vary in different markets and are caused or influenced by different economic
factors. Some commodities are very scarce and with the increased depletion subject to the global
demand in different foreign markets, the prices are set to be hiked in response to the established
demand which positions the companies that use those particular commodities to have cash flow
problems. Pricing of commodities are arrived at basically from the forces of demand and supply, a
decrease in supply of a basic commodity or a commodity with a high utility value causes the
demand to rise suddenly. There are

Ammc Air Domain Awareness
The Air and Marine Operations Center (AMOC) Phase "B" CONOPS, the AMOC Phase "B" ORD,
and the AMOC Phase "B" MNS all contain information detailing threats, capabilities, gaps, mission
needs and requirements. While there is no "air domain awareness" specific CONOPS, these
documents have several scenarios describing how resources at the AMOC are utilized to achieve Air
Domain Awareness. There is also a Tethered Aerostat Radar System Functional Requirements
Document (FRD).
Detection Enforcement Officers (DEOs) are responsible for maintaining 24/7 domain awareness of
all CONUS air traffic, and the air traffic within 100 nautical miles of U.S. borders. The Air and
Marine Operations Surveillance System (AMOSS), is the primary surveillance system ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A typical scenario begins with the DEO performing surveillance operations an assigned area of
operations. Once a suspect aircraft has been identified, the DEO will begin tracking the aircraft.
He/She will query various data bases, attempting to determine the aircraft's identification. If the
aircraft is squawking, the DEO can query the flight plan (if available), as well as track the aircraft's
route of flight back to its origin, if possible. If the target detected is not squawking, cannot be
identified, or has been determined to be a questionable flight through the normal sorting process, the
DEO will continue tracking the aircraft until it reaches its destination. The DEO will contact the Air
Traffic Control Tower or the airport's Fixed Base Operations to determine the aircraft ID. If ATC or
the FBO can identify the aircraft, AMOC databases may provide amplifying information for the
aircraft registration (tail) number. Other methods of checking flight plans involve contacting a Flight
Service Station, an Approach Control or ARTCC, CBP Officers at an APOE, or the Air Defense
Sectors.
If the legitimacy of the tail number and/or determination of legality is unclear, such as an aircraft
crossing the land or sea border and not heading towards an APOE or the pilot not talking to ATC, the
DEO can initiate

Technology : Visualizing Process And Data Flow Essay
AT 590 Special Problems in Aviation Technology
Visualizing process and data flow
'Smart' interactive process mapping
Shuyao Wu
Purdue University Abstract
This paper explores the augmented reality (AR) technology in airport ramp operations. The purpose
of this project is to provide a surveillance mechanism for ramp operators so that where will be a
decrease in ramp accidents. Through the paper, the process map of ground operations shows the
procedure after planes entering the gate until they leave the Operation Safety Zone (OSZ).
Additionally, the AR view of warning signs on CRJ–100 will alert employees during their
operations to decrease ramp injure. This ramp management system will be used to help new ramp
employees and ground operations have a better job at maintaining operations on the ground. Along
with the results, recommendations for less ramp accidents with AR technology are discussed.
Keywords: augmented reality, ramp operation, ramp safety
Introduction
When it comes to airport ramp operations, many different model aircrafts, vehicles, aircrew, ramp
operators, and security with purpose of vendor screening, security sweeps, and overnight
surveillance (PrimeFlight, n.d.) moves both day and night around the ramp area where the airside
area at an airport is.
While the airport offers aircrafts operate to park, enplane, deplane, refuel, load and unload, airlines
pay for using gates and obtain rights to use the facilities from airports. In this paper, the ground

Operations of Airlines
"The world commercial airline industry is one of the most diverse, dynamic and perplexing in the
world " (Globale Airline Industry Program). The airports are exceptionally complex facilities and
highly renowned for the variety of services and resources it provides to both the airlines and its
users. Airlines and airports are inextricably intertwined together and none of them can survive
without the other. The aviation industry is growing at an exponential rate. The demands for an
effective and efficient ground handling system became the fundamental standards in successful
aircraft operation and increase in airline image. The directives adopted by the 15 member states are
divided into three general models, US, EU and third party models. In ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction of decentralised airports reduced walking distance from one terminal to another. Even
to a point where passengers who opted to fly in one individual carrier didn't have to walk miles and
miles to get to their carriers terminal. For example Dallas–fort Worth international airport consists of
five terminals each offer their own parking areas and a short distance walk from the car park to the
terminal. On the marketing side the aviation industry became more and more competitive. Airlines
fare prices have risen and declined. Carriers adopted strategic approaches to out compete with other
airlines by introducing low cost carriers as well as maintaining their full service carriers. Not only
airlines opted new strategies in making profit airports as well started to increase their revenues by
charging aircraft parking fees, landing fees, air traffic charges, handling services and fuel taxes to
the airlines to make up payments for infrastructure costs and other internal services costs. Safety
record and providing top quality services to passenger and airlines establishes the basis of well
operated airport system.
Airports are regarded one of the most prominent facilities in the world, thus any terrorist attacks
would deal unspeakable damages to the country and lose of citizens lives. Governments rely heavily
on airport generating tourist revenues, if any vicious attacks

Us Air Flight 1549 Research Paper
On January 15, 2009, about 3:27 PM eastern standard time, US Airways flight 1549, an Airbus
Industrie A320–214, N106US, piloted by First Officer Jeffrey Skiles and monitored by Captain
Chesley B. "Sully" Sullenberger was scheduled for domestic commercial flight from LaGuardia
Airport, New York City, New York to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in SeaTac, Washington
experienced loss of thrust in both engines after encountering multiple bird strike during its take off
and was ditched on the Hudson River roughly eight miles from LaGuardia Airport, New York City,
New York about two minutes before the in–flight event occurred. All 155 occupants safely
evacuated the airplane by the forward and over–wing exits and were rescued from nearby
watercraft. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Damages are visible to the flaps and the right engine while the fuselage looks almost undamaged
shown in figure 3. Figure 3: Crane lifts N106US back onto dry ground
The right engine was found attached to the wing with fractures and deformation in several locations
of the nacelle while the left engine was found eight days after the accident, separated near the initial
impact location with the waters (Knezevic). Both engines were sent to the Smithsonian Institution
for analysis. Around the time of the incident, they were able to find feather and tissue samples from
both engines (shown in figure 4) but wasn't able to discriminate between multiple birds within the
same species, sex, and maturity level (National). A more detailed DNA analysis was completed in
February 2010 and determined that the left engine contained both male and female Canada geese
remains, indicating that the engine ingested at least two geese. The average length can range
between 25 to 45 inches while the average weight of a male Canada goose is from 3 to 13 pounds,
and the average weight of a female goose is from 3 to 11 pounds (Canada). The Smithsonian
Institution report stated that only male Canada goose remains were found in the right engine,
suggesting that it might have only ingested one bird; however, a comparison of the physical features

Descriptive Essay On The Pond
The Pond
It was only supposed to be a nice day at the pond. Although it was summer, most of the days had
been muggy, and under 65 degrees. Finally, Beyulah and I had a breakthrough. We woke with the
sun shining through my window and a 80 degree forecast, so we packed a water bottle, sparkling
cider, and a pack of Twix™ and got onto our bikes.
Immediately we encountered a problem. As we reached the main road, a huge construction truck
was parked at the end of my street, we found the road was being repaved. The workers said that we
could wait for the pilot car and ride along with the cars, so that's what we began to do. But, as we
sat, the sun beating down on us, Beyulah and I couldn't stand it any longer. We hopped back on our
bikes, and started riding down the other dirt road that looped through houses then back to the main
road.
We got a little over a mile up that road when I had an idea. "We can keep going down here and get
there normally, or we can ride down one of these older sketchy trails I used to ride that'll be faster."
We made the obvious decision and started down the shortcut. This was, as we found, the wrong
decision.
I was in front of Beyulah, navigating all the old paths. Unfortunately, being in front meant taking the
brunt of all the huge, sticky spiderwebs that had been weaved across the trail. I'd hit the web, panic
and almost crash, causing beyulah to break hard and fall over. We'd get back up, rinse and repeat for
about another mile. Once we were back

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