Hows To Minimize Global Warming By Term Of Architecture

THE GLOBAL WARMING AND ARCHITECTURE
THE ARCHITECT'S RESPONSIBILITY & THE FUTURE
SOLUTIONS
A SUPPLEMENTARY THESIS
Presented to the Graduate School
Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
Of
Doctor of Philosophy
In
Architecture Engineering
By
Ahmed Mohamed Magdy Mohamed
June 2011

THE GLOBAL WARMING AND ARCHITECTURE
THE ARCHITECT'S RESPONSIBILITY & THE FUTURE
SOLUTIONS
Presented by
For The Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
In
Architecture Engineering
By
Examiners' Committee: Approved
Prof.Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim ………………
Professor of architecture, department of architecture,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Alexandria
Prof.Dr. Mohamed Tarek AlSayad ………………
Prof.Dr. Mohamed Asem Mahmod Hanafi ………………
Vice Dean for Graduate Studies and Research
Prof. Dr.: Ibtehal Y. El-Bastawissi

Advisors' Committee:
Prof.Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim ……………
Professor of architecture, department of architecture

The Global Warming & Architecture Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment
I am indebted to Professor Dr. Mohamed AbdelAll Ibrahim, department of
architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alexandria, for his generous,
useful comments, help, precious advice, time and effort throughout all the stages of
conducting this thesis,

The Global Warming & Architecture Table of contents
Table of Contents
Examiners Committee…………………………………………………………………………….II
Advisors Committee……………………………………………………………………………..III
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………….IV
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………V
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………VI
UResearch Objectives…………………………………………………………………………….VII
Part- one- The Negative Impacts of the 20th
Century Revolution
Approach…………………………..........……………………………………………………..…..1
I- INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………….2
1.1. The Global warming ……………………………………………………………........2
1.2. Global Warming Timeline & the Industrial Revolution……………………………...3
1.3. Carbon Dioxide Emissions…………………………………………………………...5
II- REASONS OF WARMING ………………………………………………………………...6
2.1. Cultural & Technical Transformation: ……………………………………………….6
2.2. The Buildings Sector………………………………………………………………….7
2.2.1. The U.S. Energy Consumption……………………………………………..9
2.3. The Human Sources…………………………………………………………………10
III- RESULTS AND EFFECTS ………………………………………………………………12
3.1. The Urban Heat Island………………………………………………………………12
3.2. The Green Land Melting…………………………………………………………….13
3.3. Current Sea Level Rise……………………………………………………………...13
Part- two- The Global Visionary of the 21st
Century Revolution
Approach…………………………………………………………………………………………14
IV- GLOBALIZATION ……………………………………………….………………………15
4.1. Globalization & Knowledge Society………………………………………………..15
4 .2. Saving Our Planet…………………………………………………………………...15
4 .2.1. Agenda 21…………………………………………………………………15
4.2.1. Kyoto Protocol (2005)…………………………………………………….16
4.3. Green Buildings……………………………………………………………………..16
V- THE ECO-DESIGN………………………………………………………………………...17
5.1. Green Buildings Strategy……………………………………………………………17
5.2. Renewable Energy Generation………………………………………………………18
5.2.1. Solar panels………………………………………………………………..18
5.2.2. Solar water heating………………………………………………………...18
5.2.3. Wind turbines……………………………………………………………...19
5.3. Sustainable materials………………………………………………………………...20
5.4. Sustainable Solutions………………………………………………………………..21
VI- FUTURE VISIONARY……………………………………………………………………23
6.1. Nanotechnology for Green Building………………………………………………...23
6.1.1. Nanotechnology………………………………………………………….23
6.1.2. Nano-products at the Construction Site………………………………….23
6.2. The Zero Carbon City……………………………………………………………….25
6.3. The Energy Island……………………………...……………………………………26
_____________________________________________________________________________
Our Responsibility……………………………………………………………………………….27
General Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………28
List of References………………………………………………………………………………..29
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫……………………………………………………………………………ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬.30

The Global Warming & Architecture Introduction
VI
Introduction
In the first half of the twentieth century, most scientists did not believe that increased
CO2 levels would result in global warming. It was thought that at current atmospheric
concentrations, the gas already absorbed all the available long-wave radiation; thus any increases
in CO2 would not change the eradicative heat balance of the planet but might augment plant
growth.
Global warming is already taking place and has become the biggest challenge of our
time. The challenge is to find ways for the world to switch from a path of increasing emissions to
a path of more high advanced technologies where the majority of the GHG emissions are
eliminated.
Buildings have a significant impact on energy use and environment. Commercial and
residential buildings use almost 40% of the primary energy and approximately 70% of the electricity
in the United States (EIA 2005). The energy used by the building sector continues to increase,
primarily because new buildings are constructed faster than old ones are retired. Electricity
consumption in the commercial building sector doubled between 1980 and 2000, and is expected to
increase another 50% by 2025 (EIA 2005).
Zero carbon architecture (ZCA) is a popular term to describe a buildings use with zero
net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually. Zero carbon architecture can be
used autonomously from the energy grid supply – energy can be harvested on-site usually in
combination with energy producing technologies like Solar and Wind while reducing the overall
use of energy with extremely efficient HVAC and Lighting technologies.
The Zero-Net design principle is becoming more practical in adopting due to the
increasing costs of traditional fossil fuels and their negative impact on the planet's climate and
ecological balance.
Understandably the developing countries want the right to economically expand the
fastest way they can, like developed nations have been doing for the past 100 years. Developing
countries face a difficult decision, whether to sacrifice their economic development for
protection against possible ecological problems in the near future.
The Kyoto Protocol (2005) is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed at fighting warming. The objective of the Kyoto climate
change conference was to establish a legally binding international agreement, whereby all the
participating nations commit themselves to tackling the issue of global warming and GHG
emissions. The target agreed upon was an average reduction of 5.2% from 1990 levels by the
year 2012.
Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the molecular scale, is bringing new
materials and new possibilities to industries as diverse as electronics, medicine, energy and
aeronautics. Our ability to design new materials from the bottom up is impacting the building
industry as well. New materials and products based on nanotechnology can be found in building
insulation, coatings, and solar technologies.

The Global Warming & Architecture Objectives
VII
Objectives
1- Explain what brought about by increasing the proportion of carbon in the atmosphere of gases
resulting in climate change & illustrate the negative effects of the industrial revolution in
the twentieth century, and wrought a change of culture and architectural thought
2-Identify the challenges that face the world to reduce global warming and reduce carbon
emissions of buildings through the use of alternative or renewable energies in order to
save our planet.
3-Vision of the future of architecture and technological solutions to reduce global warming and
what is the role of governments and individuals and our responsibility to confront global
warming.
4-Use of advanced technology such as nanotechnology, which contributed to the production of
materials with modern high-tech help in facing the biggest challenge, is how to reach
Zero Carbon Architecture……..

Part -I-
The Negative Impacts of the 20th
Century Revolution

The Global Warming & Architecture Part-one- The 20th
Century
Approach
In the first half of the twentieth century, most scientists did not believe that increased CO2 levels
would result in global warming. It was thought that at current atmospheric concentrations, the
gas already absorbed all the available long-wave radiation; thus any increases in CO2 would not
change the radiative heat balance of the planet but might augment plant growth.
Other mechanisms of climatic change, although highly speculative, were given more credence,
especially changes in solar luminosity, atmospheric transparency, and the Earth's orbital
elements.

Century
INTRODUCTION
U1.1. The Global warming:U [37]
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air and
oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation.Global surface temperature
increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) between the start and the end of the 20th century.
[FIG.1.1]
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that is essential to keeping the Earth’s
surface warm. Like a greenhouse window, greenhouse gases allow sunlight to enter and then
prevent heat from leaving the atmosphere. Water vapor (H2O) is the most important greenhouse
gas, followed by carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halocarbons, and
ozone (O3). Human activities—primarily burning fossil fuels—are increasing the concentrations
of these gases, amplifying the natural greenhouse effect. Image courtesy of the Marion Koshland
Science Museum of the National Academy of Sciences.[2]
[FIG.1.2]
FIG. [1.1.] Mean surface temperature change for the period 2000 to 2009 relative to the average temperatures
from 1951 to 1980.
Source: 2009 Ends Warmest Decade on Record. NASA Earth Observatory Image of the Day, January 22, 2010. [14]
World temperature at 2000 World temperature at 2009
I
FIG. [1.2.] The phrase “climate change” is growing in preferred use to “global warming” because it helps convey that there
are changes in addition to rising temperatures.

Century
U1.2. Global Warming Timeline & the Industrial Revolution:
The timeline of this slide is from 1870 to the present. It illustrates a steady increase in
concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere. For thousands of years, the CO2 concentrations in the
atmosphere have been fairly constant at about 280 ppm .In the last 400 years or so,
corresponding to the start of the Industrial Age, CO2 has increased to about 380 ppm.[3]
[FIG.1.3]
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1700s, and spread to the rest of the
world, beginning with the United States. The use of machinery and factories led to mass
production, which in turn led to the development of numerous environmental hazards .[3]
Effects of Urbanization During the Industrial Revolution:
- Harmful to the Environment-Class Divide-Low Standard of Living
- Change in Family Structure-Catalyst for Socialist Revolution
FIG. [1.3.] Global Emissions of CO2 from Fossil Fuels, 1900–2004
Sources & Notes: WRI estimates based on IEA, 2004; EIA, 2004; Marland et al., 2005; and BP, 2005

Century
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere by
natural processes was almost exactly in balance with the amount absorbed by plants and other
“sinks” on the Earth’s surface.[3]
Model simulations of 20th century climate variations more closely match observed
temperature when both natural and human influences are included. Black line shows observed
temperatures. Blue-shaded regions show projections from models that only included natural
forcing (solar activity and volcanoes). Red-shaded regions show projections from models that
include both natural and human forcing.[3]
[FIG.1.4]
The Eiffel Tower-
1889 to 1930
The Seagram
Building-1957
Industrial city of Manchester
FIG. [1.4.] Model simulations of 20th century climate variations

Century
[FIG.1.5.] CO2emissions per capita for the year 2006
Source: The International Energy Agency (IEA), 2009
U1.3. Carbon Dioxide Emissions:
Since about 1750 human activity has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases. Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently
100 ppmv higher than pre-industrial levels.
Currently in the world 40% of all CO2 emissions are caused by power plants. These are
burning coal, natural gas and diesel fuel. Some power plants burn garbage, some burn methane
made from garbage. And discounting those super green electrical generating plants designed to
issue negligible pollutants, all of our power plants let loose into the atmosphere CO2.
33% of all the CO2 sent forth is the product of cars and trucks. Internal combustion
engines burning fossil fuels…gasoline and diesel spew forth a retching amount of
CO2.[6]
[FIG.1.5]
Table [1.1.] List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita from 1990 through 2006 . All data were
calculated by the US Department of Energy's Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC),

Century
REASONS OF WARMING
U2.1. Cultural & Technical Transformation:U
Liberalism caused our environmental crisis:
Under liberal impetus, we removed social roles and allowed people to, just by having a
line of personal credit, take on responsibility for more things than they can biologically
understand.[8]
Approximately 90% of humanity do nothing but consume beyond reason, leave behind a
huge mess, and then blame those in authority for the disaster the 90% have created. Every
“revolution” fits this pattern, although they have a narrative that says otherwise.[8]
There was a sudden change and increase in man’s capacity to have control over nature,
which by 17th century had begun to advance beyond the technical frontiers of Renaissance.
There was change in the nature of human consciousness, in response to major changes taking
place in the society. It gave birth to the cultural transformation taking place in the society.[5]
.
Rotary steam power and the iron frame came into being at around the same time through the
interdependent efforts of three men:
1. James Watt 2.Abraham Darby 3.John Wilkinson
The first cast-iron bridge was built which was 30.5m (100ft) span over the severn near
Coalbrookdale in 1779& The area around Iron bridge is described by those promoting it as a
tourist destination as the “Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution”[5]
[FIG.2.1]
II

Century
U2.2. The Buildings Sector:
The buildings sector encompasses both residential and commercial (including
institutional) buildings. The sector accounts for 15.3 % of global GHG emissions, including 9.9
% for commercial buildings and 5.4 % for residential; CO2 accounts for nearly all emissions
[FIG.2.2].
Emissions from the building sector are predominantly a function of energy consumption
for diverse purposes that can be organized into three broad categories: public electricity use,
direct fuel combustion, and district heating. Public electricity use includes lighting,
appliance use, refrigeration, air conditioning, and to some extent space heating and cooking.
Emissions from the building sector vary widely by country in both absolute and per
capita terms [FIG.2.3], and depend greatly on the degree of electrification, the level of
urbanization, the amount of building area per capita, the prevailing climate, as well as national
and local policies to promote efficiency.
In addition, building sector emissions vary by composition [FIG.2.4], reflecting different
space heating needs and carbon intensities in the electricity sector.
There is an important correlation between building emissions and socioeconomic
development levels. In general, building emissions are higher in industrialized countries, both in
per capita terms [FIG.2.3] and as a percentage of total country emissions [FIG.2.5] with
variances due to climate, fuel mix and other factors. Thus, development has an important effect
on emissions from the building sector, implying that building efficiency becomes more
significant as countries become more prosperous.[3]
[FIG.2.2.] Sources & Notes: IEA, 2004a.
Absolute emissions in this sector, estimated here for 2000, are 6,418 MtCO2.

Century
[FIG.2.3.] CO2 from Building Use, Total and Per Capita, 2002 Top 25 GHG emitters
[FIG.2.5.] Correlation of Socioeconomic Development and Building Sector Emissions, 2002 Top 25 GHG emitters
[FIG.2.4.] Relative Shares of CO2 Emissions from Building Use, 2002 Top 25 GHG emitters

Century
U2.2.1. The U.S. Energy Consumption:
By creating a sector termed “Buildings,” which combines the residential and commercial
sectors and that part of the industrial sector containing industrial buildings and building
materials, a new and very different picture emerges.
This picture clearly illustrates the problem and the sectors that must be carefully investigated in
order to effect a change.
In this picture, Architecture consumes approximately 48-50 % of all U.S. the energy
produced and is responsible for 46 % of all U.S. CO2 emissions annually, almost double any
other sector. It’s also the fastest growing energy-consuming and emissions sector. Buildings are
among the most long-lived physical artifacts society produces. They are typically used for 50-
100 years, so their inertia has a major impact on future energy use and emissions patterns.
Today’s architecture will be with us for a long time. Architects design most buildings and
specify all the materials used in their construction. The design of a building—its form,
fenestration, construction materials and finishes—largely determines the building’s lifetime
energy consumption and gas emission.[2]
[FIG.2.6]
[FIG.2.6.] U.S. Energy Consumption by Sector

Century
U2.3. The Human Sources:
The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are:
-Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations.
-Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total
anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
-Livestock enteric fermentation and manure management, paddy rice farming, land use and
wetland changes, pipeline losses, and covered vented landfill emissions leading to higher
methane atmospheric concentrations.
-Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation
process also are sources of atmospheric methane.
-Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigeration systems, and use of CFCs fire suppression
systems and manufacturing processes.
-Agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers that lead to higher nitrous oxide (N2O)
concentrations.[6]
[FIG.2.7]
The seven sources of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion are:
1. Solid fuels (e.g., coal): 35%
2. Liquid fuels (e.g., gasoline, fuel oil): 36%
3. Gaseous fuels (e.g., natural gas): 20%
4. Flaring gas industrially and at wells: <1%
5. Cement production: 3%
6. Non-fuel hydrocarbons: < 1%
7. The "international bunkers" of shipping and air
transport not included in national inventories: 4%
FIG.[2.7.] Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions broken down into 8
different sectors for the year 2000.

Century
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ranks the major greenhouse gas
contributing end-user sectors in the following order: industrial, transportation, residential,
commercial and agricultural. Major sources of an individual's greenhouse gas include home
heating and cooling, electricity consumption, and transportation.
[FIG.2.8]
FIG.[2.8.] shown GHG emissions by country for the year 2000
Source: World Resources Institute, 2005, using data from 2000. Numbers in brackets are the country’s per capita
greenhouse gas emission world ‘ranking.’

Century
RESULTS AND EFFECTS
U3.1. The Urban Heat Island:
The principal reason for the nighttime warming is that buildings block surface heat from
radiating into the relatively cold night sky. Two other reasons are changes in the thermal
properties of surface materials and lack of evaporation aspiration (for example through lack of
vegetation) in urban areas. Materials commonly used in urban areas for pavement and roofs, such
as concrete and asphalt, have significantly different thermal bulk properties (including heat
capacity and thermal conductivity) and surface recitatives properties than the surrounding rural
areas.
This causes a change in the energy balance of the urban area, often leading to higher
temperatures than surrounding rural areas.[7]
[FIG.3.1]
III
FIG.[3.1] The urban heat island diagram
In the last 25 years Dubai has grown by leaps and bounds. Billions of pounds have been pumped into Dubai.

Century
U3.2. The Green Land Melting:
Greenland is losing mass at 3% per decade and melting rates have accelerated. Melting in
2004 was occurring at 10 times the rates observed in 2000. Pools of melt water are visible on the
surface each summer and melt water is percolating down through crevasses to lubricate the ice.[8]
[FIG.3.2.]
As the “rivers of ice” speed up, the potential for slippage of large
glaciers from Greenland increases.
U3.3. Current Sea Level Rise:
Current sea level rise has occurred at a mean rate of 1.8 mm per year for the past century,
and more recently, during the satellite altimetry era of sea level measurement, at rates in the
range of 2.9-3.4 ± 0.4-0.6 mm per year from 1993–2010.[9]
Global average sea level has risen between 4 and 8 inches over the last 100 years. Active
summer ice is disappearing faster than expected. There has been widespread retreat of mountain
glaciers during the twentieth century.[9]
Loss of permafrost in Alaska is damaging roads, housing and pipeline structures. Loss of 60 % of
tropical corals is threatening barrier reefs.
Rising sea levels would adversely affect many coastal marshes and wildlife reserves.
FIG.[3.2]Surface melting on Greenland expanding

Part -II-
The Global Visionary of the 21st Century
Revolution
(Zero Carbon Architecture)

The Global Warming & Architecture Part-two- The 21st
Century
Approach
Zero carbon architecture (ZCA) is a popular term to describe a buildings use with zero net
energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually. Zero carbon architecture can be used
autonomously from the energy grid supply – energy can be harvested on-site usually in
combination with energy producing technologies like Solar and Wind while reducing the overall
use of energy with extremely efficient HVAC and Lighting technologies. The Zero-Net design
principle is becoming more practical in adopting due to the increasing costs of traditional fossil
fuels and their negative impact on the planet's climate and ecological balance

Century
IV GLOBALIZATION
U4.1. Globalization & Knowledge Society:
During the last decade, a great deal of news media attention has focused on informing the
world public about scientific findings on global warming (GW). Has learning this sort of
information led the public to become more concerned about GW?
Using data from two surveys of nationally representative samples of adults, among
people who trust scientists to provide reliable information about the environment and among
Democrats and Independents, increased knowledge has been associated with increased concern.
But among people who are skeptical about scientists and among Republicans more knowledge
was generally not associated with greater concern.
UDeveloped Countries & Developing Countries:U
[1]
Understandably the developing countries want the right to economically expand the
fastest way they can, like developed nations have been doing for the past 100 years. Developing
countries face a difficult decision, whether to sacrifice their economic development for
protection against possible ecological problems in the near future.
Many developing countries have neither the resources nor the technology to defend
against rising sea levels, increased incidence and ferocity of tropical storms, and expansion of
tropical diseases. Developing countries face a difficult decision, whether to sacrifice their
economic development for protection against possible ecological problems in the near future.
U4.2. Saving Our Planet:
U4.2.1. Agenda 21:[2]
Agenda 21 is an action plan of the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable
development and was an outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.
It is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by
organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every area in which humans directly
affect the environment.
The Commission on Sustainable Development acts as a high level forum on sustainable
development and has acted as preparatory committee for summits and sessions on the
implementation of Agenda 21.
The United Nations Division for Sustainable Development acts as the secretariat to the
Commission and works 'within the context of' Agenda 21. Implementation by member states
remains essentially voluntary.

Century
U4.2.2. Kyoto Protocol (2005):[3]
The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at combating global warming. The Protocol was
initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and entered into force on 16 February
2005.As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and ratified the protocol.[FIG.4.1.]
UObjectives:
Under the Protocol, 37 industrialized countries (called "Annex I countries") commit
themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases (GHG), Annex I countries agreed to reduce
their collective greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% from the 1990 level. Emission limits do not
include emissions by international aviation and shipping, but are in addition to the industrial
gases, chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which are dealt with under the 1987 Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
U4.3. Green Buildings: U
[4]
Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from sitting
to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. This practice
expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability,
and comfort. Green building is also known as a sustainable or high performance building.
[FIG.4.1.] Participation in the Kyoto Protocol, as of June 2009،
Green = Countries that have signed and ratified the treaty
Grey = Countries that have not yet decided
Blue = No intention to ratify at this stage.

Century
THE ECO-DESIGN
V
U5.1. Green Buildings Strategy:U
[5]
Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and
ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health.
It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive
solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs,
rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off.
Many other techniques, such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of
conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well.
While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and
may differ from region to region, there are fundamental principles that persist from which the
method is derived: [FIG.5.1.]
- Sitting and Structure Design Efficiency,
- Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency,
- Materials Efficiency,
- Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement,
- Operations and Maintenance Optimization,
- Waste and Toxics Reduction.
FIG.[5.1.] the Green Buildings Strategy

Century
U 5.2. Renewable Energy Generation
U 5.2.1. Solar panels:U
[6]
Active solar devices such as photovoltaic solar panels help to provide sustainable
electricity for any use. Typical efficiencies for commercially available PV panels range from 4%
to 28%. The low efficiency of certain photovoltaic panels can significantly affect the payback
period of their installation. A good rule of thumb for the cost of installing solar panels is roughly
about $4.30/Watt.
U5.2.2. Solar water heating:U
[7]
Solar water heaters-also called solar
domestic hot water systems can be a cost-
effective way to generate hot water for a home.
They can be used in any climate, and the fuel
they use sunshine is free. There are two types of
solar water systems- active and passive. An active
solar collector system will cost approximately
$2,500 to $3,500 installed and produce about 80
to 100 gallons of hot water per day. A passive
system will cost about $1,000 to $2,000 installed
but will have a lower capacity.
Electric-resistance water heaters that are common in homes today have an electrical
demand around 4500 kW·h/year. With the use of solar collectors, the energy use is cut in half.
The up-front cost of installing solar collectors is high, but with the annual energy savings,
payback periods are relatively short.[FIG. 5.3.]
FIG.[5.3.] Wuhan Energy Flower, China, 2010
Building designed in the shape of a flower, taking the Calla Lily as inspiration. The roof of the flower consists mainly of solar
panels for generating energy, designed by:Grontmij Soeters Van Eldonk architects

Century
U5.2.3. Wind turbines:U
[8]
A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical
energy. Developed for over a millennium, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a range of
vertical and horizontal axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery
charging on sailing boats; while large grid-connected arrays of turbines are becoming an
increasingly large source of commercial electric power.[FIG.5.4.]
A small wind turbine can be installed on a roof. Small-scale rooftop wind turbines have been
known to be able to generate power from 10% to up to 25% of the electricity required of a
regular domestic household dwelling.
Turbines for residential scale use are available. They are usually approximately 2 m to 8 m in
diameter and produce electricity at a rate of 900 watts to 10,000 watts at their tested wind speed.
In the United States, residential wind turbines with outputs of 2-10 kW, typically cost
between $12,000 and $55,000 installed ($6 per watt),although there are incentives and rebates
available in 19 states that can reduce the purchase price for homeowners by up to 50 percent, to
($3 per watt).
FIG.[5.3.] Roof-mounted close-coupled thermo siphon solar water heater
FIG.[5.4.]Bahrain World Trade CenterThe three wind turbines at the centre of the two skyscrapers.

Century
U5.3. Sustainable materials:U
[9]
Some examples of sustainable building materials include recycled denim or blown-in
fiber glass insulation, sustainably harvested wood, Tress, Linoleum, sheep wool, concrete (high
and ultra high performance roman self-healing concrete), panels made from paper flakes, baked
earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut,
wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, locally obtained stone and rock, and bamboo, which is
one of the strongest and fastest growing woody plants, and non-toxic low-VOC glues and paints.
UWaste management:
The management of waste is a key component in a business. Companies are encouraged
to improve their environmental efficiencies each year. One way to do this is by improving a
company’s waste management with a new recycling service. [FIG.5.5.]-Such as recycling: glass,
food waste, paper and cardboard, plastic bottles etc.
There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between
countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts include: [FIG.5.6.]
- Waste hierarchy
- Extended producer responsibility
- Polluter pays principle
FIG.[5.5.]Steel crushed and baled for recycling
FIG.[5.6.]Diagram of the waste hierarchy.

Century
U5.4. Sustainable Solutions: U
[10]
UWHITE ROOF:U
A physicist at the Lawrence Berkeley lab just released a study showing
that the average American 1,000-square-foot white roof could offset 10
metric tons of CO2. According to his data, roofs constitute 20 to 25 % of
urban surfaces, while pavement is about 40 %. Therefore, if all of those
surfaces were switched to a reflective material (or color) in the 100 largest
urban areas in America, his calculations show, this would offset 44 metric
gigatons of CO2. [FIG.5.7.]
UGREEN-SCREEN:
Green-screen is a type of metal structure that can be attached to
existing walls or used to create freestanding growing walls. By
integrating more trees and photosynthesizing plants within the
fabric of our existing cities, we harness the power of plants to
absorb carbon from the atmosphere. The surface area of buildings
multiplies the ground footprint of the city many times over,
making vertical gardening and the integration of growing walls
into our buildings an interesting practical solution. The roofs-cape
of most cities is an area that is often forgotten but that could
easily be used for the application of green technologies beneficial to all.[FIG. 5.8.]
UWIND-BELTS AND GREEN ROOF:
Wind belts are a recent technology which harnesses the power of the
wind to generate electricity. They are relatively inexpensive and
suitable for both developed and developing countries and are the
first wind technology not to employ turbines ,Wind-belts could be
used on the facades and roofs of existing buildings as a sculptural
element, taking advantage of the building envelope as an available
surface upon which to attach. Trees may be planted on the roof by
using either planters or by using a new Japanese soil substitute,
which is much lighter than earth.[FIG. 5.9.]
UROOF POND:U
Roof ponds can be used for cooling in areas that are warm and not very
humid. This technology has a lot of potential, but has been underused to
date because of a fear of leakage on the part of architects and clients,
however, if properly detailed it is a promising strategy and can help to
reduce the heat island effect in cities. Insulating panels cover the roof and
are opened during the day in the winter to absorb the heat of the sun, and
at night, the panels are closed, allowing heat to radiate to the building’s
interior. In the summer, the process is reversed.[FIG.5.10.]
FIG.[5.7.] White roof
FIG.[5.8.] Green-screen
FIG.[5.9.] Wind-belts & green
roof
FIG.[5.10.] roof pond

Century
UROOF SPRAY:U
This is another method for cooling which could be employed
in a retrofit of existing buildings. It can be used in
combination with the roof pond, or independently with the
water being stored in a tank. Here water is cooled by spray at
night, via evaporation and night sky radiation, and then stored
for use during the day in the building’s cooling system (Stein
& Reynolds, 379-80).[FIG.5.11.]
UWATER WALL, AND SOLAR PIPE:U
It is well known that electricity can be generated from fast
moving water. Here, we propose that a water wall be added
to a blank facade on an existing building as a means of
generating electricity. Water can be collected via a system of
gutters on the building, and then can be piped and recycled to
generate the necessary flow. This water can also be used to
flush toilets and for other non-potable applications. In
addition, the water provides cooling to the building’s
inhabitants. The roof in this scheme is envisioned as a space
in which the entire surface area is covered by solar coils.[FIG.5.12.]
FIG.[5.11.] roof spray
FIG.[5.12.] Water wall

Century
FUTURE VISIONARY
VI
U6.1. Nanotechnology for Green Building:
U6.1.1. Nanotechnology:U
[11]
Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the molecular scale, is bringing new materials
and new possibilities to industries as diverse as electronics, medicine, energy and aeronautics.
Our ability to design new materials from the bottom up is impacting the building industry as
well. New materials and products based on nanotechnology can be found in building
insulation, coatings, and solar technologies. Work now underway in nanotech labs will soon
result in new products for lighting, structures, and energy.[FIG.6.1.]
Globally, nanotechnologies are expected to reduce carbon emissions in three main areas:
1) Transportation.
2) Improved insulation in residential and commercial buildings.
3) Generation of renewable photovoltaic energy.
U6.1.2. Nano-products at the Construction Site:U
[12]
The market for green building materials and technologies will of course be determined more by
market pull--the needs of architects, owners and contractors--than by the technological push of
new nanomaterials discovered and developed in the laboratory. But the convergence of green
building demands and green nanotechnology capabilities over the next 5-10 years appears very
strong.
It suggests some categories of nanotechnology for green building: [FIG.6.2.]
- Insulation
- Coatings
- Adhesives
- Solar energy
- Lighting
- Air and water filtration
- Structural materials
- Non-structural materials
FIG.[6.1] Flexible light-emitting diodes (FOLEDs)

Century
FIG.[6.2] Overview of a typical house of today indicating where nano‐products could be found

Century
U6.2. The Zero Carbon City: U
[13]
To become a zero carbon city, an established modern city must collectively reduce
emissions of greenhouse gases to zero and all practices that emit greenhouse gases must cease.
Also, renewable energy must supersede other non-renewable energy sources and become the sole
source of energy, so a zero-carbon city is a renewable-energy-economy city.[FIG.6.3.]
FIG.[6.3] Masdar City

Century
U6.3. The Energy Island: U
[14]
A single 250-megawatt OTEC plant can meet the energy demands of 250,000 households
and provide 600 million liters of drinkable water each day. Any surplus water can be used to
support local agriculture and industry.[FIG.6.4]
One strategy being used to alleviate this crisis involves compact, floating "energy islands".
These combine offshore power generation with desalination plants.
FIG.[6.4] The Energy Island concept

The Global Warming & Architecture Our Responsibility
Our Responsibility
To accomplish these challenges there are some URecommendationsU:
1-According to" UDohalandU " conference 10 THINGS WHICH MAKE A DIFFERENCE:
- Reduce garbage – approximately 44 percent of the world’s wastage disposal comes from
the Arab world.
- Reduce paper usage currently - 90 % of the world’s paper is manufactured from wood pulp.
- Use energy efficient light bulbs and save 150 pounds of CO2 per year.
- Turn off electrical devices and save 0.9 tons of CO2 annually.
- Car pool whenever possible.
- Plant a tree – it will absorb one ton of CO2 per year.
- Adjust your thermostat and save about 2,000 pounds of CO2 per year.
- Buy organic / Conserve water / Shop smart – avoid plastic and too much packaging.
2- The AUcademy of Architectural DesignU is supported on:
- Add to all design studio projects the following requirement:
"All design projects should engage the environment in a way that dramatically
reduces or eliminates the need for fossil fuel."
- Achieve complete ecological literacy in design education, including the following areas
of study:
Design / studio - history / theory - materials / technology - structures /
construction - professional practice / ethics
- Achieve a carbon-neutral design school campus.
3-UGovernmentsU can take several steps to reduce the threat of global warming:
- First and foremost, the United States and other industrial nations must use less of the
fossil fuels.
- Other steps, such as transferring technology to developing countries, preserving forests,
decreasing atmospheric methane, and slowing down population growth, are also
important.

The Global Warming & Architecture General Conclusion
General Conclusion
1- Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air and
oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation.
2- Addressing global climate change is a paramount challenge of the 21st Century. Since the
beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2),
the chief heat-trapping greenhouse gas, have risen 35 % , from about 280 to 377 parts per
million (ppm) , This increase is primarily from the burning of fossil fuels and from
deforestation.
3- There is no doubt that climate will continue to change throughout the 21st century and
beyond, but there are still important questions regarding how large and how fast these
changes will be, and what effects they will have in different regions.
4- Buildings alone are responsible for 15% of all human GHG emissions. It is the industrial
sector which contributes the most to Climate Change. But according to the IPCC, it is also
the sector which presents the most cost effective opportunities for GHG reductions.
5- Sustainability is the key to a survivable future on Earth: we must find ways to conserve our
resources, reuse the materials we have extracted from the Earth, and turn to renewable
resources for energy. Perpetual economic growth is physically impossible on a planet with
finite resources.
6- Technological solutions to both emission reductions and adaptation to climate change have
occurred at a faster and faster rate through the 21st century, producing a global developed
society unrecognizable from those a hundred years previous.
7- The next five to ten years will see a boom in nanotechnology for green building. Current
nanomaterials and nano-products show demonstrable environmental improvements
including energy savings and reduced reliance on non-renewable resources, as well as
reduced waste, toxicity and carbon emissions.

The Global Warming & Architecture List of References
List of References
UPart-I-
Books:
[2] Mr. Edward Mazria, U“Understanding and Responding the Climate Change”U, United States, 2008.
[3] Kevin a. baumert, U“Navigating the Numbers - Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate U
UPolicy”U, Hyacinth Billings, Library of Congress, 2005.
[8] Paul R. Epstein and Evan Mills, U"Climate Change Futures"U, Harvard Medical School,2006.
[9] Bruce C. Douglas, U"Global Sea Rise: A Redetermination"U, 2009.
Reports:
[6] 2009 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report
Web links:
[1] Uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming, 2011
[4] Uhttp://globalwarming.com
[5] Uhttp://www.architecture-student.com
[7] Uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island
[8] Uhttp://www.amerika.org/politics/liberalism-caused-global-warming/U
UPart-II-
Books:
[11] Dr. George Elvin,U” Nanotechnology for Green Building”U, U.S.A.2007
[12] Fleur van Broekhuizen,”UNano-products in the European Construction Industry ”U,Amsterdam,
2009
Web links:
[1] Uhttp://www.mongabay.com/09developing.htm
[2] Uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21
[3] Uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol
[4] Uhttp://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/about.htm#7
[5] Uhttp://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/components.htm
[6] Uhttp://www.solarbuzz.com/facts-and-figures/retail-price-environment/module-pricesU
[7] Uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_architecture#Waste_management
[8] Uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine
[9] Uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management
[10] Uhttp://urbanomnibus.net/2010/01/clip-on-architecture-reforesting-cities/
[13] Uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masdar_City
[14] Uhttp://www.futuretimeline.net/21stcentury/2040-2049.htm

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺃﺛﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻱ‬ -- ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬ -- ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬ -- ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎﺕ‬
.
‫ﻫﺬ‬
‫ﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬
(‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫)ﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍء‬ ،
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ،
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
...‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺣﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺯﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺪﺛﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ،( ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺐ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﺴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﻮﻧﺒﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
....‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻠﺨﺺ‬
:‫ﻳﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
U
1
‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬-
20
:
‫ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺪﺛﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻜﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻅﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻴﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻭﻗﻮﺩ‬
" ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
The Urban Heat Island
"
...‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ‬
. ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
U
2
‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ‬ -
21
:
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻧﻘﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻱ‬
"‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
Zero Carbon
City
... ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻳﻀﺎ‬ "
‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬
‫ﻛﻈﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺪﺛﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺠﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻅﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬
، ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬
. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺼﻤﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺷﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬
...................... ‫ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ /
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬
...................... (‫ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ‬ ‫)ﻣﺸﺮﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ /
/‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬
...................... (‫)ﻋﻀﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
/‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬
...................... (‫)ﻋﻀﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻨﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺻﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬
–
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﻮﻳﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺳﻒ‬ ‫ﺇﺑﺘﻬﺎﻝ‬ .‫ﺩ‬.‫ﺃ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻡ‬
–
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬
2011

Hows To Minimize Global Warming By Term Of Architecture

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Hows To Minimize Global Warming By Term Of Architecture

Similar to Hows To Minimize Global Warming By Term Of Architecture (20)

More from Angela Williams

More from Angela Williams (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Hows To Minimize Global Warming By Term Of Architecture