Mint And Chocolate Experiment Research

Mint And Chocolate Experiment Research
Introduction Test and quizzes happen every day in children's lives. It a natural event that happens in every school. Some kids who take test have
anxiety and stress when taking a test. This could lead to stress and fear of doing test. Some teachers before a test gives out chocolate or mint to help
them with self–confidence and concentration. For students, eating the chocolate usually help them calm down. It probably helps them feel less
stressed. Though that leads us to another question. If chocolate and mint help relieve stress from students, does chocolate or mint also help children
increase their test score? This is a study to examine if chocolate or mint actually helps kids who are taking a test or quiz. Method Subjects: The subjects
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We will have about one hundred and fifty kids in total. Seventy five of them will go in one group while the other seventy five goes in another
room. In the experiment group, we will give them both chocolate and mint. To get rid of the cofounding variable known as cheating we spread out
the kids in the large testing room. We will also be having phones off in this test so the kids won't be able to use it during the test, which gets rid of
another confounding variable. Another confounding variable we have to get rid of is distractions. Anything that distracts the children could hinder
the test, so the room has to be silent at all times. We will give out the same test, independent variable, to all of the kids in the experiment. We will see
how the effects of the chocolate and mint, dependent variable, affect the kids that are taking the test. We will give them about forty five minutes to
complete the test. If they do not finish in time, we will grade the questions that have been answered. We will then record all the results of the test and
write them down on paper and compare it with the test scores of the control group. Once we compare these two results we will get an answer to the
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When Conducting The Research For My Survey, I Will Be...
When conducting the research for my survey, I will be studying the political preference of people in correlation to the political preference of the town
they grew up in. For example, a person is more likely to be a Republican if they originate from a Republican–dominated town. The independent
variable, the variable whose variation does not depend on the other, that will be studied is political preference of the participant: Republican,
Democratic or Independent. A person's political preference can have many conceptual definitions. It can mean the person lives a certain lifestyle, or
they have views on policy and how the government should run. It can also determine stereotypical characters as about the person themselves.
Moreover, the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, "Please choose how strongly you agree with the statement: My parents imposed Republican values on me throughout my childhood. 1 =
Extremely Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Agree."
The hypothesis of this study is people are more likely to be a specific political party depending on the majority of the political preference of the
participant's hometown. There is a positive relationship between the two variables of the person's political preference and their hometown's political
preference. This type of research and survey has drawn a lot of attention from the media with the current 2016 Presidential Election between
now–President Donald J. Trump and Senator Hillary Clinton. This election had a much stronger impact on the population of the United States both
mentally and emotionally. Through general knowledge and evidence, the media made an abundant amount of traction on how numerous statisticians
and pollers predicted Clinton to win the election by a landslide. In the end, they were wrong as Trump won the presidency. It is important to
understanding how to determine if someone is a Republican or Democratic and their voting patterns to correctly predict future outcomes of elections.
Similarly, I have predicted this proposed hypothesis based on the assumption that children gain traits like their parents. If parents impose political
beliefs, it could affect the child and what they grow up to believe. Certain traits and

Unobtrusive Attitudes
Beyond Fazio et al.'s (1995) intention to introduce an unobtrusive method of measuring attitudes (in their case, prejudice against African Americans),
they demonstrated the problems of reactivity and conceptual confounding present in the frequently used Modern Racism Scale (MRS). Such
unreliability of explicit attitude measures puts the use of self–reports in social psychological research into question. Essentially, their study aimed not
so much as to demonstrate how prejudice is expressed and manifested but to provide evidence for their own method of measuring attitudes as they are
automatically activated. Central to their method is the hypothesis of facilitation: Participants will assign positive or negative valences to presented
adjectives at a shorter and response latency (i.e. facilitated) if the adjective's valence is congruent to the evaluation automatically activated by the
prime. People are then not asked explicitly asked about their attitudes (which is instead inferred from the pattern of facilitation), thus eliminating their
tendency to choose which responses would... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was tasked to rate the quality of the interaction with the participants. Indeed, the unobtrusive attitude measures correlated significantly with the
experimenter's interaction ratings (based on the friendliness and interest of the participant). However, such measure remains a form of self–report
liable to subjective biases and rating errors. The researchers also offered no explanation as to whether the experimenter had been trained on what
criteria of rating was to be used. This issue may be crucial as such ratings have been used extensively to distinguish between the unobtrusive measure
and the MRS, and to attest to the former's ability to predict actual prejudice behavior (i.e. predictive

Randomization Eliminates Confounding Error
Since this study is a randomized–controlled trial, randomization eliminates confounding error by ensuring that known and unknown confounders are
balanced across both treatment groups [8]. Hence, this paper discusses potential confounders to consider before randomization occurs. One potential
confounder that could skew the association between exercise and depression symptoms is age. Age is associated with the occurrence of depression;
the internal and external stresses of life increase as one gets older, increasing their risk for the disorder [1]. Moreover, adults tend to exercise less as
they age, due to less leisure time and decreases in metabolism and muscle mass [18]. Hence, age is also associated with engaging in exercise.
However, exercise

Contemporary Political Statement
To conduct a study experiment on contemporary political issues that affect society, it is important that experiments are well–controlled from the
constraints of the extraneous variable. That is other variables beyond the independent and dependent variable that may change the outcome of the
experiment due to exclusion from the research design. For example, the topic capital punishment and its relationship with age are designed to discover
whether age correlates with electing harsh punishments for crimes. The preliminary hypothesis that aged people are more likely to support capital
punishment than the younger generation is crucial to defining the relationship between variables. That is, the independent variable age affects the
dependent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, testing is available and current due to the other social issues regarding criminal punishment like mass incarceration (Gottschalk, 2009).
Although the hypothesis meets the criteria of observation and predictably to aid in the future development of policy, it is crucial that the study is
designed correctly to determine confounding variables that affect the independent and dependent variables. It is essential to incorporate any variables
that may affect the outcome (validity) of the research assignment. For example, Rynkiewicz, Benmakrelouf, & Karouche (2016) utilize the Bayesian
network modeling to extract possible confounding variables. Developed from the Bayes Theorem "belief is governed by the laws of probability"
(Bayesian Modeling, n.d., n.p.). In other words, utilization of the Bayesian modeling includes the variables that are outside the experiment of the
independent and dependent variable. In the case of Rynkiewicz, Benmakrelouf & Karouche (2016) their study to prove that "people with higher
education are less prejudiced towards ethnic out groups than those with less education" (p. 205) include the extraneous variables of level of education,
parent's origin, age and residential area. That is the modeling covers the voting preferences in the independent variable. Whereas, the opinion of
immigration, globalization and death sentence are included to represent other variables for the dependent variable. Similarly, capital punishment

Propensity Score Matching And Time Varying Confounding
STUDY 3: PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHING AND TIME
–VARYING CONFOUNDING IN A STUDY OF STATINS AND THE RISK OF
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM
Aims
To evaluate the association between statin use and the risk of VTE controlling for time–varying confounding.
To examine whether this association differs by body mass index (BMI)
To examine various characteristics of exposure including type of statin, dose of statin, and recency/duration of statin use in relation to VTE risk
Study design
This study will be a population–based cohort study.
Study population
The study population will consist of all adult patients aged 40–79 years during the period 1995–2015 in the CPRD. I will exclude all patients with a
history of cancer (non–melanoma), VTE, cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease, heart failure, coagulopathies, vasculitis, and chronic
kidney disease prior to cohort entry. Participants will be required to have at least one year of recorded history in the database before the study entry
date. The date of entry into the cohort (start date) will be defined as the last of the date patients became 40 years old or 1995, and registered in the
CPRD).
Because dyslipidemia covers a broad range of lipid abnormalities and statins are widely prescribed to a broad spectrum of people (from relatively
healthy, middle age to the older, very sick population with numerous comorbidities) controlling for confounding by indication in this study will be a big
challenge. To mitigate this, an option will be

GPE Case Study
In contrast to the belief of Sanocki (1933) and Pomerantz (1983), of their being either simultaneous use of global and local processing at different
times or them occurring at their own respective times, Hughes, Layton, and Baird (1984) support the GPE. During Hughes, Layton, and Baird's
experiment, subjects were asked to classify patterns in orientations to test the theory of GPE. In the figure orientations, they were specified for either
the global (cluster orientation) or the local (line orientation) spatial domain. The single–dimension control stimuli illustrated in the experiment were
designed to evaluate reaction times to the local and global cues independently. All three pattern types are equated for the number of pixels in the... Show
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These researchers conducted an experiment to expose the biases present in the visual processing from global to local based on one's level of field
dependency. The experiment conducted by Pore, Pineau, Jobard, and Mellet (2008) consisted of each procedure being the same for all participants
and them tested individually. First, participants were administered the GEFT, in accordance with standardized instructions: After seven practice
items, participants had to trace with a pen the outline of one of eight simple shapes in each of 18 complex figure items. The test was time limited
and scored by assigning a value of 0 or 1 for inaccurate and accurate responses, respectively. Accuracy scores, which could range from 0 to 18, were
recorded. Low and high GEFT scores correspond to FD and FI, respectively. Subsequently, participants were presented with the global–local task using
a personal laptop computer with a 15–in.screen at a resolution of 1024 Г— 768 pixels (width and height, respectively) running Superlab software
applications (Cedrus Corporation, San Pedro, CA).Participants sat in front of the display with their hands placed on the key–board of the computer and
viewed the stimuli at a distanceof60 cm. Each of the small elements of compound stimuli fit within the confines of virtual rectangles 1.26 В° in height
and .92 В° in width and the global level was approximately8.5 В° in height and 11.4 В° in width. The experimental

Evidence Based Practice ( Ebp ) Process ( Cowell ) Essay
Literature reviews provide adequate supporting evidence for the evidence–based practice (EBP) process (Cowell, 2016). By using the information
obtained from the literature review, that supports the topic, one can evaluate a situation and arrive at the problem that needs a solution. Therefore,
an appropriate technique is necessary when searching for the right literature and evidence (Cowell, 2016). Search Method The literature search
helps to identify and retrieve studies to find out information about a topic, detect the need for further study and develop new guidelines (Auston,
Cahn, & Selden, 2016). The resources that could provide the evidence are available in many databases. The databases used for the literature support
for the problem and the proposed solution of this EBP project are: CINAHAL Ovid CENTRAL Science Direct MEDLINE British Library
Documents EMBASE PubMed The following are the keywords used: Surgical Site Infection (SSI) Surgical Site Infection Prevention Diabetes
Hyperglycemia Blood glucose Complications of surgery. To select the right articles from the whole group, I used the criteria to find the information
that supported the topic. Then, included those in the EBP project and excluded the remaining ones. For example, I have included those articles that
were about the effects of hyperglycemia of diabetic patients in the development of SSI in the project and rejected the rest. From about 75 articles
obtained from the search, about five were appropriate

The Ongoing Tyranny Of Statistical Significance Testing
Article by Stang, Poole and Kuss (2010) titled "The ongoing tyranny of statistical significance testing in biomedical research" describe common misuses
and interpretation of statistical significance testing (SST). The authors point out fallacy understanding in interpretive the p–value and how it often
mixed in measuring effect size and its precision. This misconception then they assert may impede scientific progress and furthermore become
unintended harmful treatment. They also proposed an important way out of the significance fallacies in this article. Therefore, in this article review,
all the finding that made by the authors will be summarized and review of it will be drawn based on other references.
1.Statistical Significance Test (SST) and P–value
Stang, Poole and Kuss explain, in SST, P–value is an important part to decide the null hypothesis. The SST itself, they explain is analytical approach
that developed based on two prominent statisticians, Fisher and the Neyman–Pearson. However, in present practical, SST is incompatible
amalgamation of those two theories. In Fisher theory, P value represents the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis: the lower the P–value, the
stronger the evidence. In this theory, they criticize lake of alternative hypothesis and concept of statistical power. In contrast Neyman and Person theory
included the alternative for the null hypothesis, type I and II error and theoretical of effect size. This hybrid method leads to

Testing Involved Altering The Mood Of Participants With A...
His method of testing involved altering the mood of participants with a "test" of verbal abilities, and a subsequent attribution task to measure how
affect influenced their perceptions. To alter participants' moods, a sentence–completion test was used. The average completion score was at nineteen
sentences, while the minimum completed by all was fourteen sentences. The "happy" group was told that answering seven to thirteen correctly was
"average" and thirteen or higher constituted an "above average" score. The "sad" group was told that "average" was twenty–seven to thirty correct
answers, meaning that they were below average. The control group was thanked and told that their answers would help refine the test and were
dismissed.
In a post–exercise questionnaire for the "sad" and "happy" groups, the experimenters snuck in questions from other standard measures that assess a
sad–happy scale and a bad–good scale to measure the effects of the manipulative feedback.
The next step was the "social perception" test which asked participants to read an essay from a student who was participating in a debate. Repeating the
conditions of the 1967 experiment, they told the participants either that the student wrote it of their own free will, or they were forced to take that
position for the purposes of the debate. The topic was one of saliency at the time for Australians, regarding French nuclear testing in the South Pacific.
The essays were not ambivalent, clearly stating a position

Kidney Patterns
Title: High concentrations of sodium diet causes kidney stones in the African American male population?
Studies have shown that a person's sodium intake can contribute to an increase in blood pressure, which can lead to heart disease and other health
complications. Over the years many investigators have continued to study the effects of sodium on the human body. African Americans living in the
United States have a higher risk of having diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure and heart disease. However, not much research investigated the effects
of high salt consumption on the odds of developing kidney stones in African American men. While this study will not build upon any currently
published literature, it will help to create awareness of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, it will be difficult to create an accurate analysis from observation alone, leading to my observational case control study only telling one part of
the story. Another limitation of this study is convenience sampling and low generalizability due to a small geographic area, extremely high salt
intake in this case. To minimize recall and selection bias, I will have to clearly identify and provide a clear definition of my study population. The
control group of my study will reflect the exposure of the population which gave rise to the cases; controls will be selected independently of the
exposure

Cohort Study Alzheimer's Disease
The Canadian Study of Health and Aging performed a large scale cohort study to analyze risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. In 1991, they selected
6,434 subjects aged
65 and older, all of which lived throughout the ten provinces of Canada; 4,615 were alive for the follow up study done in 1996. When the study
began in 1991, all participants were cognitively normal, and filled out a questionnaire for Alzheimer's risk factors. Five years later, the remaining
participants received a screening interview and a clinical examination when necessary. The follow up analysis yielded 194 Alzheimer's cases and
3,894 normal controls. The factors concluded to be significantly associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's were increasing age, fewer years of ...
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If the participants report any previous traumatic brain injuries, they will not be allowed to participate in the study, because traumatic brain injuries are
a risk factor for Alzheimer's and therefore could be a confounding variable. If the participant have any relevant disorders or diseases, such as diabetes
or early dementia, they will be unable to participate in the study.
The participants who pass all of the requirements on the questionnaire will then be informed that they will be paid $1,000 a year until death, all related
fees covered, to
Gagnon 7 participate in this Alzheimer's study. The subjects who accept must agree to wear a fitness tracker to track sleep and exercise. The subjects
must also agree to complete at least three hours of moderate exercise every week until the study is completed, until death, or until they drop out of the
study. This requirement is because exercise differentiations could be a confounding variable, so exercise must be held constant for all subjects.
Participants must also agree to take vitamin supplements and adapt to

A personвЂ™s orientation on a political issue, specifically...
A person's orientation on a political issue, specifically domestic public policies, is based on political ideology. Ideology is the position or attitude
towards the government system based on freedom in particular freedom from and freedom of as well as basing upon equality particularly equality of
opportunity and equality of outcome. Liberals tend to choose equality of outcome, the government ensuring equality through services, on economic
issues more so than conservatives who tend to chose equality of opportunity. Therefore, based on political ideology, a strong inference can be
establish as to what a person tends to be, liberal or conservative in this case concerning domestic pubic policies. However, do orientations on political
issues... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This method of measurement offers a reasonable amount of validity for a reason that includes a concise, clear question with different dimensions of
answer in which the person being survey may choose the number that best represents their attitude. To measure the presidential vote the following
question was asked, "for whom did you vote for President in 2012?' Again, the question is straightforward and unlikely to be confusing which ensures
validity and reliability. The options for the question regarding presidential vote are Obama, Romney, and other, which includes candidates from
minority parties. With the information and numerical figures obtained, a contingency table was conducted in order to compare the variables. However,
there seemed to be an abundance of information that could be arranged in a different manner in order for the comparison to be uncomplicated and easy
to interpret. To precisely illustrate the numerical figures and precisely compare both variables it is necessary to condense the information. First,

A Control Condition: An Experimental Study
A control condition, also known as a control group, is an important part of an experimental design because it allows one to identify other factors that
might be causing the effect that is being examined. In this particular case bad driving is the effect that is being examined. If a control condition was
not used, researchers may conclude that adults who use cell phones while driving are bad drivers. However, the study would not distinguish between
bad driving caused by talking on the phone versus drivers exhibiting bad driving habits. Variables that interfere with each other and their possible
effects are known as confounding variables. Confounding variables can be eliminated by using a control group. Without using a control group in this
study

Dynamic Influences Of Culture On Cooperation
According to Dynamic influences of culture on cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma (2005) by Wong & Hong, cultural symbols affect people's
behavior in specific situational contexts. In order to substantiate this hypothesis, the authors used a three by two between–subjects method, with one
hundred and seventy–one participants. In the study, the independent variable was icons, either from American, Chinese, or neutral backgrounds.
Additionally, the three dependent variables studied were cooperation versus defect, expectation of cooperation, and motivation to maximize join
outcome (Wong & Hong, 430). Furthermore, the measures of cultural priming were measured by exposing participants to seven slides of Chinese
cultural icons, such as a Chinese dragon, American cultural icons, such as the American flag, or neutral primes, such as geometry. The participants
were assigned randomly to the prime conditions and the procedure for each primes required participants to answered questions related to the prime they
were assigned to, such as naming the objects or describing the ideas represented. According to the authors, research has shown that these procedures
elicit the cultural knowledge systems among individuals that were needed in this study. After introducing the cultural primes, the study asked the
participants to play a strategy game, where outcomes depended on strategies chosen by the participant, and resulted in points gained or lost. However,
different strategies yielded

Essay On Matching Method
Thank you very much for the points of missing important assumptions and justifications of my matching method. Although it is commonly used in
finance area, I need to understand and consider these assumptions, limitations, and potential violation(s).
The evaluating causal effect of outside directors' dissention on the firm value is difficult, because it is almost impossible to observe the individual
effect. However, it is possible to estimate and compare the average treatment effect of the event (dissention) and the effect from the control group.
However, as you pointed, the confounding variable might involve in this relation. It is possible a confounding variable can influence the effect of
directors' dissention in the same way for all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is also reported by two recent studies that a dissention is a function of firm characteristics (Jiang et al., 2016; Ma and Khanna, 2015). It is also a
strong assumption in general because it is very difficult to find and control all possible confounding variables.
However, with a practical point of view, the conditional independence (or unconfoundedness) is stronger than the assumption used in statistical
software. It means that the treatment does not influence on the conditional mean of each potential outcomes after controlling the covariates. In this
study, it is possible to show that general firm characteristics are similar between the treatment group and the control group except firm value. Therefore,
it is possible to hold the conditional mean independent assumption after matching a sample, although it is difficult to hold the conditional independent
assumption.
Another assumption in this approach is the overlap assumption that each firm have a positive probability of having a dissention. There is no difference
in the chance of dissention between a firm in the treatment group and a firm in the control group. Statistically, it can be tested in a statistical software.
Please see the Stata results using teffects ipw and teffects overlap. Thank you very much for the points of missing important assumptions and
justifications of my matching method. Although it is commonly used in finance area, I need to understand and consider

Superworm Lab
The Effect of the Size of a Superworm Introduction: For this experiment we were given superworms to experiment on. It was up to use students to
decide what experiment we were going to perform on the worms. My group and I decided that we were going to observe how the size of the worms
would affect how they reacted towards natural objects such as: sticks, rocks, leaves, mulch, and a pinecone vs an artificial object such as a straw.
While doing this experiment, we observed the independent variable, dependent variable, the constants, and the controls of this experiment. I
hypothesized that the larger worms were going to be able to move over the objects and that the smaller worms would have a more difficult time
moving over the objects. Materials and Methods:... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first thing that we had to do before we even started the experiment was to collect our materials. We went outside and collected the natural
objects we were going to test with, and we found a straw that we would use as our artificial object. We placed all of our materials onto our desk.
The next step was to get the worms. We ended up getting five worms but due to the death of one, we only tested on four of the worms. We observed
the worms and we made sure to identify the sizes of the worms. After studying the worms we took the largest worm and decided to test it first. This
worm would be considered "extra–large". We placed the worm on the table and placed one of the objects in front of it. If the worm either backed up
or moved in another direction away from the object, then on our table that we constructed, we would give it an X. If the worm approached the object
comfortably, then he/she would get a check for that object on our table. After testing the extra–large worm, we tested the large worm, then the medium,
and lastly we tested the small

Pesticides : Pesticides And Pesticides
Pesticides are prevalent in many societies, they are used on crops to ward off insects and other nuisances, in homes to kill rodents, and in gardens to
remove weeds. It is interesting that humans are continuously exposed to chemicals that are literally used to kill other living things. Despite the fact
that many studies have shown that certain chemicals in pesticides have adverse side effects, pesticide use remains so common place that most people
are exposed to pesticides on an almost daily basis. There are many classes of pesticides, like organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids, and each
class of pesticides effects humans differently. In the empirical article "Organophosphorous pesticide exposures andsperm quality," Melissa Perry, et al.
look at the association between urinary organophospophorous (OP) pesticide metabolites and the concentration and motility of sperm.
The researchers of this study conducted an extremely thorough recruitment and subject selection process. This study focused on newly married couples
from agricultural regions in China, even though this study specifically focused on the effects that OP pesticides had on the males' semen quality, there
were criteria that both the men and the women in the marriages had to meet. The initial recruitment requirements were: this marriage was the first for
both parties, the wives were between the ages of 20 and 34 years, the wives were nonsmokers, they both were available for the study, they had to live

Childhood Limits Social Mobility
The primary source of the scientific literature, Study: Lead poisoning in childhood limits social mobility in adulthood, is JAMA. JAMA, the Journal of
the American Medical Association, is a peer reviewed medical journal that includes the latest medical research, reviews, and up to date guidelines. The
article published in JAMA suggested the grim effects of childhood lead exposure not only affecting a child during their youth, but continuously
following them into adulthood. Childhood lead exposure oppresses an individual negatively by ossifying an individual's cognitive development, but
also potentially limiting their socioeconomic advancement. 1 Duke University tracked a generation of kids using a nearly 30 year, New Zealand based
investigation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children who are poor have negative social determinants of health and are hit twice as hard. Being poor and being exposed to lead would pull in
even worse outcomes when compared with children who do not fall in the bracket of being poor. The results may be biased or even suggest
correlation when it doesn't exist. 3 The children who are poor may be suffering negative determinants of health that affect their IQ added upon their
exposure to lead. This may over exemplify the findings of the study.Confounding variables, such as the negative social determinants of being poor, may
be reduced by ensuring the study is conducted with random samples. 3 Another method may be introducing control variables, such as only measuring
students that are within a certain class separately and then comparing the

How Dissonance Can Be Reduced Essay
1. According to Festinger, dissonance is an unpleasant psychological tension that occurs when we... a. freely choose to do something even though
there are good reasons not to. b. have two contradictory cognitions in our mind c. are forced to do something that we would prefer not to. d.
answers b and c 2. Theoretically, there are four ways dissonance can be reduced. Which of the following is not one? a. eliminate consonant
cognitions b. minimize the importance of dissonance cognitions c. magnify the importance of consonant cognitions. d. all of the above are ways
dissonance can be reduced 3.In the ________ dissonance research paradigm, participants typically do something that they ordinarily would avoid
(e.g., say something that is not true, write a counter intuitive essay) and are provided a good or poor reason for having done so. a.forced compliance
b.free choice c.open commitment d.answers a and b 4.Reactance theory assumes... a. people are motivated to be free. b. people are motivated to
maintain freedoms they perceive themselves as having. c. the need for freedom is learned. d. all of the above 5. Which of the following should not
determine the magnitude of reactance? a. importance of the freedomc. firmness with which the freedom is established b. magnitude of the threat d. all
of the above should determine the magnitude of reactance 6. J. Brehm and his co–workers led some subjects to believe they could choose among 4
record albums (choice

Correlations and Confounding Variables
Correlations & Confounding Variables Correlations are measurements on the various variables that show a relationship among the variables
(Correlations, 2013). They determine an association between variables and how variables are associated with each other. Confounding variables are
third party variables that can show relationships among the dependent and independent variables without presenting a viable relationship with the
individual study (Spunt, 2011). The confounding variables can show relationships that are not necessarily true and do not prove changes in variables
are caused by other variables. Correlations do not always mean that the changes in variables cause changes in other variables and the confounding
variables can cause a correlation that is not necessarily true. Correlation measurements can show if and how variable pairs are related (Correlation,
2012). Quantifiable, or specific amounts, of data are used to determine statistical significance in measurements. The statistical significance determines
how likely the correlations are viable measurements or can be due to sampling errors or confounding variables that may not show true results.
Significance levels are used to determine the viability of the measurements. Confounding variables, such as weather, type, scope, etc. can be associated
with independent and dependent variables, but not necessarily prove an association or changes between the variables in a study. They do not prove that
a dependent variable

Literature Review On Intelligence
Search strategy
PsycINFO was the database I used for this literature summary. Firstly, I searched articles relate to breastfeeding. I tried to exhaust the results on this
topic by changing three kinds of phrasings (breast feeding, breastfeeding or breast fed), and they turned out to be 4,133. Secondly, I searched articles
relate to intelligence and because of the numerous amount of studies in this field, I specified it by choosing the following interested scopes – cognitive
ability, cognitive development, intelligence quotient, intelligence, and IQ. I also searched for cognitive measurement as a performance of intelligence,
using Cognit* to widen the results. I added up the articles on intelligence and cognition by the OR Boolean operator and got 430,710 results. Next, I
applied the AND Boolean operator to combine breastfeeding with intelligence and gained 262 pieces of studies. With the aim of exploring more about
the confounding effect on past literature, I searched confound in three ways, namely confound, confounded or confounded. The previous 262 outcomes
which were intersected with confound then attenuated to 22, this step also helped me narrow the scope down. All of the searches concentrated on title
and abstract, expect for confounding I look it up in the whole context.
I briefly read the introduction and discussion part of these studies, 5 out of 22 studies found that there is a positive association between breast feeding
and intelligence, whereas 7 studies claim the

Pros Of Confounding
To become a more thorough researcher, one must be able to evaluate and analyze the various components of their study, including that of the
independent and dependent variables, the participants, the experimental setting. Even during the process of designing one's study, trying to design a
study that does not have confounding variables, it can be a difficult task with much benefits. According to Halpern et al. (2007), "the fundamental goal
of psychological research: to discover the causes and consequences of behavior" (Halpern, Roediger, Sternberg, p. 131, 2007). Thusly, for
psychological research to show proper and true results without any alternate explanations, the study must be free of confounding variables. If there are
confounding variables ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having many measures in my study, with multiple readings and questionnaires, the order of the materials could have become a confound variable. For
example, if I were to let participants read the manipulated trial transcript then complete the questionnaires, they could guess the purpose of the study
(which is not juror decision making). I believe that besides one analyzing their study, having peer–reviews is very beneficial for founding out confounds
that could occur in one's study. For my peer review group, the suggestion of changing the ages was beneficial because not only have I haven't
thought about the issues with the previous ages (18, 23), but I understand why the new ages (17, 21) are more suitable. With the change of the ages
at a more appropriate age, my chances of confounds have decreased and could decrease suspicions from participants regarding the age difference.
This chapter has also made me aware of what experimental methods to lean on if I wanted to perform a study that was correlational. Overall, being
able to critically analyze the study and make changes to avoid confounds is the best for experimental and correlational studies to remain internally valid
for not only that current study, but future research as

Key Aspects Of Language And Communication : The Importance...
Language is a beautiful and mysterious thing that is essential to living a satisfying life. The number of languages spoken throughout the world is
astounding, let alone each individual dialect within those languages. There are differing opinions as to how language is acquired; whether it is
inborn, learned, or a mixture of both. No matter what stance an individual may take, it cannot be denied that language is the pure essence of human
life. The ability to communicate is essential for not only everyday life, but for an individual's future success. My desire to pursue this profession was
sparked when I was 17, and has not once faltered. The ability to communicate is often taken for granted by many, and when someone loses that ability
or has trouble with communicating, that person's quality of life decreases greatly. As humans, we have the innate desire to communicate with each
other. I want to enrich the lives of others by enabling them to communicate with those around them, therefore connecting them with the rest of the
world. Communication is the basis of human life, and I want to help all individuals have the ability to express themselves. Evidence based practice
is a key aspect of providing quality services to clients. We as clinicians need to be sure that we are implementing and utilizing methods that have been
researched and are proven to be successful. Research is a very important aspect of clinical practice, and I have been lucky enough to conduct research
with a

Odours And Memory Lab Report
The results of the experiment does not support the hypothesis that odours can improve memory and increase perceived alertness in individuals as
there appears to be no correlation. ylang ylang has been proven to have sedative and claming properties (Tisserand, 1993). Additionally, peppermint
was shown to produce a significant improvement in the quality of memory when compared to the control and ylang ylang group (Moss et al., 2008).
However, our results do not seem support past research done on such matters. Several confounding variables identified could be the reason for this
incongruity. First, the way the odors were introduced into the room is done differently with past research and with this experiment. Moss et al. (2008)
applied 4 drops of the odours to a diffuser pad for a "Tisserand Aroma–steam". The Aroma–steam was placed under the bench in the testing cubicles
and was switched on for 5 minutes prior to the participant entering the room. Ilmberger et al.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this experiment, odours were sprayed into the testing rooms. Such differences in the method of introducing the odours might affect the results.
Another confounding variable could be the room size. The size of a room will affect the diffusion of the odour and in turn, affect the extent participants
are affected. In Moss et al.'s (2008) study, each testing cubicle measured 2.4m long x 1.8m wide x 2.4 m high. The room size for Ilmberger et al. was
not mentioned. To add, no information was provided for the room size in this current study. Although Moss et al. (2008) mentioned that temperature
was maintained between 18 to 22 degrees Celsius throughout the testing sessions, temperature control was not taken into account in the current
experiment and in Ilmberger et al.'s

Judgment Under Uncertainty: The Validity Of
Introduction
In the psychology field, availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind. The replicated study was
conducted by Tversky and Kahneman in 1973 "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristic and Biased", the study was biased in judgments to reveal some
heuristic of thinking under certainty. This study was significant because it helps us understand the brain more. In order to investigate availability the
experiment presented four lists to the participants. Two of the lists had 19 famous male and 20 non–famous female names. They were asked to recall
as many names as possible in a matter of time. The results came in with a realization that people can easily recall famous names, it is harder ... Show
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On the Race of Participants graph it shows which race was able to identify the famous and non–famous names faster. The graph Male and Female
Participants, shows if females or males had more knowledge of the names. On the original study, this was significant to see if races or genders changes
the results of the participants. The Repeated Measurement, was a strength in the study because it was a success. The study was an opportunistic
self–selection, also a strength. The Limitations of the study was that some participants were talking during the experiment, Non–participants in the
experiment area, Classroom music playing in the background, Misnumbering of participants, Wrong powerpoint was used, and classroom setup in both
trials. For better results and improvement in this study the researcher recommends that the Non–participants are removed out of the room, no music in
the background, recount the number of participants at least twice, and set up the classroom in a way that will be good for the participants in the study.
The study was a success, the students were able to identify the number of famous names faster than non–famous names. Although, there were some
limitations that could affect the results, the study was still a

Research Design Essay: Evaluation of the Design of an...
Research Design Essay: Evaluation of the Design of an Experiment The ability to describe and critically assess a design of any research trial can be
beneficial in many various aspects. Firstly, it can assist in maintaining current knowledge through reading other empirical researches, developing
critical and analytical thinking skills and to practice the research process in order to carry out further studies (Christensen et al., 2014). In the current
trial, similar techniques will be employed to critically describe and assess the design in terms of raising any issues related to the experimental design.
The present trial consists of an environmental psychologist hired to assess a data entry company's employees work stations. The... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Accordingly, Accuracy is also a continuous variable that can be measured by the number of word errors per minute. To operationalize health symptoms,
a questionnaire was administered to measure how many work–related health symptoms they had experienced since the last assessment. Extraneous
variables are important to control because they provide another explanation for the dependent variable changing that is not due to the independent
variable. Extraneous variables take two forms; Systematic Error and Random Error (Ghilani, 2010). In the present trial, a number of systematic errors
have been identified. Since all the independent variables are manipulated between groups they yield their own unique set of extraneous variables. The
obvious problem with between groups design is that they are tested between groups. Two groups of people differ in various things and it is difficult to
control both relevant and irrelevant factors. Random assignment has been used to control this confound; however this does not prevent other
systematic errors that comes with individual differences. This could possibly be resolved by using a repeated measures design, which consequently
eliminates the problem of group differences arising from individual differences (Christensen et al., 2014). Pre–existing skills of the workers may have
an impact on the result that may be difficult to control. Each worker may have different levels of expertise that contributes to the

Nature Vs. Nurture
Scientists have been investigating about genetic inheritance and its influence on behavior in humans. A gene is the unit of heredity that is passed on
from parent to offspring. These investigations have been conducted because there has been a lot of debate about whether human behavior is more
influenced by genetics or the environment. This debate is also called "Nature Vs. Nurture". Although there is a clear correlation between genetics and
behavior, genetic inheritance only has a partial influence due to the environmental factors that also play a role in shaping behavior. This statement can
be supported by correlational studies that have been performed by numerous scientists over many years. Correlational studies are used to investigate if
two variables have a relationship with each other, without actually knowing if one causes the other. Scientists use twin and adoption cases for the
correlational study of genes and environment with behavior as it allows specific variables to be tested. For example, since twins share the same genetic
information, analyzing pairs of twins when they are in different environments helps scientists record a correlation between genes and environment with
behavior. Adoptive studies also help see if different environments have a bigger influence than genes on behavior by comparing a child's behavior with
with their biological and adoptive parents'. The Minnesota Twin Study of 1990 was conducted by Bouchard to investigate if genetics and

The Memory Interference Test ( Mit )
The Memory Interference Test (MIT) is a computerized experiment that gauges the cognitive functioning of undergraduate students through visual or
auditory prompts to test memory. The MIT is particularly used to test patient's memory in situations where a brain injury is in question, the results in
performance are compared to standardized scores of their peers. There is an inverse relationship between the amount of memory target items and
performance: as the number of items the subject was exposed to increased their performance significantly decreased (Komori 2016). Does previous
expose to the MIT and thus previous exposure to other target items account for the decrease in number of correct items? Using a sample size of 10,090
the study examines the relationship between performance and if the subject has had previous exposure to an MIT. The alternative hypothesis that there
is a statistically significant difference in the number of correct picture items and if it was the subjects first MIT attempt, which directly contradicts the
null hypothesis that there is no difference in the number of correct picture items and wether or not it was the first MIT preformed.
Materials and Methods The MIT does not measure intelligence, rather the subjects memory and does so through three different cognitive assessments:
picture memory (PMIT), auditory memory (AMIT) and word memory (WMIT). One of the three neuro–cognitive tests is preformed, the PMIT flashes
a picture, the AMIT flashes

Essay Week 1 Homework
Question 6. Many drug safety research studies are sponsored by pharmaceutical companies that would financially benefit if the results of the study are
favorable. Is this an example of a potential confounding factor? A confounding factor is an important difference between the two groups you are
comparing, other then the one you're primarily interested in. With regards to this question, there would most likely be two groups involved in the
experimental study: the control group and the treatment group. The control group would receive a placebo while the treatment group was administered
the drug. Because the sponsoring pharmaceutical most likely has a personal interest in the success of the drug, and hence a desirable effect from the...
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With regards to construction laborers – I would like to see similar demographic information, if deaths occur at varying rates regarding geographic
location, and how deaths toll when comparing varying construction projects. Often, construction workers are young men who are in better health, then
perhaps a seasoned older fisherman who's skills improve with age and experience. Construction workers may be promoted to "safer" jobs, such as
managers, team leader, etc. and are not directly out in the field handling equipment that may be directly associated with the deaths. Although the driver
/sales workers and truck drivers had the largest count of total deaths, and refuse and recyclable material collectors had the least count of total deaths,
the fishers/and fishing workers had the highest rate of total deaths to total employed and construction laborers had the lowest rate of total deaths to total
employees (we were calculating the ratio to determine the rates based on the subject group – deaths – to the total possible participants – employees).
15. Observational or experimental? Observational study. Can you think of a confounding factor here? ???????????????????????????????????
/ Depending on the environment in which the study was done, the participant may have felt rushed or pressured to choose to answer immediately rather

Gonorrhoea Case Studies
3.3.9 Sample Size For both nested case–control studies, no sample size calculation was performed. T minimize case selection bias, Merrill and
Timmreck (2006) recommended whenever possible, including diagnosed cases if these are available. Following this recommendation, all newly
chlamydia and gonorrhoea cases identified from their respective study cohorts were selected for analysis. For the chlamydia study, the sample size
was 37,419 chlamydia cases and 374,419 aged–matched controls. Whereas for the gonorrhoea study, the sample size was 4,987 gonorrhoea cases and
49,870 aged–matched controls. 3.3.10 Data Recoding Prior to analysis, the variables shown in Table 3.6were recategorized into new variables. These
re–categorizations... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Army with a newly diagnosed gonorrhoea during the study period 2006 to 2012. Additionally, the case definition of repeat gonorrhoea diagnosis, the
study variables extracted from the DMSS and the sample size were presented. With regard to data analysis of repeat gonorrhoea diagnosis, two
variance–corrected models were presented: the Andersen–Gill and Prentice–Williams–Peterson with gap time. The Andersen–Gill model assumes that
repeat events are independent observations. In contrast, the Prentice–Williams–Peterson model considers that the first repeat event influences the
occurrence of a subsequent repeat event. Both regression models were used to determine the effect of demographic and military study variables on the
risk of repeated gonorrhoea

The Effects Of Coral Reef Ecosystem On Coral Reefs...
The present study consistent with previous finding by Casey et al. (2016) and Jennings et al. (1995) regarding bottom up processes in coral reef
ecosystem. Also show a profound contrast to widely accepted top–down processes in coral reef ecosystem, indicated by weak relationship on
prey–predator interaction and strong positive relationship between hard coral cover and fish biomass.
Despite there are more studies confirm cascading effect in coral reefs such as indirect effect on mesopredator and herbivore density( (Friedlandler
and DeMartini 2002; Ruppert et al. 2013; Ritchie and Johnson 2009), algal cover sponge cover (Rasher et al 2013; Loh et al. 2015) resulting decline
in coral cover and juvenile coral (Rasher et al 2013; Casey et al 2015). However, most of those research were conducted in region where confounding
factors persists such as fishing pressure across many trophic levels (predator, herbivore, planktivore), pollution, and terrestrial run–off. Eventhough
some research were conducted in the nearly pristine area, such as Dulvy (2004) in Lau Island Fiji with human population densities ranging between
two and 42 people km–2. However, this area may not be pristine in a historical context and non exclusive predator fishing still occurs. Hence, recent
unambiguous empirical evidence of trophical cascade in coral reef ecosystem with the absent of confounding factors was scarce (Ferretti et al 2010).
Our results largerly consistent with Casey (2016) that found no

Should School Uniforms Hinder Psychological Development?
External expression is not just the perception of you from others; it is more like an inward feeling that outwardly defines oneself. Restriction of
expression in adolescence can inhibit one 's psychological development. The "feeling" aspect comes from self evaluation and confidence. A seemingly
specific, yet broad subject of expression is school uniforms. School uniforms have been apparent in the world since the year 1222. In recent years,
school uniforms have become a hot topic in American education. Though still existing in our great country, adopting school uniforms has not been
shown to improve either behavior or academic achievement; it is time to abandon them. The brain is a fascinating and delicate organ. Its is responsible
for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This shows that expression can help form a person's psychological composure among other things. Another common argument for school uniforms is
the topic of bullying. It is said that school uniforms reduce the acts of bullying; that is simply not true. "School uniforms increased the average
number of assaults by about 14 [per year] in the most violent schools." and "Overall, there is no evidence in bullying literature that supports a
reduction in violence due to school uniforms" (Shawn Jeffords). Though bullying only really increased in violent neighborhoods, it is still said and
constantly shown, with statistics, that uniforms do not decrease the act of bullying. It is a concept of uniforms that seems like it may work but has
not. Most just go by what seems right rather than looking at hard facts. Assumptions are made by everyone, no matter the topic. When knowing or
claiming a "fact", it seems that many will not take further consideration and believe what they are told. The mentality that, if it sounds true, then it
must be true, is a mentality that too many people follow on a daily basis. Professor Beverly D. Flaxington said, "research shows we are wrong better
than 50% of the time... we make assumptions because we simply do not have the time to think something through or do an

Viewing Cute Images Increases Behavioral Carefulness
Sercan Д°Еџcan – Tourism Management – 10020003017 PART I. Sherman, G. D., Haidt, J., & Coan, J. A. (2009). Viewing cute images increases
behavioral carefulness. Emotion, 9, 282–286. doi:10.1037/a0014904 This article examined how the perception of cuteness influences behavioral
carefulness, enhancing people's ability to care for infants. While researchers took physiological measures of heart activity and skin conductance, they
exposed participants to a slide show of pictures of either i) infant animals (kittens and puppies) previously judged as very cute, or ii) adult animals
(cats and dogs) judged to be less cute. Both before and after the slideshow, participants played the game "Operation" that required them to use tweezers
to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because longitudinal types of researches are mostly more reliable than cross sectional ones. 4– External validity is the degree to which the conclusions
in particular study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times. It's simply called generalizing. So; in this research we can't really
be sure whether the external validity is strong or not. This is because we have not given the information of sampling techniques used in the experiment
and the population of research is in a great value (''people's ability to care infants'') 5– Pretest and Posttest means checking whether the groups are
different before the manipulation starts (DV) and the effect of the manipulation (IV). In this research researchers used slide show of pictures of infant
and adult animals to the samplings. By using this measurement, researchers can evaluate after/before effect. Pretest and Posttest measurement is a
critical instrument especially in this study because, this experiment focused on human psychology and as it is very vulnerable to the external changes.
(Samples are imposed to see pictures) 6– Taking any important test (let's say ALES in this case) could motivate the carefulness because it takes high
level of motivation as well as when a doctor conducts open heart surgery he/she needs to be careful in the sake of others life. Wearing bunny costume
versus witch costume in Halloween stimulates cuteness as well as putting ''baby on board''

Pull Factors For High School Dropout Rates In The United...
High school dropout rates are a common and persistent concern for many states. Often times, a higher rate of dropouts can reflect negatively on the
quality of education within the state. There are various factors that contribute to the dropout rates observed throughout the country. These factors are
commonly split up as "push," "pull," and "falling" factors. "Push" factors are factors within the school environment that causes the students to be
"pushed out" of the institution. "Falling" factors are students becoming apathetic towards school which leads to decrease in school performance, often
due to insufficient support both personally and academically. "Pull" factors are factors that relate to the students themselves outside of the school
which diverts them from finishing school. Rather than focusing on all three factors, I decided to focus on the "pull" factors in order to keep things
simple. My regression will focus on the effect change in minimum wage on the rate of graduation for high school students.
My data includes over 350 cases of secondary panel data. The cases reflect the change in basic minimum wage through the years of 2000–2013 in 50
U.S states, but I will be focusing on the years of 2002–2009. This data was obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of State Standards
Programs Wage and Hour Division. This data is observational, which means that I will have to be aware of various confounding factors that I will be
encountering. The data is a micro

How Social Exclusion Affects The Feeling Of Physical Coldness
Psychologists Chen–Bo Zhong and Geoffrey Leonardelli from the University of Toronto wanted to analyze the idea that social exclusion generates a
physical response of coldness. In 2008, they did just that by carrying out an experimental study to address two questions in two different experiments;
whether recall of a specific (social exclusion) event influences the feeling of physical coldness. The second experiment is based on the hypothesis of
the first, given that coldness leads to the liking for warm or cold food. The present paper examines whether or not notions such as "cold and lonely" are
expressions that can be applied to reality and not just an abstract illustration. Empirical evidence is adequately provided supporting the ... Show more
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The purpose was to revive their feelings of isolation and loneliness. Comparatively, the other group recalled an experience in which they had been
socially acknowledged and included into a group. Researchers hypothesized that priming social exclusion, as opposed to inclusion, would lead
participants to report lower room temperature in experiment 1 and thus prefer hot food and drink in Experiment 2. The results of the experiments were
in line with the experimental predictions that social exclusion leads to physical coldness and that the lack of social acceptance leads people to seek
hot food and drinks. The following paragraphs will analyze Zhong's research, evaluating strengths, limitations, and possible improvements for
Experiment 1 and 2.
Going through the methodology, the participants were students at the University of Toronto and were asked to recall a social exclusion event. It is a
between–participants design, making it interesting to analyze individual differences in recall and how cold they felt afterwards. However, this doesn't
equate for external validity, as it is very unclear by what event the participants referred to as social exclusion. The researchers refer to previous studies
carried out by Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996) in the introduction about the physical signs of social influence. This experiment however, is carried out
in Toronto; the

The Effects Of Cognitive Ability On Social Media Use
The recruitment of participants shall come from the University aged population, 18–26. This aged will be chosen because they are living in an
environment with a prevalence of technological apparatuses, and they are more likely to be engaged in the pursuit of further education at a
post–secondary institution. In light of this, we will seek to gain a representative sample of this population. With this is mind, we will seek to gain
participants through traditional and contemporary advertising, this includes asking for participants through print media, through email, and by phone,
the entire process being randomized. The intent is to acquire a random sample that represents the population, both in demographic/socioeconomic terms
and in terms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, participants shall be provided with a series of unrelated words, to review for a specific time period, and then asked to write down as
many as they can remember. Tests like these have good test–retest reliability (Ma et al. 2017, 2). Also, it appears to measure working–memory.
Turning now to social media, social media shall be operationalized as a user–oriented platform, for the purpose of this experiment we will be going to
focus on the aforementioned popular social media platforms, but including time spent on social media outside of this domain. Suffice it to say, that if
it looks like social media, it probably is.
Finally, social media use will be determined by the random assignment of the participants to one of the three conditions. In order to provide accurate
conditions, participants shall fist complete a questionnaire pertaining to their social media use, from this data we will take the average and make our
manipulations from it. For example, if it is found that the average time spent on social media is two hours, we will have a low social media condition
of one hour or less, and a high social media condition of three hours or more, the intent is to ensure our manipulations are realistic and large enough to
determine if there is an effect. This questionnaire will be tested before the commencement of the study to ensure it has reliable test–retest reliability.
Besides this,

Article Review On Texting And Writing
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp–dyn/content/article/2009/10/19/AR2009101902878.html?wprss=rss_technology Section 1: In the 21st century,
older generations are worried that the younger generation are becoming less intelligent because of the constant use of technology. In this article, a
psychologist cleared up this worry. The psychologist stated in the article that " Kids who are good spellers [academically] are good spellers in
instant messaging, and kids who are poor spellers in English class are poor spellers in instant messaging." The implied conclusion is that texting and
writing in school do not relate negatively. This study is a positive correlation however, the coefficient is very low. Children have learned that their
texting language and their language at school is completely separate. The are easily able to go back and forth from one to another once they have
become accustomed to both of these languages. Students know that there is a difference between correctly writing a paper in school and correctly
writing a text. According to the article and the implied conclusion, parents do not need to worry about their children's texting skills ruining their
spelling habits. Section 2: Template for Analyzing Experiments Research Step Your Description of the Research Step Hypothesis: What is the expected
relationship? We hypothesize that one who texts often is not affected when having to spell normally. Subjects: Who is being studied? How did you
select the

The Mozart Effect : Classical Music Makes You Smarter
The music of Mozart has been long praised. His classical sonatas and concertos continue to be recognized as some of the greatest works of music of all
time. Since Mozart's death, many have argued over the relationship between listening to Mozart and intelligence, with many arguing that classical
music makes you smarter. Although many myths surrounding the topics of Mozart and intelligence exist, in this paper, I will be addressing the myth
in the context that solely listening to the music of Mozart will improve cognitive performance before academic functions such as tests. In order to
understand, one must understand the history of the myth. The term "Mozart Effect" is commonly used to discuss the general correlation between
Mozart and increased intelligence. However, this term is applicable to many different tests and relationships. For example, the Mozart Effect can be
used to describe the relationship between listening to Mozart while in the womb and increased intelligence. While this is a common myth, it is not the
myth discussed in this paper. I will be addressing the "Mozart Effect" based on Dr. Gordon Shaw's theory of the Mozart Effect, which states "listening to
classical music makes you smarter." After conducting a study in which college students took an IQ test before and after listening to Mozart's famed
"Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major," Shaw claimed that the student's IQ increased by "as much as 9 points." This conclusion sparked many tests,
ranging from

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