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Running Head: LASA 1: Final Project: Early Methods Section
1
USE AND MISUSE OF INFORMATION PRESENTED AS
PERCENTAGE 2
LASA 1: Final Project: Early Methods Section
Name
Class
Instructor
School.
Date
1. What is your research question? My research question for this
study is, what is the relationship between peer pressure and
underage drinking?
2. at is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null
hypothesis? There is a positive correlation between peer
pressure and underage drinking. My null hypothesis is There is
no correlation between peer pressure and underage drinking.
3. How many participants would you like to use and why? What
are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in
order to be included in your study (for example, gender,
diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion
characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would
exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need
to be diverse? Why or why not? For this study I think I would
use about 200 students from 4 different schools in the same
general area. I would get 25 students from each school, my
inclusion characteristics would be female and male students
ages 10-20, different social groups, grades levels, and those
who have had an alcoholic drink. Some Exclusion
characteristics would be kids who are too old, homeschooled, or
have never had a drink. The sample for this study needs to be
diverse because I don’t believe one could get an accurate
reading and or estimation of which students are under the
influence and which aren’t without a large population of
samples. The samples do not need to be completely diverse
however because I am still looking for a certain type of person
in a limited group.
4. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample?
What population does your sample generalize to? The sampling
technique which will be used to collect my sample
isconvenience sampling. Convenience sampling is a non-
probability statistical method of drawingrepresentativedata by
selecting people because of the ease of their volunteering or
selecting units because of their availability or easy access.
Convenience sampling is limited when generalizing. Since the
sample is not representative of the population, the results of the
study cannot speak for the entire population. This results to a
low external validity of the study.
5. What are the variables in your study? The two variables in
my study are peer pressure and underage drinking.
6. Provide operational definitions for each variable.
Peer pressure is the influence you feel from a person or group
of people to do something you might not otherwise consider
doing. Peer pressure isn’t always a negative thing. It can be a
positive influence and help challenge or motivate you to do
your best. However, it’s helpful to recognize that peer pressure
can also be negative. It can result in you doing something that
doesn’t fit with your sense of right and wrong. Peer pressure
can be present at school or within a broader community. It can
affect people of all ages and backgrounds. Peer pressure can
affect you directly, indirectly, and individually.
7. How will you measure each variable? Discuss the reliability
and validity of these measures in general terms.
I would use survey’s to measure peer pressure and age
incidences of underage drinking. The Inventory I would use to
would be one like Clasen & Brown. Clasen conducted a Peer
Pressure Inventory in which teens were asked to rate how much
pressure they felt from their peers in several areas such as
school involvement, misconduct, and peer conformity. Several
items on the Peer Values Measure were adapted from the Peer
Pressure Inventory and others were generated by researchers of
the current study. To measure underage drinking survey would
include questions on when they first started to drink, how often
they do it, how they feel when they drink, and the circumstances
of how they started to drink.
8. What technique will be used for data collection (e.g.,
observation, survey, interview, archival, etc.)? I plan to use a
survey or interview technique for data collection. Since its
dealing with children it will be more about how comfortable
they feel talking about it privately of filling out anonymous
surveys.
9. What type of research design is being used? For this project I
would use a Correlational Design for my research. Correlational
research is also known as associational research. Relationships
among two or more variables are studied without any attempt to
influence them. Investigates the possibility of relationships
between two variables. There is no manipulation of variables in
correlational research Correlational studies describe the
variable relationship via a correlation coefficient. Some
advantages are it allows testing of expected relationships
between and among variables and the making of predictions.
Can assess these relationships in everyday life events.
Disadvantages are that it cannot be used to draw inferences
about the causal relationships between and among the variables.
10. Briefly discuss the procedure that would be followed when
conducting the research. First I need to establish the aim of my
research in this case it would be to find the correlation between
peer pressure and underage drinking, then move on to research
and determine my sample group. For this study since it about
underage drinking all of my samples I would get from schools
in a controlled neighborhood. Children as young as middle
school age clear up until senior year of high school. Once I
know who my target group is I need to work out the
methodology of how I want to conduct the experiments whether
it be face to face or by mail. For this study I am thinking I will
possible use face to face interviews with the older kids and
anonymous surveys with the younger children or vice versa.
Surveys are the best bet because they take the least amount of
time to collect plus most people feel more comfortable writing
things like this down when they know that people can’t put a
face to the name. Next would be structuring and designing my
questionnaire and determining what types of questions to ask.
Most of these questions would be things like, When did you
have your first drink, who were you with, what was going
through your mind when you took the first sip, did you feel
pressured whether directly or indirectly to drink? Lastly I would
Analyze my results and draw my conclusions about the
information I gathered and what I learned.
11. What are some POTENTIAL ethical issues? How might they
be addressed?
Since this study will be done on underage children they will
need signed consent from their parents to participate in it. Many
students might not be willing to be honest unless I promise
confidentiality and the parents might not want that because they
would want to know I their children are drinking or trying to
coerce fellow students into it. The way I could address this is to
accept the surveys anonymously from students who have
informed consent.
Reference
Clasen, D. R., & Brown, B. B. (1985). The multidimensionality
of peer pressure in adolescence. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 14, 451-468.
You are about one year into the job of Executive Director for a
mid-sized nonprofit (30 staff, 50 volunteers). You took over
after the Founder departed, and overall the past year has gone
very well in building trust and credibility with the staff and
volunteers. Your biggest issue you seem to be facing is with
your current Board of Directors. There have been four meetings
since you took over as Executive Director. Those meetings had
weak attendance, lacked focus, and seemed more like a way for
the Board to feel good about their association with a great
organization than productive working sessions. There are
currently 12 Board members. Most have been on the board for
more than ten years, and you know the board needs
revitalization. You want it to move to a combined working –
governing board, and would really like to see some changes in
composition. Ideally, you would like to rebuild the Board to a
strong set of 15-18 engaged members that take active roles in
governance, fund raising, and ongoing succession planning.
Write a memo to the Board or Board Chair that shares your
concerns and hopes for the future.
Running Head: Assignment 2: Final Project: Sampling
1
USE AND MISUSE OF INFORMATION PRESENTED AS
PERCENTAGE 2
Assignment 2: Final Project: Sampling
Name
Class
Instructor
School.
Date
The topic I chose for this paper is the effect of peer pressure on
conformity. My research question for this study is what is the
relationship between peer pressure and underage drinking? My
hypothesis is that peer pressure in adolescents is directly
connected to underage drinking and teen alcoholism because the
urge to conform is so high. For this study I would use a
convenience sampling method since it would require samples
from many volunteers so I can gather a wide variety of
information.
3. A 1-2 page description of the sample you would like to use
for your study, that provides the answer to the following
questions:
a. What sampling technique would you use?
b. Does the sample generalize to the population? Explain why
or why not.
c. What inclusion criteria would be used? What exclusion
criteria would be used, if any?
d. What ethical issues might be encountered when collecting
your information from this sample?
Additional Sources:
Palmeri, J. (2014, January 1). Peer Pressure and Alcohol Use
amongst College Students. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from
http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/opus/issues/2011/fall/peer
This article goes over peer pressure experienced by college
students and how it can tie into alcohol abuse in amongst
college students. I thought this would be helpful information
because it was written by a senor college student in the
psychology program at NYU.
Santor, D. A., Messervey, D., & Kusumakar, V. (2000). Peer
pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and
girls: Predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and
substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 163-182.
This source goes over many things adolescents face in their
lifetime. This discusses how peer pressure popularity and
conformity have an effect on school performance sexual
attitudes and substance abuse. I think this source would be very
helpful since it expands on my study topic even more.
Teen Problems With Alcoholism. (2014, January 1). Retrieved
September 18, 2014, from
http://www.projectknow.com/research/teen-problems-with-
alcoholism/#learn
This project know source is actually I program I was involved
with back in high school when I was completing my senior
project on teens helping teens with substance abuse. Project
know is a corporation based on getting teens and parents
educated and aware about the growing problems within today’s
youth. It goes over a wide variety of problems teens many
experience like substance abuse and peer pressure. This is also
very helpful because it expands on the topic.
Underage Drinking: A Major Public Health Challenge. (2003,
June 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa59.html
This article I chose because it is all about underage drinking.
The information comes from NIAAA “National Institute on
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism” I think the information from
this site would be very helpful because their information is
especially collected from patients who used their groups and
rehabs to get clean. The information relayed here is direct from
sources of youth who experienced the addiction themselves.
Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., & Brand, N. H.
(2004). Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on
alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates.
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 19-30.
doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.19
This article struck home for me and I found it very useful. It
asks the question “Do parents still matter?” Of course referring
to parents opinion on anything their child does. Do teens still
even respect their parents thoughts or opinions? So many
children today believe that their parents are unfun, unfair, and
way to worried about things that don’t seem like a big deal to
them. This of course also connects to alcoholism and underage
drinking.
Outline
Introduction paragraph:
Reasearch Question:
a. Introduction or Statement of the Problem (e.g. Predictors
of Depression in Men)
i. Research question
ii. Why is it important
iii. Revised hypothesis based on feedback from the instructor
b. Review of the Literature (the following is an example for
above topic):
i. Brief description of depression, symptoms, and any unique
symptoms for men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this
information).
ii. How widespread is it? Stats on depression in general but
also stats on depression in men (Cite articles from which you
will obtain this information).
iii. List factors that put men at risk for depression (Cite
articles).
1. Difficulty communicating distress or sadness (Cite
articles).
2. Job/work pressures (Cite articles).
iv. Demographic characteristics (Cite articles).
1. Relationship between age and depression (Cite articles).
2. Relationship between marital status and depression (Cite
articles).
References
Age-Of-Sage. (2014, June 17). Social Pressure and Perception.
Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://www.age-of-the-
sage.org/psychology/social/asch_conformity.html#Solomon_Asc
h_study_conformity_experiment
Cherry, K. (2013, August 1). Conformity and Peer Pressure.
Retrieved September 9, 2014, from
http://www.netplaces.com/psychology/social-interactions-and-
interpersonal-behavior/conformity-and-peer-pressure.htm
Conformity and Group Dynamics | Heroic Imagination Project.
(2013, January 1). Retrieved September 10, 2014, from
http://heroicimagination.org/public-resources/social-influence-
forces/conformity-and-group-dynamics/
Encina, G. (2004, November 15). Milgram's Experiment on
Obedience to Authority. Retrieved September 9, 2014, from
http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/ucce50/ag-
labor/7article/article35.htm
Konnikova, M. (2011, July 14). The Pervasive Threat of
Conformity: Peer Pressure Is Here to Stay | Big Think.
Retrieved September 10, 2014, from http://bigthink.com/artful-
choice/the-pervasive-threat-of-conformity-peer-pressure-is-
here-to-stay
Palmeri, J. (2014, January 1). Peer Pressure and Alcohol Use
amongst College Students. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from
http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/opus/issues/2011/fall/peer
Rubinstein, N. (2013, October 29). Peer Pressure. Retrieved
September 8, 2014, from
http://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/peer-pressure
Santor, D. A., Messervey, D., & Kusumakar, V. (2000). Peer
pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and
girls: Predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and
substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 163-182.
Teen Problems With Alcoholism. (2014, January 1). Retrieved
September 18, 2014, from
http://www.projectknow.com/research/teen-problems-with-
alcoholism/#learn
Underage Drinking: A Major Public Health Challenge. (2003,
June 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa59.html
Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., & Brand, N. H.
(2004). Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on
alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates.
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 19-30.
doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.19
Assignment 2: Final Project: Introduction, Literature Review,
and Methods Section 1
Assignment 2: Final Project: Introduction, Literature Review,
and Methods Section 2
Final Project: Introduction, Literature Review, and Methods
Section
Name
Class
Instructor
School.
Date9/30/14
Introduction/Literature Review
Peer pressure relies on interpersonal relations and the
strength of friendship amongst age mates to thrive. Young
people can develop such friendship bonds especially when they
are in closer contact with each other every day hence brainstorm
on many issues. However, based on the fact they are incapable
of rational judgment and are indecisive due to their tender ages,
they are vulnerable to peer pressure. Peer pressure therefore is
more common in young people for the above reasons. The topic
I chose for this paper is the effect of peer pressure on
conformity. My research question for this study is what is the
relationship between peer pressure and underage drinking? My
hypothesis is that peer pressure in adolescents is directly
connected to underage drinking and teen alcoholism. The
sampling technique which will be used to collect my sample is
convenience sampling.
Convenience sampling is a non-probability statistical
method of drawing representative data by selecting people
because of the ease of their volunteering or selecting units
because of their availability or easy access. Convenience
sampling is limited when generalizing. Since the sample is not
representative of the population, the results of the study cannot
speak for the entire population. This results to a low external
validity of the study. The advantages of this type of sampling
are the availability and the quickness with which data can be
gathered. The disadvantages are the risk that the sample might
not represent the population as a whole, and it might be biased
by volunteers. For example, a study to determine the average
age and sex of gamblers at a casino that is conducted for three
hours on a weekday afternoon might be overrepresented by
elderly people who have retired and underrepresented by people
of working age
The two variables in my study are peer pressure and
underage drinking. Peer pressure is the influence you feel from
a person or group of people to do something you might not
otherwise consider doing. Peer pressure isn’t always a negative
thing. It can be a positive influence and help challenge or
motivate you to do your best. However, it’s helpful to recognize
that peer pressure can also be negative. It can result in you
doing something that doesn’t fit with your sense of right and
wrong. Peer pressure can be present at school or within a
broader community. It can affect people of all ages and
backgrounds. Peer pressure can affect you directly, indirectly,
and individually. Underage Drinking refers to any use of
alcohol by persons under the legal drinking age of 21.
Consumption and/or purchase of alcohol by persons under the
age of 21 is illegal in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
According to the NIAAA Alcohol Policy Information System
(APIS) while all 50 States and DC prohibit underage possession,
only 30 prohibit consumption and 47 prohibit purchase.
(APIS,2009)
Methodology
Participants
For this study I think I would use about 200 students from 4
different schools in the same general area. I would get 25
students from each school, my inclusion characteristics would
be female and male students ages 10-20, different social groups,
grades levels, and those who have had an alcoholic drink. Some
Exclusion characteristics would be kids who are too old,
homeschooled, or have never had a drink. The sample for this
study needs to be diverse because I don’t believe one could get
an accurate reading and or estimation of which students are
under the influence and which aren’t without a large population
of samples. The samples do not need to be completely diverse
however, because I am still looking for a certain type of person
in a limited group.
Instruments
The instruments I will use to collect the data for this study will
be a series of surveys and Clasen & Browns Peer Pressure
Inventory in which teens were asked to rate how much pressure
they felt from their peers in several areas such as school
involvement, misconduct, and peer conformity.(Clasen,1985)
The 5 things I would focus on the most during these data
collection processes will be, Drinking Beliefs: Attitudes Toward
Alcohol Use, Alcohol Expectancies Typical alcohol attitude
items ask young people how wrong they think it is for someone
their age to drink beer, wine, or hard liquor or how “good” or
“bad” drinking is. Alcohol expectancies are measured with
items focusing on perceived personal consequences of drinking.
Specifically, respondents are asked how likely or unlikely they
think it is that a series of consequences would happen to them
personally if they were to have 3 or more drinks.
Refusal/resistance efficacy beliefs refer to perceptions of one’s
own ability to resist drinking, refuse drink offers, and resist
direct pressure to drink.
Procedure
First I need to establish the aim of my research in this case it
would be to find the correlation between peer pressure and
underage drinking, then move on to research and determine my
sample group. For this study since it about underage drinking
all of my samples I would get from schools in a controlled
neighborhood. Children as young as middle school age clear up
until senior year of high school. Once I know who my target
group is I need to work out the methodology of how I want to
conduct the experiments whether it be face to face or by mail.
For this study I am thinking I will anonymous surveys. Surveys
are the best bet because they take the least amount of time to
collect plus most people feel more comfortable writing things
like this down when they know that people can’t put a face to
the name. Before doing this I plan to gain written informed
consent from these peoples parents or legal guardians for them
to participate in the study. Next would be structuring and
designing my questionnaire and determining what types of
questions to ask. Most of these questions would be things like,
When did you have your first drink, who were you with, what
was going through your mind when you took the first sip, did
you feel pressured whether directly or indirectly to drink?
Lastly I would Analyze my results and draw my conclusions
about the information I gathered and what I learned.
Ethical Issues:
Since this study will be done on underage children they will
need signed consent from their parents to participate in it. Many
students might not be willing to be honest unless I promise
confidentiality and the parents might not want that because they
would want to know I their children are drinking or trying to
coerce fellow students into it. The way I could address this is to
accept the surveys anonymously from students who have
informed consent.
Sources
Alcohol Policy Information System (APIS). (2007). State
profiles of underage drinking laws. National Institute on
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Accessed December 19, 2007,
from the World Wide Web:
http://www.alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/stateprofiles//index.asp
Clasen, D. R., & Brown, B. B. (1985). The multidimensionality
of peer pressure in adolescence. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 14, 451-468.
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD.
(2008). Prevention of Underage Drinking: Logic Model
Documentation (pp. 3-8).
Running Head: Assignment 2: Final Project: Sampling
1
USE AND MISUSE OF INFORMATION PRESENTED AS
PERCENTAGE 6
Assignment 2: Final Project: Sampling
Name
Class
Instructor
School.
Date
The topic I chose for this paper is the effect of peer pressure on
conformity. My research question for this study is what is the
relationship between peer pressure and underage drinking? My
hypothesis is that peer pressure in adolescents is directly
connected to underage drinking and teen alcoholism because the
urge to conform is so high. For this study I would use a
convenience sampling method since it would require samples
from many volunteers so I can gather a wide variety of
information.
I am using the convenience sampling technique for this study.
Convenience sampling is a non-probability statistical method of
drawingrepresentativedata by selecting people because of the
ease of their volunteering or selecting units because of their
availability or easy access. The advantages of this type of
sampling are the availability and the quickness with which data
can be gathered. The disadvantages are the risk that the sample
might not represent the population as a whole, and it might be
biased by volunteers. For example, a study to determine the
average age and sex of gamblers at a casino that is conducted
for three hours on a weekday afternoon might be
overrepresented by elderly people who have retired and
underrepresented by people of working age
Convenience sampling is a non-probability; Non-
probability samples are limited with regard to generalization.
Because they do not truly represent a population, we cannot
make valid inferences about the larger group from which they
are drawn. Validity can be increased by approximating random
selection as much as possible, and making every attempt to
avoid introducing bias into sample selection. Since subjects
with this sampling technique are chosen at random because of
their accessibility it would be hard to narrow down to many
criteria for choosing samples. Since I want to know the direct
coloration between peer pressure, the desire to conform, and
underage drinking some inclusion criteria would be: age,
gender, location, and education status. Some exclusion criteria
would be those over the age of 21, no friends or family,
alcoholics. Some ethical issues I feel like I might encounter
would be making sure I have informed consent from each person
as well as collecting information only from people under 21. I
would need to make sure all participants under the age of 18
have parental permission to be included in this study and most
likely promise them confidentiality as a lot of child might be
afraid to answer some questions if their parents would be able
to know the information. All samples will be taken
anonymously.
Additional Sources:
Palmeri, J. (2014, January 1). Peer Pressure and Alcohol Use
amongst College Students. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from
http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/opus/issues/2011/fall/peer
This article goes over peer pressure experienced by college
students and how it can tie into alcohol abuse in amongst
college students. I thought this would be helpful information
because it was written by a senor college student in the
psychology program at NYU.
Santor, D. A., Messervey, D., & Kusumakar, V. (2000). Peer
pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and
girls: Predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and
substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 163-182.
This source goes over many things adolescents face in their
lifetime. This discusses how peer pressure popularity and
conformity have an effect on school performance sexual
attitudes and substance abuse. I think this source would be very
helpful since it expands on my study topic even more.
Teen Problems With Alcoholism. (2014, January 1). Retrieved
September 18, 2014, from
http://www.projectknow.com/research/teen-problems-with-
alcoholism/#learn
This project know source is actually I program I was involved
with back in high school when I was completing my senior
project on teens helping teens with substance abuse. Project
know is a corporation based on getting teens and parents
educated and aware about the growing problems within today’s
youth. It goes over a wide variety of problems teens many
experience like substance abuse and peer pressure. This is also
very helpful because it expands on the topic.
Underage Drinking: A Major Public Health Challenge. (2003,
June 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa59.html
This article I chose because it is all about underage drinking.
The information comes from NIAAA “National Institute on
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism” I think the information from
this site would be very helpful because their information is
especially collected from patients who used their groups and
rehabs to get clean. The information relayed here is direct from
sources of youth who experienced the addiction themselves.
Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., & Brand, N. H.
(2004). Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on
alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates.
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 19-30.
doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.19
This article struck home for me and I found it very useful. It
asks the question “Do parents still matter?” Of course referring
to parents opinion on anything their child does. Do teens still
even respect their parents thoughts or opinions? So many
children today believe that their parents are unfun, unfair, and
way to worried about things that don’t seem like a big deal to
them. This of course also connects to alcoholism and underage
drinking.
Outline
a. Peer Pressure and Conformity on underage drinking.
i. What is the relationship between peer pressure and
underage drinking
ii. Finding out the relationship between peer pressure and
underage drinking is important because it could help to isolate
the variables and come up with a better approach to eliminating
peer pressure and stopping underage drinking.
iii. Have not received revised thesis.
b. Review of the Literature
i. Brief description of what peer pressure and the desire to
conform to societal standards
ii. Brief description of underage drinking through the years
including graphs scales and charts statistics.
iii. List some of the other things that might possible cause
those underage to drink.
1. Bad home life parents not there for them stressful
environment.
2. School or work pressures.
3. Unknown Tragedy in life.
iv. Isolate ages of when people typically start to experience
peer pressure .
1. Where the peer pressure is coming from
2. Why people feel the need to pressure others into doing
things.
References
Age-Of-Sage. (2014, June 17). Social Pressure and Perception.
Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://www.age-of-the-
sage.org/psychology/social/asch_conformity.html#Solomon_Asc
h_study_conformity_experiment
Cherry, K. (2013, August 1). Conformity and Peer Pressure.
Retrieved September 9, 2014, from
http://www.netplaces.com/psychology/social-interactions-and-
interpersonal-behavior/conformity-and-peer-pressure.htm
Conformity and Group Dynamics | Heroic Imagination Project.
(2013, January 1). Retrieved September 10, 2014, from
http://heroicimagination.org/public-resources/social-influence-
forces/conformity-and-group-dynamics/
Encina, G. (2004, November 15). Milgram's Experiment on
Obedience to Authority. Retrieved September 9, 2014, from
http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/ucce50/ag-
labor/7article/article35.htm
Konnikova, M. (2011, July 14). The Pervasive Threat of
Conformity: Peer Pressure Is Here to Stay | Big Think.
Retrieved September 10, 2014, from http://bigthink.com/artful-
choice/the-pervasive-threat-of-conformity-peer-pressure-is-
here-to-stay
Palmeri, J. (2014, January 1). Peer Pressure and Alcohol Use
amongst College Students. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from
http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/opus/issues/2011/fall/peer
Rubinstein, N. (2013, October 29). Peer Pressure. Retrieved
September 8, 2014, from
http://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/peer-pressure
Santor, D. A., Messervey, D., & Kusumakar, V. (2000). Peer
pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and
girls: Predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and
substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 163-182.
Teen Problems With Alcoholism. (2014, January 1). Retrieved
September 18, 2014, from
http://www.projectknow.com/research/teen-problems-with-
alcoholism/#learn
Underage Drinking: A Major Public Health Challenge. (2003,
June 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa59.html
Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., & Brand, N. H.
(2004). Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on
alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates.
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 19-30.
doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.19

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  • 1. Running Head: LASA 1: Final Project: Early Methods Section 1 USE AND MISUSE OF INFORMATION PRESENTED AS PERCENTAGE 2 LASA 1: Final Project: Early Methods Section Name Class Instructor School. Date 1. What is your research question? My research question for this study is, what is the relationship between peer pressure and underage drinking? 2. at is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis? There is a positive correlation between peer pressure and underage drinking. My null hypothesis is There is no correlation between peer pressure and underage drinking. 3. How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would
  • 2. exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not? For this study I think I would use about 200 students from 4 different schools in the same general area. I would get 25 students from each school, my inclusion characteristics would be female and male students ages 10-20, different social groups, grades levels, and those who have had an alcoholic drink. Some Exclusion characteristics would be kids who are too old, homeschooled, or have never had a drink. The sample for this study needs to be diverse because I don’t believe one could get an accurate reading and or estimation of which students are under the influence and which aren’t without a large population of samples. The samples do not need to be completely diverse however because I am still looking for a certain type of person in a limited group. 4. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does your sample generalize to? The sampling technique which will be used to collect my sample isconvenience sampling. Convenience sampling is a non- probability statistical method of drawingrepresentativedata by selecting people because of the ease of their volunteering or selecting units because of their availability or easy access. Convenience sampling is limited when generalizing. Since the sample is not representative of the population, the results of the study cannot speak for the entire population. This results to a low external validity of the study. 5. What are the variables in your study? The two variables in my study are peer pressure and underage drinking. 6. Provide operational definitions for each variable. Peer pressure is the influence you feel from a person or group of people to do something you might not otherwise consider doing. Peer pressure isn’t always a negative thing. It can be a positive influence and help challenge or motivate you to do your best. However, it’s helpful to recognize that peer pressure can also be negative. It can result in you doing something that doesn’t fit with your sense of right and wrong. Peer pressure
  • 3. can be present at school or within a broader community. It can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. Peer pressure can affect you directly, indirectly, and individually. 7. How will you measure each variable? Discuss the reliability and validity of these measures in general terms. I would use survey’s to measure peer pressure and age incidences of underage drinking. The Inventory I would use to would be one like Clasen & Brown. Clasen conducted a Peer Pressure Inventory in which teens were asked to rate how much pressure they felt from their peers in several areas such as school involvement, misconduct, and peer conformity. Several items on the Peer Values Measure were adapted from the Peer Pressure Inventory and others were generated by researchers of the current study. To measure underage drinking survey would include questions on when they first started to drink, how often they do it, how they feel when they drink, and the circumstances of how they started to drink. 8. What technique will be used for data collection (e.g., observation, survey, interview, archival, etc.)? I plan to use a survey or interview technique for data collection. Since its dealing with children it will be more about how comfortable they feel talking about it privately of filling out anonymous surveys. 9. What type of research design is being used? For this project I would use a Correlational Design for my research. Correlational research is also known as associational research. Relationships among two or more variables are studied without any attempt to influence them. Investigates the possibility of relationships between two variables. There is no manipulation of variables in correlational research Correlational studies describe the variable relationship via a correlation coefficient. Some advantages are it allows testing of expected relationships between and among variables and the making of predictions. Can assess these relationships in everyday life events. Disadvantages are that it cannot be used to draw inferences about the causal relationships between and among the variables.
  • 4. 10. Briefly discuss the procedure that would be followed when conducting the research. First I need to establish the aim of my research in this case it would be to find the correlation between peer pressure and underage drinking, then move on to research and determine my sample group. For this study since it about underage drinking all of my samples I would get from schools in a controlled neighborhood. Children as young as middle school age clear up until senior year of high school. Once I know who my target group is I need to work out the methodology of how I want to conduct the experiments whether it be face to face or by mail. For this study I am thinking I will possible use face to face interviews with the older kids and anonymous surveys with the younger children or vice versa. Surveys are the best bet because they take the least amount of time to collect plus most people feel more comfortable writing things like this down when they know that people can’t put a face to the name. Next would be structuring and designing my questionnaire and determining what types of questions to ask. Most of these questions would be things like, When did you have your first drink, who were you with, what was going through your mind when you took the first sip, did you feel pressured whether directly or indirectly to drink? Lastly I would Analyze my results and draw my conclusions about the information I gathered and what I learned. 11. What are some POTENTIAL ethical issues? How might they be addressed? Since this study will be done on underage children they will need signed consent from their parents to participate in it. Many students might not be willing to be honest unless I promise confidentiality and the parents might not want that because they would want to know I their children are drinking or trying to coerce fellow students into it. The way I could address this is to accept the surveys anonymously from students who have informed consent. Reference
  • 5. Clasen, D. R., & Brown, B. B. (1985). The multidimensionality of peer pressure in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 451-468. You are about one year into the job of Executive Director for a mid-sized nonprofit (30 staff, 50 volunteers). You took over after the Founder departed, and overall the past year has gone very well in building trust and credibility with the staff and volunteers. Your biggest issue you seem to be facing is with your current Board of Directors. There have been four meetings since you took over as Executive Director. Those meetings had weak attendance, lacked focus, and seemed more like a way for the Board to feel good about their association with a great organization than productive working sessions. There are currently 12 Board members. Most have been on the board for more than ten years, and you know the board needs revitalization. You want it to move to a combined working – governing board, and would really like to see some changes in composition. Ideally, you would like to rebuild the Board to a strong set of 15-18 engaged members that take active roles in governance, fund raising, and ongoing succession planning. Write a memo to the Board or Board Chair that shares your concerns and hopes for the future. Running Head: Assignment 2: Final Project: Sampling 1 USE AND MISUSE OF INFORMATION PRESENTED AS PERCENTAGE 2
  • 6. Assignment 2: Final Project: Sampling Name Class Instructor School. Date The topic I chose for this paper is the effect of peer pressure on conformity. My research question for this study is what is the relationship between peer pressure and underage drinking? My hypothesis is that peer pressure in adolescents is directly connected to underage drinking and teen alcoholism because the urge to conform is so high. For this study I would use a convenience sampling method since it would require samples from many volunteers so I can gather a wide variety of information. 3. A 1-2 page description of the sample you would like to use for your study, that provides the answer to the following questions: a. What sampling technique would you use? b. Does the sample generalize to the population? Explain why or why not. c. What inclusion criteria would be used? What exclusion criteria would be used, if any? d. What ethical issues might be encountered when collecting your information from this sample?
  • 7. Additional Sources: Palmeri, J. (2014, January 1). Peer Pressure and Alcohol Use amongst College Students. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/opus/issues/2011/fall/peer This article goes over peer pressure experienced by college students and how it can tie into alcohol abuse in amongst college students. I thought this would be helpful information because it was written by a senor college student in the psychology program at NYU. Santor, D. A., Messervey, D., & Kusumakar, V. (2000). Peer pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and girls: Predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 163-182. This source goes over many things adolescents face in their lifetime. This discusses how peer pressure popularity and conformity have an effect on school performance sexual attitudes and substance abuse. I think this source would be very helpful since it expands on my study topic even more. Teen Problems With Alcoholism. (2014, January 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://www.projectknow.com/research/teen-problems-with- alcoholism/#learn This project know source is actually I program I was involved with back in high school when I was completing my senior project on teens helping teens with substance abuse. Project know is a corporation based on getting teens and parents educated and aware about the growing problems within today’s youth. It goes over a wide variety of problems teens many experience like substance abuse and peer pressure. This is also very helpful because it expands on the topic. Underage Drinking: A Major Public Health Challenge. (2003, June 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa59.html This article I chose because it is all about underage drinking. The information comes from NIAAA “National Institute on
  • 8. Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism” I think the information from this site would be very helpful because their information is especially collected from patients who used their groups and rehabs to get clean. The information relayed here is direct from sources of youth who experienced the addiction themselves. Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., & Brand, N. H. (2004). Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 19-30. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.19 This article struck home for me and I found it very useful. It asks the question “Do parents still matter?” Of course referring to parents opinion on anything their child does. Do teens still even respect their parents thoughts or opinions? So many children today believe that their parents are unfun, unfair, and way to worried about things that don’t seem like a big deal to them. This of course also connects to alcoholism and underage drinking. Outline Introduction paragraph: Reasearch Question: a. Introduction or Statement of the Problem (e.g. Predictors of Depression in Men) i. Research question ii. Why is it important iii. Revised hypothesis based on feedback from the instructor b. Review of the Literature (the following is an example for above topic): i. Brief description of depression, symptoms, and any unique symptoms for men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information). ii. How widespread is it? Stats on depression in general but also stats on depression in men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
  • 9. iii. List factors that put men at risk for depression (Cite articles). 1. Difficulty communicating distress or sadness (Cite articles). 2. Job/work pressures (Cite articles). iv. Demographic characteristics (Cite articles). 1. Relationship between age and depression (Cite articles). 2. Relationship between marital status and depression (Cite articles). References Age-Of-Sage. (2014, June 17). Social Pressure and Perception. Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://www.age-of-the- sage.org/psychology/social/asch_conformity.html#Solomon_Asc h_study_conformity_experiment Cherry, K. (2013, August 1). Conformity and Peer Pressure. Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://www.netplaces.com/psychology/social-interactions-and- interpersonal-behavior/conformity-and-peer-pressure.htm Conformity and Group Dynamics | Heroic Imagination Project. (2013, January 1). Retrieved September 10, 2014, from http://heroicimagination.org/public-resources/social-influence- forces/conformity-and-group-dynamics/ Encina, G. (2004, November 15). Milgram's Experiment on Obedience to Authority. Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/ucce50/ag- labor/7article/article35.htm Konnikova, M. (2011, July 14). The Pervasive Threat of Conformity: Peer Pressure Is Here to Stay | Big Think. Retrieved September 10, 2014, from http://bigthink.com/artful- choice/the-pervasive-threat-of-conformity-peer-pressure-is- here-to-stay Palmeri, J. (2014, January 1). Peer Pressure and Alcohol Use
  • 10. amongst College Students. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/opus/issues/2011/fall/peer Rubinstein, N. (2013, October 29). Peer Pressure. Retrieved September 8, 2014, from http://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/peer-pressure Santor, D. A., Messervey, D., & Kusumakar, V. (2000). Peer pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and girls: Predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 163-182. Teen Problems With Alcoholism. (2014, January 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://www.projectknow.com/research/teen-problems-with- alcoholism/#learn Underage Drinking: A Major Public Health Challenge. (2003, June 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa59.html Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., & Brand, N. H. (2004). Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 19-30. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.19 Assignment 2: Final Project: Introduction, Literature Review, and Methods Section 1 Assignment 2: Final Project: Introduction, Literature Review, and Methods Section 2
  • 11. Final Project: Introduction, Literature Review, and Methods Section Name Class Instructor School. Date9/30/14 Introduction/Literature Review Peer pressure relies on interpersonal relations and the strength of friendship amongst age mates to thrive. Young people can develop such friendship bonds especially when they are in closer contact with each other every day hence brainstorm on many issues. However, based on the fact they are incapable of rational judgment and are indecisive due to their tender ages, they are vulnerable to peer pressure. Peer pressure therefore is more common in young people for the above reasons. The topic I chose for this paper is the effect of peer pressure on conformity. My research question for this study is what is the relationship between peer pressure and underage drinking? My hypothesis is that peer pressure in adolescents is directly connected to underage drinking and teen alcoholism. The sampling technique which will be used to collect my sample is convenience sampling. Convenience sampling is a non-probability statistical method of drawing representative data by selecting people because of the ease of their volunteering or selecting units because of their availability or easy access. Convenience sampling is limited when generalizing. Since the sample is not representative of the population, the results of the study cannot speak for the entire population. This results to a low external validity of the study. The advantages of this type of sampling are the availability and the quickness with which data can be
  • 12. gathered. The disadvantages are the risk that the sample might not represent the population as a whole, and it might be biased by volunteers. For example, a study to determine the average age and sex of gamblers at a casino that is conducted for three hours on a weekday afternoon might be overrepresented by elderly people who have retired and underrepresented by people of working age The two variables in my study are peer pressure and underage drinking. Peer pressure is the influence you feel from a person or group of people to do something you might not otherwise consider doing. Peer pressure isn’t always a negative thing. It can be a positive influence and help challenge or motivate you to do your best. However, it’s helpful to recognize that peer pressure can also be negative. It can result in you doing something that doesn’t fit with your sense of right and wrong. Peer pressure can be present at school or within a broader community. It can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. Peer pressure can affect you directly, indirectly, and individually. Underage Drinking refers to any use of alcohol by persons under the legal drinking age of 21. Consumption and/or purchase of alcohol by persons under the age of 21 is illegal in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. According to the NIAAA Alcohol Policy Information System (APIS) while all 50 States and DC prohibit underage possession, only 30 prohibit consumption and 47 prohibit purchase. (APIS,2009)
  • 13. Methodology Participants For this study I think I would use about 200 students from 4 different schools in the same general area. I would get 25 students from each school, my inclusion characteristics would be female and male students ages 10-20, different social groups, grades levels, and those who have had an alcoholic drink. Some Exclusion characteristics would be kids who are too old, homeschooled, or have never had a drink. The sample for this study needs to be diverse because I don’t believe one could get an accurate reading and or estimation of which students are under the influence and which aren’t without a large population of samples. The samples do not need to be completely diverse however, because I am still looking for a certain type of person in a limited group. Instruments The instruments I will use to collect the data for this study will be a series of surveys and Clasen & Browns Peer Pressure Inventory in which teens were asked to rate how much pressure they felt from their peers in several areas such as school involvement, misconduct, and peer conformity.(Clasen,1985) The 5 things I would focus on the most during these data collection processes will be, Drinking Beliefs: Attitudes Toward Alcohol Use, Alcohol Expectancies Typical alcohol attitude items ask young people how wrong they think it is for someone their age to drink beer, wine, or hard liquor or how “good” or “bad” drinking is. Alcohol expectancies are measured with items focusing on perceived personal consequences of drinking. Specifically, respondents are asked how likely or unlikely they think it is that a series of consequences would happen to them personally if they were to have 3 or more drinks. Refusal/resistance efficacy beliefs refer to perceptions of one’s own ability to resist drinking, refuse drink offers, and resist direct pressure to drink. Procedure First I need to establish the aim of my research in this case it
  • 14. would be to find the correlation between peer pressure and underage drinking, then move on to research and determine my sample group. For this study since it about underage drinking all of my samples I would get from schools in a controlled neighborhood. Children as young as middle school age clear up until senior year of high school. Once I know who my target group is I need to work out the methodology of how I want to conduct the experiments whether it be face to face or by mail. For this study I am thinking I will anonymous surveys. Surveys are the best bet because they take the least amount of time to collect plus most people feel more comfortable writing things like this down when they know that people can’t put a face to the name. Before doing this I plan to gain written informed consent from these peoples parents or legal guardians for them to participate in the study. Next would be structuring and designing my questionnaire and determining what types of questions to ask. Most of these questions would be things like, When did you have your first drink, who were you with, what was going through your mind when you took the first sip, did you feel pressured whether directly or indirectly to drink? Lastly I would Analyze my results and draw my conclusions about the information I gathered and what I learned. Ethical Issues: Since this study will be done on underage children they will need signed consent from their parents to participate in it. Many students might not be willing to be honest unless I promise confidentiality and the parents might not want that because they would want to know I their children are drinking or trying to coerce fellow students into it. The way I could address this is to accept the surveys anonymously from students who have informed consent. Sources Alcohol Policy Information System (APIS). (2007). State profiles of underage drinking laws. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Accessed December 19, 2007, from the World Wide Web:
  • 15. http://www.alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/stateprofiles//index.asp Clasen, D. R., & Brown, B. B. (1985). The multidimensionality of peer pressure in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 451-468. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD. (2008). Prevention of Underage Drinking: Logic Model Documentation (pp. 3-8). Running Head: Assignment 2: Final Project: Sampling 1 USE AND MISUSE OF INFORMATION PRESENTED AS PERCENTAGE 6 Assignment 2: Final Project: Sampling Name Class Instructor School. Date The topic I chose for this paper is the effect of peer pressure on conformity. My research question for this study is what is the relationship between peer pressure and underage drinking? My hypothesis is that peer pressure in adolescents is directly
  • 16. connected to underage drinking and teen alcoholism because the urge to conform is so high. For this study I would use a convenience sampling method since it would require samples from many volunteers so I can gather a wide variety of information. I am using the convenience sampling technique for this study. Convenience sampling is a non-probability statistical method of drawingrepresentativedata by selecting people because of the ease of their volunteering or selecting units because of their availability or easy access. The advantages of this type of sampling are the availability and the quickness with which data can be gathered. The disadvantages are the risk that the sample might not represent the population as a whole, and it might be biased by volunteers. For example, a study to determine the average age and sex of gamblers at a casino that is conducted for three hours on a weekday afternoon might be overrepresented by elderly people who have retired and underrepresented by people of working age Convenience sampling is a non-probability; Non- probability samples are limited with regard to generalization. Because they do not truly represent a population, we cannot make valid inferences about the larger group from which they are drawn. Validity can be increased by approximating random selection as much as possible, and making every attempt to avoid introducing bias into sample selection. Since subjects with this sampling technique are chosen at random because of their accessibility it would be hard to narrow down to many criteria for choosing samples. Since I want to know the direct coloration between peer pressure, the desire to conform, and underage drinking some inclusion criteria would be: age, gender, location, and education status. Some exclusion criteria would be those over the age of 21, no friends or family, alcoholics. Some ethical issues I feel like I might encounter would be making sure I have informed consent from each person as well as collecting information only from people under 21. I would need to make sure all participants under the age of 18
  • 17. have parental permission to be included in this study and most likely promise them confidentiality as a lot of child might be afraid to answer some questions if their parents would be able to know the information. All samples will be taken anonymously. Additional Sources: Palmeri, J. (2014, January 1). Peer Pressure and Alcohol Use amongst College Students. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/opus/issues/2011/fall/peer This article goes over peer pressure experienced by college students and how it can tie into alcohol abuse in amongst college students. I thought this would be helpful information because it was written by a senor college student in the psychology program at NYU. Santor, D. A., Messervey, D., & Kusumakar, V. (2000). Peer pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and girls: Predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 163-182. This source goes over many things adolescents face in their lifetime. This discusses how peer pressure popularity and conformity have an effect on school performance sexual attitudes and substance abuse. I think this source would be very helpful since it expands on my study topic even more. Teen Problems With Alcoholism. (2014, January 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://www.projectknow.com/research/teen-problems-with- alcoholism/#learn This project know source is actually I program I was involved with back in high school when I was completing my senior project on teens helping teens with substance abuse. Project know is a corporation based on getting teens and parents educated and aware about the growing problems within today’s youth. It goes over a wide variety of problems teens many experience like substance abuse and peer pressure. This is also very helpful because it expands on the topic. Underage Drinking: A Major Public Health Challenge. (2003,
  • 18. June 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa59.html This article I chose because it is all about underage drinking. The information comes from NIAAA “National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism” I think the information from this site would be very helpful because their information is especially collected from patients who used their groups and rehabs to get clean. The information relayed here is direct from sources of youth who experienced the addiction themselves. Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., & Brand, N. H. (2004). Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 19-30. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.19 This article struck home for me and I found it very useful. It asks the question “Do parents still matter?” Of course referring to parents opinion on anything their child does. Do teens still even respect their parents thoughts or opinions? So many children today believe that their parents are unfun, unfair, and way to worried about things that don’t seem like a big deal to them. This of course also connects to alcoholism and underage drinking. Outline a. Peer Pressure and Conformity on underage drinking. i. What is the relationship between peer pressure and underage drinking ii. Finding out the relationship between peer pressure and underage drinking is important because it could help to isolate the variables and come up with a better approach to eliminating peer pressure and stopping underage drinking. iii. Have not received revised thesis. b. Review of the Literature i. Brief description of what peer pressure and the desire to conform to societal standards ii. Brief description of underage drinking through the years including graphs scales and charts statistics.
  • 19. iii. List some of the other things that might possible cause those underage to drink. 1. Bad home life parents not there for them stressful environment. 2. School or work pressures. 3. Unknown Tragedy in life. iv. Isolate ages of when people typically start to experience peer pressure . 1. Where the peer pressure is coming from 2. Why people feel the need to pressure others into doing things. References Age-Of-Sage. (2014, June 17). Social Pressure and Perception. Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://www.age-of-the- sage.org/psychology/social/asch_conformity.html#Solomon_Asc h_study_conformity_experiment Cherry, K. (2013, August 1). Conformity and Peer Pressure. Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://www.netplaces.com/psychology/social-interactions-and- interpersonal-behavior/conformity-and-peer-pressure.htm Conformity and Group Dynamics | Heroic Imagination Project. (2013, January 1). Retrieved September 10, 2014, from http://heroicimagination.org/public-resources/social-influence- forces/conformity-and-group-dynamics/ Encina, G. (2004, November 15). Milgram's Experiment on Obedience to Authority. Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/ucce50/ag- labor/7article/article35.htm Konnikova, M. (2011, July 14). The Pervasive Threat of Conformity: Peer Pressure Is Here to Stay | Big Think. Retrieved September 10, 2014, from http://bigthink.com/artful- choice/the-pervasive-threat-of-conformity-peer-pressure-is- here-to-stay Palmeri, J. (2014, January 1). Peer Pressure and Alcohol Use amongst College Students. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/opus/issues/2011/fall/peer
  • 20. Rubinstein, N. (2013, October 29). Peer Pressure. Retrieved September 8, 2014, from http://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/peer-pressure Santor, D. A., Messervey, D., & Kusumakar, V. (2000). Peer pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and girls: Predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 163-182. Teen Problems With Alcoholism. (2014, January 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://www.projectknow.com/research/teen-problems-with- alcoholism/#learn Underage Drinking: A Major Public Health Challenge. (2003, June 1). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa59.html Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., & Brand, N. H. (2004). Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 19-30. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.19