2. Topics under discussion
• Introduction
• Nutritional profile
• Production/yeild
• Inclusion level in different animal species
• Last year production
• Antinutritional factors
• Price per kg
3. Introduction
• Popular food throughout world in different forms
• Corn kernels are fruit of maize
• One ear of corn contains roughly 800 kernels in 16 rows
• Kernels of maize consist of pericarp fused to form seed coat
,this type of fruit in grasses are called a caryopsis
• Maize kernels are frequently and incorrectly reffered as
seed
• Kernels are about the size of peas adhere in regular rows
around a white pithy substance which form ears
4. Varieties
• Sweat corn
• Has sugary gene that
retards the convertion
of sugar into starch
• Following harvest if left
too long sugar is
converted into starch
• Used as vegetable
when young
5. Varieties
• Dent corn
• Usually have yellow
endosperm but blue and
red also present
• Colours due to phenolic
compounds which have
antioxidants properties
• Most of products are made
from it
• When mature has a large
notch and depression in
grain
6. Varieties
• Waxy corn
• Starch variant of normal
maize contains 100%
amylopectin while
normal maize contains
75% amylopectin
• Used in food industry as a
stablizer in paper
industry as adhesive
material
7. Varieties
• Popping corn
• Had hard endosperm
which surround the small
amount of starch
• Heating the grain turns the
moisture into steam which
cause explode to
endosperm turning the
grain inside outside
• Expand 30-40 times thier
volume
8. Varieties
• Flour corn
• Endosperm is made up
of soft starch with thin
pericarp
• Crusty corn
• Hard endosperm with
smooth hard seed coat
• Yellow crusty corn has
more protein and beta
carotene
• Vitamin A is in more
amount
9. Nutritional attributes
• Palatable and suitable for livestock
• High starch contents about 65% 4% oil and low fiber
content 10% NDF
• Less readily fermentable than cereal starches
• Protein in maize are mainly zein and glutelin present in
endosperm and germ respectively
• Zein most important is deficient in lysine and tryptophan
so amino acid supplement are needed
• Opaque or floura-2 have been designed to have better
amino acid profile
10. Nutritional attributes
• Maize is low in Ca and P and supplement are
required
• Yellow maize has a higher vitamin A content than
white maize
• Vitamin A deficiency little importance in ruminants
but it has deleterious effects in pig and poultry
• Yellow maize is best for monogastrics
12. Inclusion level in different animals
species
• In ruminants
• A valued energy source
• Support high milk because of its high starch contents
• Promote rumen bacterial growth and enhancing
forage digestibility, rumen cycling and subsequent
feed intake
• Slowly degrading starch and help in glucose
absorption in small intestine
13. Inclusion level
• Less proteins in it
• Used with low quality forages(hay) and high quality
forages for protein source(soyabean meal)
• Concentrate,highly digestible and more palatable
• Improve milk yield and milk protein
14. Inclusion level
In poultry
• Appreciated for its highly digestible starch, low fiber
and relatively high oil content
• High metabolizable energy values
• Feed at high level in broiler and laying hens
• Maize oil is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty
acid (linoleic acid)
• In poultry white and yellow maize has same nutritive
value
• Yellow maize contains more carotene and
cryptoxanthine which are beneficial to yolk
pigmentation
15. Inclusion level
• Birds are attracted to yellow colour
• Maize can be ground ,medium size or fine for inclusion
in pelleted diet
• In hot calimate ,maize is replaced by less expensive
diet
• Barley can totally relplace maize in broiler diet
otherwise sorghum grain and broken rice could be
used
• Inclusion level is 750g per kg of diet
16. Inclusion level
In fishes
• Ground to make meal or pellet
• Digestible energy of maize meal is rather low for
rainbow trout while it is high for carp
• Digestible energy can be increased by gelatinization
of maize starch
• Increased performance of rainbow trout
17. Antinutritional factors
• Acidosis
• Feeding ruminants with high starch feed may cause
acidosis
• Fermentation of large amount of starch in the rumen
lower the pH
• Causes rumen stasis ,a decrease in forage digestion
diarrhoea and dehydration
• Maize starch is not as readily fermentable as the starch
of other grains such as barley and wheat
• Less incidence of acidosis
18. Antinutritional factors
• Mycotoxins
• Maize is susceptible to various moulds producing
myotoxins
• Deleterious effects on animal health
• Grain quality must be assesed before feeding
livestock and test exist to measure myotoxins
19. Antinutritional factors
• Aflatoxins
• Produced by Aspergillus flavus which invade maize
when drought
• Reduce growth and feed efficiency
• Causes liver disorder and abortion
• Contaminate milk from cows fed on damaged maize
• Ochratoxin
• Occur when high moisture maize is infested by
aspergillus or penicillin
20. Antinutritional factors
• Causes renal disorder in pig and decrease growth
• Decrease egg shell quality and egg production in
poultry
• Adding ascorbic acid may alleviate toxicosis in
laying hens
• Fumonisins
• Are typical of maize and are produced by other
species of fusarium
21. Antinutritional factors
• Carcinogenic in pigs and human and causes
pulmonary oedema in pig
• In horses cause induce leukoencephalomalacia(lower
intake ,lameness oral and facial paralysis ,seizure and
eventual death
• Phytic acid
• Antinutritional factor in plant seeds
• Mak insoluble compounds with many minerals and
reduce availability
22. Corn gluten
• Corn gluten meal is obtained whenever maize is
used for starch extraction
• Obtained as by product during wet milling process
• Corn gluten meal is protein rich containing about
65% crude protein
• Also used as energy and pigment for livestock
species including fishes
23. Corn gluten
• Corn gluten should not be mistaken with corn
gluten feed which contain 22% protein rather than
65%
• In USA and corn gluten meal is used as fertilizer and
weed killer
24.
25. • Price per kg
• Rs 50 per kg
• Yield
• Average yield in the world is 3.6t/ha highest yield is
7-10t/ha
