Biosensors are devices used to detect the presence or concentration of biological analyte (Sample) such as biomolecule, a biological structure or a microorganisms. A biosensor is an analytical device which converts the biological signal into a measurable electrical signal.

1. Biosensor
Amjad Khan Afridi

2. History
 The first 'true' biosensor was developed by Leland C.
Clark, Jr in 1956 for oxygen detection. He is known as
the 'father of biosensors' .
 The Biosensor named “Clark Electrode”.
 Finally, in 1975 the first commercial biosensor was
developed by Ohio (Yellow Spring Instruments )
Professor Leland C Clark

3. Introduction
 Biosensors are devices used to detect the
presence or concentration of biological
analyte (Sample) such as biomolecule, a
biological structure or a microorganisms.
 A biosensor is an analytical device
which converts the biological signal into
a measurable electrical signal.

4. Today our environment is subject to pollution from a wide range of harmful substances.
By measuring (Biosensor) the biological effect on living cells all
chemical pollutants contained in the sample in question are taken in consideration - including
toxic by-products.
The total poisonous effect of the pollutants is recorded and displayed
instantly, comprehensively and continuously by our Biosensor BIOMEM Potential uses
The Biosensor BIOMEM is particularly suitable for operation in
environmental monitoring of water and air and everywhere else where chemical pollutants
are produced and dispersed. Operational areas include:
 Monitoring of surface water
 Early warning systems for drinking water supply areas
 Monitoring of work-place and processes
 Air quality control
 Supervision of waste combustion plants
Screening for chemicals and drugs Functionality and set up
BIOSENSOR

5. Glucometer
 Also known as Glucose Meter.
 A blood glucose meter is a small, portable
machine that's used to measure how much
glucose is in the blood.
 To check glucose level in the blood.
 People with diabetes often use a
blood glucose meter to help them manage
their condition.
 Analyte  Blood + sugar (Present in the
blood)

6.  Pregnancy test kit (Coated with monoclonal antibody), to find
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
 Fitness belt ( use for pulse rate, Heart beat, steps)
Positive
Urine Sample
Coated with MAb

7. Structure of Biosensor
Biosensor consist of three parts:
1. Component that recognizes the analyte and produce a signal.
2. A signal transducer,
3. Reader device.
Target
Presenter/Receptor
To recognized the analyte
Translate the information
Screen / Laptop

8. Parts of biosensor
• Bioreceptors
• Transducer
• Signal
processor
http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/37959/media/image9.png
(enzyme / antibody / cell / nucleic acid)
(semi-conducting material/nanomaterial)
(signal amplifier, processor)

9. Bioreceptor
Display

10. A good biosensor
 It should provide accurate, precise,
reproducible results.
 It should be free from electrical noise.
 It should be cheap, small, portable and capable
of being used by semi-skilled operators.
 The reaction should be independent from
physical parameters (stirring, pH and
temperature).

11. Bioreceptor
The bioreceptor is a biologically derived
material such as tissue, microorganisms,
organelles, cell receptors, enzymes,
antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.
or
Biomimetic component that binds or
recognizes the analyte of interest.

12. Transducer
 When the analyte interacts with the bioreceptor,
change in biological signals such as change in
temperature, electrical charge occurs.
 The transducer transforms these signal into
another signal which is easily measured and
quantified.

13. • Calorimetric biosensors
The heat produced (or absorbed) by the reaction.
• Potentiometric biosensors
to determine the concentration of a solute in solution.
• Optical biosensors
Use for detection of a wide range of analytes
including viruses, toxins, drugs, antibodies, tumour
biomarkers, and tumour cells.
• Piezo-electric biosensors
Effects due to the mass of the reactants or products .
Types of Biosensor

14. Applications
There are numerous applications of biosensors with various
types. Some of them are used in
 Monitoring blood glucose level of diabetes patients.
 Detection of Environmental contamination e.g. the
detection of pesticides and heavy metals in river water.
 Remote sensing of airborne pathogens durning
epidemic outbreaks
 Determining levels of toxic substances before and
after bioremediation
 Routine analytical measurement of folic acid, biotin,

15.  Drug discovery.
 Protein engineering.
 Detection of toxic metabolites such as mycotoxins.
 Monitoring of surface water
 Early warning systems for drinking water supply areas
 Monitoring of work-place and processes
 Air quality control
 Supervision of waste combustion plants

16. References
• http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/122959/file-
66858649- jpg/images/dr._leland_clark.jpg
• http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/enztech/biosensors.html
• www.newtech.tabrizu.ac.ir/Files/Biosensor%20seminar(
2).ppt
• www.pitt.edu/~super4/36011-37001/36421.ppt
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor