Unit I Herbal Drug Technology Theory BP603T.pdf

Vision: To Pursue Excellence in Pharmaceutical Education & Research to Develop Competent Professionals
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Dr. Amit Gangwal
Associate Professor
Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule
Third Year B. Pharm. (Semester- VI)
Herbal drug technology / (BP603 T.)

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The content for this PPT is taken from various sources like print and
electronic media, books, websites, videos etc. This PPT is not to make
money.

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Odometer is to mileage as compass is to
• speed
• hiking
• needle
• direction
Marathon is to race as hibernation is to
• winter
• bear
• dream
• sleep

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TAANRRW
• Minimum four letter word
• No repetition of any letter
• One word with all letters

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Want
Warn
Wart
Warrant

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• The Bot
• Different
• Stories, incidences, current affairs, question answers, discussion will indirectly cover the essence
• Ladle feeding
• Syllabus will be covered
• Notes + PPTs
• Lot many hottest & latest examples
• Syllabus + other affairs
• It will be dialogue
• How to write in exam
• Read one time for multiple uses (e. g. organic, GAP, Biodynamic and Benefit and limitations of herbals)
• Prepare in a general way
• In practicals
• 0 tolerance for undisciplined

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• First focus on the title given in syllabus that is essential
• Manage marks & time for each and every question
• Definitions
• Main points in bulleted fashion
• Tabular summary
• Flow charts
• Infographics
• Sketch notes
• Differences
• Comparisons
• Benefits versus synthetic
• Examples
• Classification
• Basic principal
• Side effects/interaction
• Preparation & Evaluation
• Benefits & limitations
• Biological source, uses, chemical constituents
• Previous year question papers
How to read, learn, write (in exam) in a smarter manner to score more &
remember forever

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We’ll focus on concepts, logics and reasoning instead of focusing on content because one
logics are built, no once can stop you from scoring and excelling in exam…

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E
P
C
N
A
E
H
• Minimum four letter word
• In each word there must be H.
• One longest word involving all letters
• No repetition of letter except E

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Ache
Cheap
Cheapen
Cheep
Each
Heap
Hence
Peach
Peahen

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UNIT-III Hours Herbal Cosmetics

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Drug Discovery Marathon from Natural Products

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• Current global scenario suggests that, in many developing countries, a large group of
population relies on traditional practioners and medicinal plants to fulfill their primary
health care needs.
• Furthermore, many people in developed countries believe in alternative and complementary
therapies, including medicinal herbs.
• However, a key obstacle, which hinders the worldwide acceptance of the alternative
medicines, is lack of documentation and lack of stringent quality control.
• Therefore, it becomes extremely important to study the plant material/herbal drugs in a
systematic and scientific manner so that; one can provide the detailed scientific
information for the standardization of the plant material to be used as medicine.

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Introduction
Medicinal and aromatic plans constitute a major part of the flora, which provides raw
materials for use in the pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and drug industries. In one of the
studies by WHO, it is estimated that 80 percent of the population of developing
countries relies on traditional plant based medicines for their health requirements. India
and China are the two major producing countries having 40 percent of the global
biodiversity and availability of rare species. These are well known as the home of
medicinal and aromatic crops that constitute a segment of the flora and provide raw
materials to the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, fragrance, flavor etc. industries. From the trade
data available, it is clear that the global market for medicinal plants has always been large
and has been on increase in the recent past. The trade of medicinal plants from India is
estimated Rs. 550crores.

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Herbs: These are any crude plant material or product, like leaves, flowers,
fruits, seeds, stems, wood, bark, roots, rhizomes, or other plant parts that may
be entire, fragmented, or powdered.
Herbal Materials: These include either whole plants or parts of medicinal
plants in crude state, such as herbs, fresh juices, gums, fixed oils, essential oils,
resins, and dry powders of herbs. Sometimes, herbal materials are obtained by
various local procedures, such as steaming, roasting, or stir baking with honey,
alcoholic beverages, or other materials.

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Herbal (Drug) Preparations: These preparations are obtained by subjecting
the herbal substances to procedures like extraction, distillation, expression,
fractionation, purification, concentration , or fermentation. Examples of
herbal (drug) preparations are comminuted powdered herbal substances,
tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices, and processed exudates.
Herbal Medicinal Products: These are medicinal products which contain
one or more herbal substances, or herbal preparations, or combination of both
as active substances.
Herbal Medicines: These are herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations,
and finished herbal products.

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Biodiversity is all the different kinds of life you'll find in one area—the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and
even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world. Each of these species and organisms work
together in ecosystems, like an intricate web, to maintain balance and support life.

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Source of herbs
Plants have ability to synthesize wide variety of chemical compounds that
are used to perform important biological functions and to defend against
attack from insects, fungi and herbivorous.
 Many of these phytochemicals have beneficial effects on long term health
when consumed by humans and can be used to treat diseases effectively
 Phytochemicals are divided into primary metabolites and secondary
metabolites.

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Sources of natural
drugs

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Different parts of plant
as herbal drugs

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Unorganized drugs

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Selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials
• The selection of proper species of plant material should be done on the basis of
ethanobotanical; ethnopharmacological and on the basis of traditional literature
reported in the ancient system of medicine.
• The selected plant material should be authenticated or identified for its genus and species
from the qualified taxonomist/botanist.
• However, the letter of authentication and voucher specimen of the plant herbarium
should be preserved for future reference.

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 As commercialization of the herbal medicine has happened, assurance of safety,
quality and efficacy of medicinal plants and herbal products has become an important
issue.
 The herbal raw material is prone to a lot of variation due to several factors, the
important ones being the identity of the plants and seasonal variation (which has a
bearing on the time of collection), the ecotypic, genotypic and chemotypic variations,
drying and storage conditions and the presence of xenobiotic.

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 Herbal materials may vary in composition and properties unlike
conventional pharmaceutical products (allopathic), which are generally
prepared from synthetic, chemically pure compounds by means of
reproducible manufacturing techniques.
 Correct identification and quality assurance of the starting material is
essential for safety and efficacy of the drug.
 Drugs of poor quality destroys the clinical efficacy.

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Herbarium

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• DNA-based molecular markers
have proved their utility in various
fields viz. taxonomy, physiology,
embryology and genetics.
• Polymerase chain reaction
• DNA sequencing
• A number of constituents from the
herbs can be used as biomarker
which exhibits diverse
pharmacological activity.

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Taxonomic method:
 Involves classical botanical methodologies for collection and documentation of the
plant at its source.
 Botanical origin of the drug is identified and its scientific binomial, that is genus,
species is determined based on this method.
 Information such as vernacular names, site of collection, detail of collector, season of
collection, part collected etc. are essential fundamentals even before authentication.

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Herbarium coupon sample:
 Sample of collected material should be kept as a coupon sample in a herbarium or in a research
institute for future reference.
 Specimens collected from field should be dried using blotting paper and uniform pressure was
exerted on blotting papers by placing them in a plant press.
 Blotting paper is changed every day (15 days), so that moisture from the specimen is removed
completely.
 After removing all moisture, specimens is treated with a solution of HgCl2 in formalin for about 2
min. They are again dried in dryers and mounted on herbarium sheet using some agent.

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Morphological method:
• Refers to shape, size, colour, odour, taste and special features like
texture and fracture
Shape: Nux vomica – disc
Aconite – conical
Colour: Fennel – greenish yellow
Senna- greenish
Odour: Umbelliferous fruits - aromatic

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Taste: Licorice – Sweet
Kalmegh – Bitter
Fracture: Kurchi – granular
Picrorrhiza- tough

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Microscopical method:
 To identify unorganized drug by their known histological characters
 Microscope, by virtue of its property to magnify, permits the minute structure under
study to be enlarged
 Stains can be used to distinguish cellular structure
- Phloroglucinol and con HCl - Lignin (Pink)
- Ruthenium red – mucilage (Pink)

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Histological studies – thin section of drugs
 Cell wall, cell contents, stomata, trichomes, fibres, vessels etc
Eg: Senna – Paracytic stomata
Vasaka – Diacytic stomata
Nuxvomica – lignified unicellular trichomes
Senna – Warty unicellular trichomes
Datura – multicellular unbranched trichome
Vasaka – unicellular glandular trichome
Paracytic
Trichome

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Trichomes

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Calcium oxalate crystals

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Type of stomata

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Microscopic linear measurements and quantitative microscopy
Stomatal number: Average number of stomata per sq mm of epidermis of the leaf
Stomatal index : Percentage which the number of stomata form to the total number of epidermal cells; each
stoma being counted as one cell
S.I = S/E+S S.I = Stomatal index
S = No of stomata
E = No of epidermal cells in the same unit area

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Palisade ratio: Average number of palisade cells beneath each
epidermal cells
Vein-islet number: The number of vein islets per sq mm of the leaf
surface midway between the midrib and margin

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Physicochemical method:
- Moisture content
- Viscosity
- Melting point
- Solubility
- Optical rotation
- Refractive index
- Ash content
- Extractive value
- Volatile oil content

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Spectroscopic method:
• Infrared spectroscopy
• Atomic absorption Spectroscopy
• X Ray diffraction analysis
• X-Ray fluorescence analysis
Notes of last semester

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Chromatographic method
• TLC
• HPLC
• HPTLC
• Gas Chromatography
Notes of last semester

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Processing of Herbal Raw Materials

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Processing of Herbal Raw Materials
• The plant parts which used for healing the diseases are collected from
the cultivated plants in the farms either by means of skilled workers
as in case of (Belladonna, Digitalis and Cinchona plants), while other
drugs such as (Black pepper, Henna) are collect by means of unskilled
workers.
• The amount of a constituent is usually not constant throughout the
life of a plant.
• The stage at which a plant is collected or harvested is, therefore, very
important for maximizing the yield of the desired constituent.
• The differences are sometimes not only quantitative but also
qualitative.

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Processing of Herbal as raw material
Primary processing:
Harvested/collected medicinal plants and/or their parts undergo a series of
good practice post-harvest(and post-collection) processing procedures
Garbling
Washing
Blanching
 Drying

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Garbling
Garbling serves as the first step to ensure the purity and cleanness of the medicinal plant materials.
All extraneous and unwanted matters including dirt (e.g. soil, dust, mud,), impurities (e.g. insects, rotten
tissues), and residual non-medicinal parts must be separated from the medicinal part(s).
Garbling is the process of stripping and shredding the useful medicinal leaves and flowers from
the woody stems, resulting in a finished product that is uniform and easy to use.

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• Bleached ginger is produced by dipping scrapped fresh ginger in a slurry of
slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, (1 kg of slaked lime/120 kg of water) followed by sun
drying.
• As the water adhering to the rhizomes dry, the ginger is again dipped in the
slurry.
• This process is repeated until the rhizomes become uniformly white in
colour.
• Liming gives ginger a better appearance and less susceptibility to the attack
of insect pests during storage and shipping.

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Washing
After sorting, the medicinal plant materials should be cleaned well to remove remaining
soil, dirt, dust, and other unwanted matters from the surface, especially roots, rhizomes
and tubers, are commonly washed with clean water, dried soon after harvest/collection
During the washing process, scraping and brushing may be necessary. It is generally
recommended not to soak the medicinal plant materials in water for an unnecessarily
long period of time
Change water frequently as required.

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Blanching
 Blanching process in which material is put into boiling water for a brief period of time.
 This improves storage life and facilitate further processing.
Blanching is scalding vegetables in boiling water or steam for a short
time. It is typically followed by quick, thorough cooling in very cold or ice
water. Blanching stops enzyme actions which otherwise cause loss of
flavor, color and texture.

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 Unless used in the fresh state, the raw medicinal plant materials are to be
dried after being sorted and washed.
 In general, they must be dried as soon as possible to remove as much
moisture as possible in order to ensure good keeping qualities and to
reduce damage from mould and other microbial infestation.
 Drying will also avoid tissue deterioration and phytochemical alteration
caused by the actions of enzymes and microbial organisms; and will also
facilitate grinding and milling.

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Sun-drying:
Most medicinal plant materials can be dried in open-air under direct sunshine, provided the
climate is suitable for such a practice.
The duration of the drying process depends largely on the physical structure of the medicinal
plant material and the weather condition.
In the case of natural drying in the open air, medicinal plant materials should be spread out in
thin layers on drying frames and kept away from possible contaminations such as vehicle
exhaust, heavy dusts, and rain, as well as protected from insects, rodents, birds and other pests.

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Shade Drying:
Some medicinal plant materials can be dried in the shade with or without artificial air
flow to avoid direct exposure to strong sunlight.
Drying process is slow, but it is preferred to maintain (or minimize loss of) colour of leaves
and flowers.
 Low temperatures will also preserve most of the volatile and aromatic components from
being evaporated.

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Artificial Drying:
 Drying by artificial heat is more rapid than open-air drying and is often necessary on
rainy days or in regions where the humidity is high.
 For artificial-heat drying, the temperature, humidity and other conditions should be
governed by the physical nature of the drug and the physical/chemical properties of
its active ingredients.
 Over-heating may lead to an excessive loss of the volatile components and/or
decomposition of chemical ingredients.
 As much as possible, the temperature should be kept below 60°C.

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Tray dryer
• Shelf dryer/cabinet or compartment dryer
• Essentially hot air oven
• Material spread in thin layer in trays
• Number of trays depends on the size of the oven
• Hot air of desired temperature is circulated
• Dried material is taken out, cooled and pulverized

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Cutting, sectioning, and communition: When thoroughly dried, the herbal materials are
processed by cutting and sectioning into convenient sizes and shapes for storage,
 Where applicable, the herbal materials should be cut or sectioned into specific
shapes or forms, or comminuted/pulverized into powder form according to common
practice found in herbal medicines

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Ageing/Sweating: The aging process refers to storing the herbal materials for a period of time
after being harvested or collected from the field prior to use.
 It is generally done under the sun or in the shade for up to a year, depending on the specific
herbal material.
 During the process of aging, excessive water is evaporated.
 Sweating involves keeping the herbal materials at a temperature of 45-65°C with high
humidity for an extended period of time, from one week to a couple of months, depending on
the plant species.
For example, cascara sagrada bark should be aged for at least one year prior to use.
Secondary Processing

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Baking/Roasting : It is a dry-heating procedure using indirect, diffused heat, where the
herbal materials are put in a heating device, often embedded in bran or magnesium
silicate (talc) powder to ensure even heating on the entire surface at an elevated
temperature.

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Fumigation
Fumigation by sulphur dioxide has been employed in post-harvest
handling of some medicinal herbs for the purpose of preserving
colour, improving fresh-looking appearance, bleaching, preventing
the growth of insect and overcoming decays caused by moulds

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Packaging
• Packaging is the process of introducing a raw material, semi finished
product or final product into a container that protects or isolates from
the outside, from light, moisture, or contamination.
• Machinery, equipment, premises and containers must be clean before
packaging.
• Balances should be calibrated or verified.
• It is to be ensured that the label and manufacturing information
matches the material to be packed and each unit contains the specified
quantity.
• The type of packaging, material, shape, volume, etc., is, of course,
fundamental since it will have been expressly selected for each product
and concrete use.

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• These packaging guarantees the integrity of the packaged products
properly sealed and properly labeled and the labels contain sufficient
information.
• Labelling is the action of placing a label on a container of a raw material,
semi finished product or final product.
• It contains information that defines, describes, and incorporates the
mentions, indications, marks, drawings or signs related to a specific
product.
• It must be guaranteed that there are no errors or mistakes in packaging,
and that the information on the label matches in terms of description,
batch, net weight, etc. with the material.
• Each type of product (food, cosmetic, medicine etc.) or raw material has
different regulatory requirements as regards the information that the label
must contain.

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Challenges in Herbal Drug Discovery and Development
• Lack of standardization procedures
• Lack of isolation of pure chemical products or compounds
• Lack of elucidation of biological mechanisms and rarely undergoing so-called
controlled.
• Complexity of the molecular mixtures.

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Traditional systems of medicine
Traditional systems like Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani impart knowledge about folklore
practices and medicinal importance of drugs of natural origin.
The standardization of these drugs is essential since, these drugs are used to treat various
ailments of human being.
The role of medicinal plants in traditional system made them back bone of these systems.
Traditional medicine is the sum of the knowledge, skills and beliefs of different cultures of
different countries for the maintenance of health.

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• Indian civilization has rich tradition of various cultures. Indian system of medicine
consists mainly ‘Ayurveda’, one of the oldest traditional systems of medicine still in
use.
• Along with Ayurveda, other systems like Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy also
developed and flourished in India over the period.
• These all systems have unique blend, may be called as Indian System of Medicine.
• Ayurveda dates back to more than 5000 years also considered as Indian way of
living. Siddha system was basically originated in southern part of India. Unani
system as name indicates was originated in ‘Yunan’, country called as Greece today.

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• Unani system was developed along with concepts of medicine called Tibb from
Egypt and Mesopotamia.
• After contributions from Roman, Persian and Arab this system become developed.
• In eighth century, along with Mughal invasion, Unani system was introduced to
India.
• Unani system along with traditional Indian system was flourished simultaneously.
• Today, Government of India has Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine
(CCRUM) and this system is still in practice in India. Last two decades popularity of
Indian system of medicine is increasing continuously.
• Government of India have department of AYUSH i.e. Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and
Homoeopathy to regulate traditional system of medicine. Ayurveda, Siddha and
Unani systems of medicine have more than 90% formulations which are plant
based.

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Ayurveda
 Ayurveda – Oldest system of traditional medicine
 Dominant herbal tradition in India
 Enjoys a faith of large number of people
 Ayurveda – Two Sanskrit words
Ayur – Life, Veda – Knowledge /Science
Ayurveda is knowledge of life or science of life.

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 Ayurveda – Incorporates Science and religion
 Aim include enhancing well being and increasing longevity
 Essence of Ayurveda lies in providing “ Swasthya “ which is a union of physical,
emotional and spiritual health
 Knowledge had been transmitted orally from teachers to disciples.

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Taste
Properties
Potency/drug action
Metabolism
Specific action or post
metabolism effect

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Pancha Karma: The idea is to
clean body thoroughly before
administration of drug. This
will help quicker recovery and
better drug distribution in
body.

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Ayurveda
 Health – Total harmony of vata, pitta and kapha
 Sickness – Imbalance of any one or more of doshas
 Aggregation of pitta – Indigestion, skin diseases, liver problems
 Aggregation of vata – Nerve problems
 Aggregation of kapha – Gastric problems
 Physical, mental and environmental factors contribute for the imbalance of doshas

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Siddha
 Ayurveda and Siddha – Truly Indian in their origin and development
 Ayurveda is practiced through out India, Siddha is restricted to Tamil Nadu.
 Exclusively linked with Tamil culture and civilization.
 Earliest references on Siddha medicine – Tholakapium and Thirumandiram
 Information on medicinal plants, astrology philosophy and yoga are described

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Siddha
 This acquired information gradually systemized and developed into Siddha system
 Agasthya - First Siddha physician
 Origin of Siddha system – Devine theory
 Devine theory – origin is credited to god Shiva
 Siddha – Therapeutics, astrology, yoga and philosophy

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Siddha
Principle: According to Siddha system
 Human body is not merely a composite of muscles, bones, tissues and nerves.
 There is a close relation and intimate connections between nature and human being.
 Human being is not free from the influence of nature.
 Five elements (Earth, water, air, fire and ether), mind and soul are the basic
requirements of creation, preservation and destruction.

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Siddha
Origin of Diseases:
1. Disturbance to soul: Disturbance to soul (Inner man) leads to diseases as soul and mind
are integral parts of man’s true constitution.
2. Imbalance of humors: Vazhi, Azal and Iyyam, imbalance of these humors i.e, Increase or
decrease of one or more of them cause diseases.
3. Poisonous substances: Entry of impure and injurious elements through food, drink,
inhalation or absorption through skin cause diseases.

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Siddha
4. Psychological causes : Psychological states such as passion, evil desires, disordered
thoughts and morbid imaginations produce physiological changes in the body leading to
diseases.
5. Spiritual causes : Morbid imaginations may produce abnormal secretions and also either
increase or decrease the levels of hormones and their stimulants and these changes
results in diseases.
6. Astral influence : Astral influences only those places where causes of infection exists but
not the whole world. They cause no harm in the absence of germs in atmosphere, water
or in the human body but cause diseases if germs exist.

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Diagnosis
 For diagnosis, pulse reading and examination of the organs other than those directly
affected are carried out.
 The climate, strength and power of digestion, temperament, age, habits and habitat of
the patient are also observed.
Therapeutics
 The materia medica of siddha system contains vegetables, minerals, metals, marine and
animal products.

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 The knowledge of plants and minerals from all the branches of science is used in
preparation of medicine.
 The practitioners of Siddha use several operations divided into several processes such
as calcinations, sublimation, distillation, separation, or combination, fermentation,
purification, incineration of metals, liquefaction and extraction.

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HOMEOPATHY SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE
• This system derives its name from two Greek words Homoios (like)
and Pathos (treatment).
• This system of medicine is a holistic approach that takes into
consideration the whole person and the relation of lifestyle to disease.
• Its aim is to bring back the lost equilibrium of the sick individual by
stimulating and strengthening the defense mechanism.

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Homoeopathic system of medicine was started by the chemist,
physician and pharmacist Samuel Hahnemann of Germany.
He put forward the law of similar which says that like cures like.
In Homoeopathy, the process whereby the healthy individual takes
doses of an extract (mother tincture) to assess the symptoms it
induces is known as Proving.

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 The person proving the drug, the Prover, maintains the precise, detailed and
accurate record of physical, mental and emotional changes that various doses
induce.
 For proving, mother tincture of freshly gathered material are used.
 For treatment purposes these concentrated mother tinctures are diluted to
enhance their healing power.

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Name of Plant Common Name Uses
Aconitum napellus Wolf’s bane Facial neuralgia, sore throat, cold
Allium cepa Onion Common cold
Arnica montana Leopard’s bane Mental and physical shock
Atropa belladona Belladonna CNS stimulant, neuralgia, chicken pox, measles
Berberis vulgaris Berbery Renal colic
Calendula officinalis Marigold Sores, wounds
ROLE OF PHARMACOGNOSY IN SIDDHA SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE

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 Homeopathy is comparatively a recent system of medicine
 It has been developed in 18th century by Samuel Hahnemann, an internationally reputed
physician and chemist
 The drugs, which produce symptoms in a healthy person, can remove the same symptoms
in an ill person and this forms the basis of Homeopathy.
 Samuel Hahnemann compiled all his findings in Organon of Medicine

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 The axiom discovered by Hahnemann is ‘Law of Similar’ – Similia Similibus
Curentur (Latin) let similar things take care of similar things.
 The cause of the disease itself can be its treatment and is the fundamental
principle of homeopathy
 The word miasm means an obstacle to cure the deeper roots to diseases.

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 These exist in a suppressed or sleeping state in a person.
 As long as they are in that state, the person does not suffer from diseases
due to resistance power.
 If any one of them is stimulated, then the person loses his resistance power
and suffers from diseases related to it.
 The interesting point is that Hahnemann discovered the drugs by testing
them on humans but not on animals.
 Animals reveal only the physical changes whereas man can express the
psychological changes also.

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 The drug is administered to a healthy person to excite any one of the miasms i.e., Psora,
Psychosis or syphilis and the symptoms of the drugs are discovered.
 Another important and significant feature, which is exclusively of homeopathy, is the theory
of Dynamization (Potentiation)
• It is the process by which the quality of the medicine is improved.
• In this process, the medicine is subjected to shaking and friction in a medium.
• By this, the bigger molecules undergo division to form more number of smaller
molecules resulting in improved potency.

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Treatment
 The purpose of administration of the drug is to stimulate natural and inherent powers of the body.
 Thus, it stresses the cure for disease in a natural way.
 It mobilizes the defense mechanism of the body against offending agents.
 Therefore it achieves an ideal cure devoid of side effects.
 The treatment is based on the concept of proving and prover
• Prover means the healthy person
• Proving means the symptoms (physical, mental, emotional changes) that are caused
in prover by the various potencies of medicines

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 For treatment, the symptoms of the drugs are compared with the symptoms of the
patient.
 Homepathic medicines are available in the form of mother tinctures.
 On dilution, the different potencies are obtained in terms of decimal and centesimal
potencies.

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Unani
 In Arabic, Unani means Greece and Tibb means medicine
 Unani Tibb denotes an old system of medicine of Greece origin
 Greece system of medicine began with God Apollo, the mentor of healing art, who
chases away all ills.
 Hippocrates is credited with this system and learned the “Concept of Crisis”, “Critical
days” and “Healing power of nature” from Pythagoras.
 The theory was based on the fundamentals known as “Theory of Humours”.

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Unani contd.
 The four humours (fluids) are Blood, Phlegm, Yellow bile and Black bile
 Health and illness are due to balance and imbalance of these humours respectively.
 Aristotle, the Father of Natural history made significant contributions for the
development of this system.
 Galen and others contributed for the stabilization of system.

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Unani contd.
Principle - Unani Tibb is based on two theories, they are
 Hippocrates ‘Theory of four Humours’
 Pythagoras ‘Theory of four proximate qualities’
 The four proximate qualities are the states of living human body like hot, cold, moist and
dry, representing fire, water, air and earth respectively.
 Arab physicians put all these together as seven working principles – elements,
temperament, humours, organs, life, spirit energy and action.
 These principles are responsible for body constitution, health and disease condition.

Since 1934
Unani contd.
Diagnosis and treatment
 Unani aims at treating the cause of disease rather the symptoms
 Diagnosis includes pulse reading, urine and stool’s examination
 Since, disease is understood as the imbalance of humours, treatment is given accordingly
 Polyherbal preparations are produced as their collective effect is considered

Since 1934
 Unani system of medicine may be traced to that system of Greek medicine that was
developed during the Arab civilization.
 It was the Greek philosopher-physician Hippocrates on whose teachings the theoretical
framework of medicine is based.
 The basic philosophy of Tibb is that the body is composed of matter and spirit.

Since 1934
 The role of many drugs of India such as musk, cloves, cubebs, beetle nut, chandan,
rhubarb, nutmeg, imli, nux-vomica and cassia bark was first acknowledged and
introduced by Unani medicine.
 Various plant drugs used in the Unani system along with their uses are given in Table.

Since 1934
Plant Name Unani Name Part Uses
Acorus calamus Bach Rhizomes Toothache, dysentery
Andrographis paniculata Kalmegh Leaf Tonic, febrifuge
Berberis aristata Darhald Seeds, roots
Febrifuge,
astringent, tonic
Calotropis procera Safedak Latex, roots Purgative, dysentery
Commiphora wrightii Bol, guggul Balsam Rheumatism
Corylus avellana Maghz fundug Fruit Tonic
Carica papaya Avand kharbuza Fruit Digestive, diuretic
ROLE OF PHARMACOGNOSY IN UNANI SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE:

Since 1934
Ayurvedic dosage forms and their evaluation

Since 1934
Classification of Ayurvedic dosage forms according to their physical nature:
A. Solid dosage forms Vatika/Gutika, Churna etc.
B. Semi-solid dosage forms Avleha, Lepa etc.
C. Liquid dosage forms Arista, Asava, Taila, Arka etc.
D. Powder dosage forms Bhasma, Satva, Pisti etc.
Ayurvedic Therapeutics: It is based on five pharmacological principles (Panchasheel) of drug.
These principles are as follows:
1. Rasa
2. Guna
3. Virya
4. Vipaka
5. Prabhava

Since 1934
Evaluation parameters Types of Ayurvedic formulation
Determination of pH Asava, arishta, arka, avaleha
Determination of refractive index Taila, Ghrita
Specific gravity Asava, arishta, arka
Particle fineness Bhasma, Churna, Lepa, Pisti
Disintegration test Gutika, Vati
Weight uniformity Gutika, Vati
Ash value Churna, lepa, gutika, vati
Water and alcohol soluble extractive value Churna, Lepa

Since 1934
Evaluation parameters Types of Ayurvedic formulation
Loss on drying Asava, Arishta, Avaleha
Alcohol content Asava and Arishta
Water content Asava, arishta, arka, avaleha
Foreign organic matter Bhasma, Sindura and Churna
Fat content Avaleha, Taila and Ghrita
Acid value, saponification value, iodine
value
Avaleha, Taila and Ghrita
Qualitative and quantitative analysis by
AAS or flame photometery
Bhasma, Sindura, Churna, Lepa, Pisti, gutika,
vati, lauha, mandura, taila and ghrita.

Since 1934
Gutika
Gutika or pill is defined as the medicine prepared in the form of tablets or pills.
These are made up of one or more drugs of plant and mineral origin
Recall all basics of tablets
from previous semesters.

Since 1934
Gutika

Since 1934
AVLEHA / Lehya

Since 1934
GENERAL METHOD OF PREPARATION OF BHASMA:
Bhasmas are prepared by a two stage method i.e Shodhana and Marana
1. SHODHANA:
 In Ayurveda the very first stage of metal purification is called Shodhana.
 Shodhana eliminates harmful matter, modifies or converts undesirable properties to desirable
enhanced therapeutic actions.
 Shodhana is of two types, Samanya shodhana and Vishsesh shodhana.
 Samanaya Shodhahana involves the immersion of thin sheets of metals in taila, gomutra or
dukdha etc. Whereas, Vishsesh Shodhana is applicable only to certain drugs and preparations.

Since 1934
2. MARANA:
• In this process the purified drug has to be put into a stone mortar (Khalva) and ground with
specified metal, mineral and animal product for a specified period of time.
• Then small cakes are made and dried under the sunlight.
• The heavier the drug, thinner are the cakes. The dried cakes are placed in a single layer in a mud
tray and closed with another tray and the clay smeared with cloth of seven consecutive layers.
• A pit of appropriate size has to be dug in the open space according to the metal which is to be
calcinated.
• Half of the pit filled with dried cow dung cakes.
• The above processed clay tray is placed in it and the pit is again packed with the cow dung cake.
• Fire is lit from all sides and in the middle of the pit. After specified burning, it is allowed to cool at
room temperature.
• The clay tray is removed, and the seal is broken.
• The contents are taken out and finely powdered. The final Bhasma should be preserved in an
airtight earthen container.

Since 1934
Churna

Since 1934
Churna
 As some drugs contain more fibrous matter, separate powdering, sieving and mixing is
preferred.
 Certain drugs like camphor, salt and sugar are to be powdered separately and mixed at
the end.
 Drugs like asafoetida are roasted, powdered and mixed at the end.
 Drugs which are to be taken in the fresh conditions like satavari, guduchi etc. are made
into paste, dried and then added to the rest.

Since 1934
GENERAL METHOD OF PREPARATION OF CHURNA:
1. Clean, dry, powder and sieve through cloth.
2. This can be also done by a disintegrator or mechanical sifter.
3. When there is more than one drug, each drug should be separately powder, sieved and weighed.
4. Finally, mix all powders well together.
5. If salt, sugar, camphor is mentioned, then it should be powdered and added separately at the end.

Since 1934
• Biodynamic farming is a holistic and sustainable approach to agriculture that aims to enhance the health
and fertility of the soil, plants, and animals.
• It was developed by Austrian philosopher and scientist Rudolf Steiner in the 1920s, who believed that
farming should work in harmony with nature.
• Biodynamic farming is based on the principles of biodiversity, crop rotation, and natural pest management.
• It involves the use of natural preparations, such as compost teas and herbal preparations, to improve soil
health and plant growth.
• The farm is viewed as a living organism, and biodynamic farmers aim to create a self-sustaining ecosystem
that can support itself without the need for outside inputs.
• The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is strictly prohibited in biodynamic farming.

Since 1934
• The planting and harvesting of crops are timed according to the phases of the moon and
other celestial events.
• Biodynamic farmers use a variety of techniques, such as crop rotation and intercropping,
to promote soil health and prevent disease.
• Livestock plays an important role in biodynamic farming, as their manure is used to
fertilize the soil.
• Biodynamic farmers also pay attention to the spiritual and cosmic aspects of farming,
such as the alignment of the stars and the energy of the farm.
• Biodynamic farming is recognized as a form of organic agriculture, but it goes beyond the
requirements of organic certification.
• The biodynamic movement has grown in popularity in recent years, with farmers,
consumers, and researchers alike recognizing its benefits for the environment

Since 1934
• Soil mulching: Mulching is the process or practice of covering the soil/ground
to make more favorable conditions for plant growth, development and efficient
crop production. Mulch technical term means 'covering of soil'.
• Chamomile
• Stinging nettle
• Biodynamic process
• Crop residue: Crop residues are materials left in an agricultural field after the
crop has been harvested. These residues include stalks and stubble (stems),
leaves and seed pods. Good management of field residues can increase
efficiency of irrigation and control of erosion.

Since 1934
A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living micro-organisms which, when applied to
seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and
promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host
plant.
• Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation,
solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-
promoting substances.
• The micro-organisms in biofertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil
organic matter.
• Through the use of biofertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the
sustainability and the health of the soil.
• Biofertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, but
they are not yet able to replace their use.

Since 1934
Manure: Manure is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Most manure consists of
animal feces; other sources include compost and green manure.
Humus: It is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays. When plants drop
leaves, twigs, and other material to the ground, it piles up.
Green manure is commonly associated with organic farming and it can play an important role in sustainable
annual cropping system. Farm yard manure refers to the decomposed mixture of dung, and urine of farm animals
along with litter and left over materials from roughage's or fodder feed to the cattle.
Compost mainly refers to the end products formed by the biodegradation of organic matter.

Since 1934
• Soil heath: Health of the soil maintained by adding manure, or compost and other organic
material in place of synthetic fertilizers. Biological fertilizers like compost release the
nutrients slowly, increase the capacity to retain the moisture and reduce the leaching of
nitrates into ground water
• Crop rotation: Organic farmers do not grow the same crop on the same field year after year.
Crop rotation naturally reloads the soil as different plants provide different nutrients to the
soil. It also disrupts the habitats of insect pests and weeds and helps to control them.

Since 1934
Green manure/cover crops (GMCCs)
are plants that are grown in order to
provide soil cover and to improve the
physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics of soil.
Cover crops: Cover crops like clover, rye,
and wheat are planted between growing
seasons which help to refill the soil with
nutrients and prevents soil erosion. They
also control weeds by suffocating and
shading by them.

Since 1934
Cow Pat Pit (CPP)
It is a biodynamic preparation that stimulates soil activity and
enhances the humus forming processes of the soil. It also helps to
initiate the fermentation of manure and activates organic matter
conversion in compost.

Since 1934
Organic Farming
Organic farming is a method of crop production with an objective not to use pesticides,
fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and plant growth hormones.
The principal goal of organic production is to develop a system that is sustainable and in
agreement with the environment.
Organic farming system depends upon crop rotations, use of crop residues, animal manures,
legumes, green manures, off farm organic wastes, bio fertilizers, mineral bearing rocks, biological
control to maintain soil productivity and to supply plant nutrients and to control insect, weeds
and other pests.

Since 1934
Use of excessive chemical fertilizers and toxic pesticides polluted the land
and water deeply. This leads to severe environmental penalty like loss of
topsoil, decrease in soil fertility, surface and ground water
contamination and loss of genetic diversity.
Organic farming is a production management system that promotes and
improves agro-ecosystem health like biodiversity, biological cycles, and
soil biological activity.
Organic farming methods produce even higher yields than conventional
methods
Organic Farming

Since 1934
Objectives of organic farming
• To protect the environment, decrease soil degradation and erosion, decrease pollution, optimize biological productivity and
promote a sound state of health
• To maintain long-term soil fertility by optimizing conditions for biological activity within the soil
• To maintain biological diversity within the system
• To recycle materials and resources to the greatest extent possible within the project
• To provide considerate care that promotes health and meets the behavioural needs of livestock
• To prepare organic products by careful processing, and handling methods in order to maintain the organic integrity and
vital qualities of the products at all stages of production
• To depend upon renewable resources in locally organised agricultural systems
Organic Farming

Since 1934
Importance of organic farming
Organic farming provides many benefits like:-
Provides better nutrition: organic food is rich in nutrients. Organic farming increases
the nutrients of the soil which is passed on to the plants and animals
Helps us to stay healthy: organic foods do not contain any chemical as organic farmers
don’t use chemicals at any stage of the food-growing. Organic farmers use natural
farming techniques which do not harm humans and environment
Free of poison: organic farmers do not make use of poisonous chemicals like pesticides
and weedicides. As organic farming avoids these toxins, it reduces the chances of
sickness and diseases

Since 1934
Importance of organic farming
Lower prices: organic foods are cheaper as they don’t use application of expensive
pesticides, insecticides, and weedicides
Improved taste: organic food tastes better than other food. The sugar content in
organically grown fruits and vegetables provide them extra taste
Organic farming methods are eco-friendly: organic farming does not utilize harsh
chemicals so; the environment including plant life, animals, and humans remain
protected
Longer shelf-life: organic plants have greater metabolic and structural reliability in
their cellular structure than conventional crops. This enables storage of organic food
for a longer time

Since 1934
Organic farming
Organic farming includes
Fertilizers
• Organic farming does not use synthetic fertilizers and in order to build and maintain a rich, living soil
addition of organic matter is done. This includes the application of manure, compost and animal by-
products like feather meal (Feather meal results from the processing of the feathers obtained after
poultry slaughtering.) or blood meal (Blood meal is a byproduct of slaughterhouses and is
essentially dried animal blood. It is a water-soluble fertilizer that can be applied as a liquid. Its
addition to soil increases nitrogen levels very efficiently.).
• The USDA National Organic Standards direct that raw manure must be applied no later than 90 or
120 days before harvest, depending on whether the harvested part of the crop is in contact with the
ground

Since 1934
Aspect Organic Farming Biodynamic Farming
Philosophy
Sustainable and eco-friendly farming practices
to protect soil, water, and air
Holistic approach to farming that views the farm as a
self-contained, living organism
Soil
Management
Uses natural fertilizers and compost to
improve soil health and fertility
Emphasizes the use of specific preparations, such as
cow horns filled with manure, to enliven the soil
Pest and
Weed Control
Uses natural methods such as crop rotation,
companion planting, and beneficial insects to
control pests and weeds
Uses the biodynamic calendar to guide planting and
harvesting, as well as specific herbal and mineral
preparations to control pests and weeds
Livestock
Livestock must be raised on organic feed, free
from antibiotics and growth hormones
Emphasizes the integration of livestock into the farm
system, with animals treated as integral parts of the
farm
Cosmic
Influences
Does not emphasize the influence of cosmic
forces on farming practices
Emphasizes the influence of cosmic forces on farming
practices, with planting and harvesting timed to
correspond to lunar and other celestial cycles
Certification
Regulated by government agencies and
requires certification to be labeled as organic
Biodynamic certification is optional, and there are
multiple organizations that provide certification
Market
Demand
Organic products are in high demand and
widely available
Biodynamic products are more niche and may be
harder to find in some areas

Since 1934
A good agricultural practice in the context of medicinal plants is a
cultivation programme designed to ensure optimal yield in terms
of both quality and quantity of any crop intended for health
purposes.

Since 1934
• Soil and climatic conditions
• Seeds and propagation material
• Crop management for cultivation
Field preparation,
Sowing and transplanting,
Manures and fertilizers
Irrigation

Since 1934
Soil and climatic conditions
The grower should identify the best possible environment where the plant can express its
full potential in terms of both quality and quantity during its entire growth
period (germination, growth and maturity).
Meteorological data collated for preceding three years should be taken into
account while judging the suitability of the site.

Since 1934
• The selected site should qualify in terms of overall soil health for the
purpose of cultivation of medicinal plant species. The following should be
avoided;
• Sites designated with high-degree stress factors (salinity, acidity and
toxicity), water logging conditions, industrial wastes and affluent.
• Sites in proximity to grave yards, crematoria or having a traceable
history of such usage.
• A well drained fertile soil with optimum level of water holding capacity
and productivity status should be used for medicinal plants cultivation.

Since 1934
• The quality of irrigation water should have been adequately understood and classified
in the context of both soil type and the target crop in terms of total salt concentration,
Sodium absorption ratio, Bicarbonate and Boron concentration etc.
• When the end-product is required to conform to standards of residual
contaminants, the irrigation water must be analyzed for heavy metals and residual
pesticides also.
• When shade-loving crop is planned for, availability of shade across the field should
be ascertained. Provision for artificial shading should be examined in the light of crop
economics.

Since 1934
Seeds and propagation material
The seed/planting material should be accompanied with the following
information:-
•Name as per pharmacopoeial nomenclature and trade name
•Botanical name
•Cultivar/ Selection / Phenotype/ Chemotype/ Genotype
•Projected quality of crop in terms of physico-chemical analysis/ marker based
analysis – on the basis of earlier data/ reports

Since 1934
Crop management for cultivation
Field preparation
• The soil should be brought to the desired farmland to facilitate favorable
environment for growing seed and seedling.
• The field operation performed should provide better rhizospheric
environment, soil porosity and texture, and keep it free from weeds for
initial 20-30 days.

Since 1934
Sowing and transplanting
The recommended rate of seedlings per unit of land area should be adhered to. The
placement of seeds should take place at the appropriate depth in the moist zone of the soil.
In cases where saplings are transplanted the spacing norms in terms of row to- row and
plant-to-plant distance should governed by the needs of target crop as envisaged in the
agronomic protocol for target species.
The seedling at optimum stage of transplanting should be uprooted and transplanted
immediately thereafter.
Replenishment of plant populations to compensate mortality losses should be carried out
within a reasonable timeframe and in consideration of the gestation period of the target
crop.

Since 1934
Manures and fertilizers
Use of organic manure is preferred for growing medicinal plants. However, mineral
nutrition through inorganic source may be opted for in consideration of the nutritional
needs of the target crop vis-à-vis the soil characteristics.
Use of compost, vermi-compost, poultry manure, green leafy manure is desirable.
Similarly, use of microbial fertilizers for distinct purposes like, nitrogen fixing or for
phosphate solubilizing is desirable.
The use of sludge, city waste, manure with known or assumed toxicities must be avoided.
Specialized nutritional care for distinct purposes such as root production or enhancement
of leafy bio-mass etc should be opted for in the light of recommended agronomic practices
for target species.

Since 1934
Irrigation
Total water requirement of the crop should be estimated in the
light of available agronomic protocol. Accordingly, the irrigation
cycles should be planned for and implemented to ensure optimal
plant growth.
Water harvesting and water conservation methods should be
followed wherever possible.

Since 1934
Climate :
Climatic conditions, for example, length of day, rainfall (water supply) and field
temperature, significantly influence the physical, chemical and biological qualities of
medicinal plants
The duration of sunlight, average rainfall, average temperature, including daytime and
night-time temperature differences, also influence the physiological and biochemical
activities of plants, and prior knowledge should be considered

Since 1934
Human excreta must not be used as a fertilizer owing to the potential presence of
infectious microorganisms or parasites.
Animal manure should be thoroughly composted to meet safe sanitary standards of
acceptable microbial limits.
Any applications of animal manure should be documented. Chemical fertilizers that have
been approved by the countries of cultivation and consumption should be used.
Current Good Cultivation Practices

Since 1934
All fertilizing agents should be applied sparingly and in accordance with the needs of the
particular medicinal plant species and supporting capacity of the soil.
Growers should implement practices that contribute to soil conservation and minimize
erosion.

Since 1934
Irrigation and drainage:
Irrigation and drainage should be controlled and carried out in accordance with the
needs of the individual medicinal plant species during its various stages of growth.
 Water used for irrigation purposes should comply with local, regional and/or
national quality standards.
 Care should be exercised to ensure that the plants under cultivation are neither
over- nor under-watered.

Since 1934
Plant maintenance and protection:
 The growth and development characteristics of individual medicinal plants, as well as
the plant part destined for medicinal use, should guide field management practices
 The timely application of measures such as pruning and shading may be used to
control the growth and development of the plant, thereby improving the quality and
quantity of the medicinal plant material being produced

Since 1934
Any agrochemicals used to promote the growth of or to protect medicinal plants should be
kept to a minimum, and applied only when no alternative measures are available.
Integrated pest management should be followed, only approved pesticides and herbicides
should be applied at the minimum effective level, in accordance with the labelling and/or
package insert instructions.
Only qualified staff using approved equipment should carry out pesticide and herbicide
applications.

Since 1934
 The minimum interval between such treatments and harvest should be consistent with
the labelling and/or package insert
Growers and producers should comply with maximum pesticide and herbicide residue
limits, as stipulated by local, regional and/or national regulatory authorities
International agreements such as the International Plant Protection Convention and
Codex Alimentarius should also be consulted on pesticide use and residues

Since 1934
Summary
 Site selection - Same species can show significant differences in quality when cultivated
at different sites, owing to the influence of soil, climate and other factors
 Differences may relate to physical appearance or to variations in their constituents, the
biosynthesis
 Ecological environment and social impact
 Climatic conditions, for example, length of day, rainfall (water supply) and field
temperature
 Soil - appropriate amounts of nutrients, organic matter and other elements, Irrigation
and water

Since 1934
Pest and Pest control
o Pest is an undesired animal or plant species, and pesticides are chemicals derived from
synthetic and natural sources effective in small concentrations against pests.
o Whereas, weed is an undesired plant.
o Weeds are considered as dreadful pests because losses due to them are estimated to be more
than those occurring due to other pests and diseases combined together.
o Every year, large quantity of crude drugs is wasted/destroyed by pest.
o Also loss in quality occur when these pest are allowed to grow on products.
o The control of pests thus, assumes primary importance in the context of cultivation of medicinal and
aromatic plants.

Since 1934
They live for 90 days and eat voraciously — the equivalent to their bodyweight every day.
They feed on green, leafy plants and always travel during the day time. An average adult
locust swarm eats as much as about 10 elephants, 25 camels or 2,500 people.
Locust

Since 1934
Methods of Pest Control:
1. Mechanical Method:
 It is the simple technique wherein, hand picking, burning and trapping of pests methods are employed.
 Concrete construction of warehouse is one of the way for the protection of drugs from rodents also mouse
traps are also used.
 Whereas, for trapping flying insects, flavoured attractants placed in funnel shaped container, which are
formulated with rose oil, anise oil etc. mixed with saw dust.
 Thereby the insects can easily get entry and get trap in it.
2. Agricultural Methods: In this method, advance plant breeding techniques capable of inducing genetic
manipulations resulting in production of pest-resistant species.

Since 1934
3. Biopesticides/Bioinsecticides:
It include naturally occurring substances that control pests (biochemical pesticides),
microorganisms that control pests (microbial pesticides, and pesticidal substances produced
by plants containing added genetic material (plant –incorporated protectants, PIPs).
• These include living organisms like Bacillus thuringiensis, which is used to control
caterpillar or plant derivatives like pyrethrins (from the dried flower heads of
Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) or neem oil (from the seeds of Azadirachta indica)
4. Mineral-based inorganic pesticides like sulphur and copper are also used. Potassium
bicarbonate for instances increases pH on the leaf surfaces, which is detrimental to
fungal spore.Increases osmotic potential and dries out fungal spores.Inhibits mycelial
growth by destabilizing and destroying cell membrane.

Since 1934
Biofungicides:
Bacillus Spp.
Over 100 Bacillus-based biopesticides registered (Majority are Bt insecticides)
B. Amyloliquefaciens and B. Subtilis
Target foliar as well as some soil borne diseases.

Since 1934
• Biopesticides are a type of pesticide that are derived from natural materials such as
plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi.
• Unlike synthetic pesticides, biopesticides are generally considered to be less harmful
to the environment and non-target organisms.
• Biopesticides can be used to control a variety of pests including insects, weeds, and
plant diseases.
• Biopesticides work in different ways to control pests. For example, some
biopesticides release toxins that kill pests, while others work by disrupting the
pest's reproductive cycle.
• Biopesticides can be divided into two main categories: microbial biopesticides and
biochemical biopesticides.
Biopesticides

Since 1934
• Microbial biopesticides are made from living microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, & viruses.
They can be used to control pests by infecting them with a disease, competing with them for
resources, or producing toxins that kill them.
• Biochemical biopesticides are made from natural materials such as plant extracts,
pheromones, and enzymes. They can be used to control pests by disrupting their behavior or
physiology.
• Biopesticides are regulated by government agencies to ensure their safety and effectiveness. In the
United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates biopesticides.
• Biopesticides are becoming increasingly popular due to growing concerns about the environmental
and health impacts of synthetic pesticides.
• While biopesticides are generally considered to be safer and more environmentally friendly than
synthetic pesticides, they are not without their drawbacks. For example, they can be more
expensive and less effective than synthetic pesticides, and they may require more frequent
application.

Since 1934
• PIPs are a type of genetically modified organism (GMO) that produce insecticidal proteins
within their plant tissue.
• The insecticidal proteins produced by PIPs are derived from the bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt), which is naturally found in soil.
• PIPs are created by inserting the Bt gene into the genome of a plant, such as corn or
cotton.
• The Bt protein produced by PIPs is toxic to certain pests, such as caterpillars and beetles,
when ingested.
• PIPs provide continuous protection against target pests, reducing the need for frequent
applications of traditional insecticides.
• PIPs have been widely used in commercial agriculture since the 1990s, with the most
commonly grown PIP crops being corn and cotton.
Plant-incorporated pesticides (PIPs)

Since 1934
• The use of PIPs has been controversial, with some concerns raised about their
potential impact on non-target organisms, the development of resistance in
target pests, and the potential for unintended effects on human health and the
environment.
• Regulatory bodies around the world, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), have evaluated the safety of PIPs before approving their
commercial use.
• PIPs are subject to strict regulations and monitoring to ensure their safety and
effectiveness.
• PIPs are one of several pest management strategies used in modern agriculture,
and their use is likely to continue to be an important tool for crop protection in
the future.

Since 1934
• Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a type of bacterium that produces crystal proteins, also
known as delta-endotoxins, which are toxic to certain insects. Bt is widely used as a
biological pesticide to control pests in agriculture and forestry.
• Bt can be applied to crops as a spray or as a genetically modified plant. When insects
ingest the toxin, it binds to the cells in their gut and causes the cells to burst, leading to
the insect's death. Bt is most effective against caterpillars, such as those of the corn
borer, tomato hornworm, and cabbage looper.
• Bt is a safe and environmentally friendly way to control pests because it only affects
certain types of insects and has little to no impact on other organisms. Additionally, Bt is
biodegradable and breaks down quickly in the environment, reducing the risk of
contamination.
• Overall, Bt is an effective and sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides in controlling
pest populations in agriculture and forestry…

Unit I Herbal Drug Technology Theory BP603T.pdf

Unit I Herbal Drug Technology Theory BP603T.pdf

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Unit I Herbal Drug Technology Theory BP603T.pdf