Power In Basketball Essay
I have an 18 year–old, male college freshman who was a 3 sports star athlete in high school. He has
just completed his off–season work outs. This athlete is every knowledgeable of how to train in the
weight room and on the court as he has been lifting since 8th grade. He has created near perfect
technique over his prior years of doing offseason workouts. Over the course of this athletes training
our primary focus will be power. Along with our focus on power, we will really stress speed,
strength, endurance, agility, footwork, and mobility. Our training goals are to increase all these
attributes; some more than others. Basketball is a dynamic sport that uses a lot of multi–joint
movements. Basketball is a unilateral and bilateral sport in which these two movements are both
used in the sport. These bilateral and unilateral movements are attached to common movements you
make while you play basketball such as jumping, sprinting, and shooting. The whole body must be
trained in a basketball player. The athlete has constant muscle contraction and uses ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
ATP–PC is the most common energy system used in basketball. ATP is short and lasts about 7–10
seconds. This energy system is used for activities where you use short bursts of activity at a time
such as full court sprints, jumping for a block, diving for a loose ball, or taking a simple shot. This
system requires a recovery time of about 25–30 seconds. The glycolytic energy phase is consistent
activity for 15 seconds to 3 minutes. This is when there is intense constant play such as fast breaks
and no stoppage of play such as time outs and fouls. The Oxidative is the third energy system used
in basketball. In this energy system intensity lowers, but these exercises must last lasts 3 minutes or
more to be oxidative. This is hit usually when you condition your basketball players as they need to
play intense offense and defense the entire game (Basketball Energy
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Free Strength Machine Exercise
WHICH PROVES GREATER STRENGTH RESULTS: MACHINE OR FREE WEIGHT
RESISTANCE TRAINING?
Pros and cons of training modalities remain apparent regardless of preference; whether one favours
safety due to injuries, or heavy weight to increase the amount of skeletal muscle mass. This meta–
analysis seeks to compare and relate the differences between the two, by comparing results of 1RMs
and 3RMs across three separate studies. Each study typically identified a separate facet, from the
levels of muscle activation during a press, to the correlations between machine exercise and the
free–weight counterparts. Although, not all sourced information remained relevant, the nature of the
studies gave relative data regarding repetition maximums across the differing ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
31 trained (minimum 3 months of resistance training) subjects (gender not mentioned) were used.
Means of study was quasieperimental due to lack of true random sampling. Subjects underwent
three testing sessions to gather a total of 6 1RM tests, (machine chest press, machine shoulder press,
machine bicep curl, free–weight bench press, free–weight overhead press, and free–weight preacher
curls) with a recovery time of at least 48–72 hours for recovery. Researchers observed significant
disparities between the 1RMs. Exercises performed on the machines proved significantly higher
1RMs. According to the study, it is believed that the machine counterpart would cause a higher 1RM
as it has a reduced need for core activation and stabiliser recruitment, which could in turn allow a
greater production of force being applied to the linear path of the machine. Discrepancies in the
range of motion and movement patterns were also noted, because although the muscle being
activated may be the same, the neurological stimulation may

Scapular Muscle Rehabilitation
Introduction In regards to mobility, the glenohumeral (GH) joint is one of the best the human body
has to offer. It allows for the range of motion needed for the activities of daily living that we have all
grown accustomed to. In order to execute these motions, however, the shoulder joint needs a stable
base of support. This is one of the primary roles of the scapula and its surrounding musculature.
When the GH joint is injured, however, scapular muscle–activation, and therefore stability and
function, is theoretically altered. Many shoulder rehabilitation programs focus on restoring proper
coordination of these muscles, especially those involved with scapular upward–rotation. Until
recently, however, there has not been much research supporting the relationship between muscle–
activation ratios and shoulder injuries, nor the ability to preferentially activate scapular muscles
using rehabilitation exercises. Furthermore, the purpose of this study was to determine if there are
differences in muscle–activation ratios between healthy individuals and those with GH injuries, as
well as evaluate muscle–activation during particular rehabilitation exercises (Moeller, Huxel Bliven,
& Snyder Valier, 2014).
Methods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They defined one independent variable as group, referring to either healthy control or GH injury.
The other independent variable was defined as functional exercise, which consisted of bow and
arrow (BA), external rotation with scapular squeeze (ERSS), lawnmower, and robbery. The
dependent variables were identified as normalized muscle–activation from the serratus anterior
(SA), upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), and lower trapezius (LT). These values were
used to calculate ratios of muscle–activation (Moeller, Huxel Bliven, & Snyder Valier,

Muscle Functions Of Muscle Function
Muscle Function
Masseter helps chew food by raising the mandible up and down
Latissimus dorsi extension of the arm, the adduction of the arm, and the rotation of the arm towards
the center of the body
Triceps brachii extension of the arm and forearm
Deltoids rotation of the arm towards and away from the body, and the extension, flexion, and
abduction of the arm
Trapezius extension of the cranium, adduction and elevation, and depression of the scapula
Extensor carpi radialis abduction and extension of the hand
Extensor carpi ulnaris extension and adduction of the hand
Serratus ventralis abduction of the scapula and rotation in an upward direction
Rectus abdominus enables the vertebral column to be flexed and the compression of the abdomen
Pectoralis minor enables the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs to be raised for inhalation of air and allows the
abduction of the scapula and its inferior movement
Pectoralis major arm to rotate towards the body and the flexion and extension of the arm
Sternohyoid pushes the hyoid bone down
Biceps femoris flexion of the leg and extension of the thigh
Gluteus maximus extension of the thigh and the rotation of the thigh away from the body
Gluteus medius enables the thigh to be abducted and to be rotated towards the center of the body
External oblique flexion of the vertebral column with a forward movement of the abdomen and
chest, and allows for the lateral flexion of the vertebral column and trunk rotation
Senitendinous enables leg to be flexed and

Exercise Analysis Bird Dog
Bird Dog Exercise Analysis
The female exerciser begins executing the bird dog while positioned on her hands and knees. She
raises her left arm while simultaneously extending her right hip and knee. The muscle fibers of her
anterior deltoid engage and act as the agonist for shoulder flexion while the gluteus maximus
engages as the agonist for hip extension. The quadriceps femoris group act as the agonist for knee
extension. The antagonists for shoulder flexion are the posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres
major, pectoralis major, and the triceps brachii. The antagonist for her hip extension is the iliopsoas
while the hamstring group is the antagonist for knee extension. The upper fibers of her pectoralis
major, along with the biceps brachii

A Brief Note On The Mechanism Of Injury
Mechanism of injury:
Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is caused by traction to the brachial plexus during labour. In the
majority of cases delivery of the upper shoulder is blocked by the mother's pubic symphysis
(shoulder dystocia). If additional traction is applied to the child's head, the angle between the neck
and the shoulder is forcefully widened, overstretching the ipsilateral brachial plexus. Recently, the
exact origin of OBPP was again a matter of debate. It was suggested that intrauterine maladaptation,
not nerve traction, causes the plexopathy. [43]
However OBPP at birth is one of the causes of permanent neurological disability. The delivery
process is associated with several factors which, together, may result in OBPP in the newborn but it
is difficult to predict OBPP based on antenatally available information. Despite extensive research
one OBPP, there is no generally accepted strategy for prevention. [7]
Fortunately, Permanent damage to the upper roots is uncommon. Usual involvement is of the
suprascapular, axillary and musculocutaneous nerves. Muscles most often paralyzed are
supraspinatus and infraspinatus supplied by the suprascapular nerve, which is fixed between two
points and does not accommodate stretching. In more severely affected patients, deltoid, biceps,
brachialis and subscapularis are also involved. Patients with C5 and C6 palsies usually have residual
weakness of rhomboids and serratus anterior leading to mild winging of scapula, an acceptable

Major Joint Movements : Catching A Softball That Is Hit...
1. Movement Analysis:
Main Motor Patterns: Catching a softball that is hit and throwing a softball that has been caught.
Jumping and sprinting during practice or a game to catch a ball.
Major Joint Movement:
A. Jumping (bilateral):
Jumping (bilateral): Hip and knee is in extension, while ankle is in plantar flexion, and shoulder
abduction and flexion while in the air.
Jumping (unilateral)– a jump that is used with only one leg while running.
B. Sprinting (unilateral):
Hip extension from the foot meanwhile the foot strikes.
Hip flexion while foot strikes when taking off sprinting.
Knee extension while leg is driving up and knee flexion when leg is powering down.
Plantar flexion while the ankle is on the ground phase.
C. Throwing:
Shoulder extension and abduction while throwing, hip and elbow extension when catching a ball.
Shoulder abduction, elbow extension, and trunk rotation.
Hip and knee extension when throwing the softball.
Muscular Actions:
A. Jumping:
The knee is flexed and the hamstrings flex the knee.
The quadriceps for knee extension. While the calf is used for plantar flexion.
In the shoulder abduction and flexion is used for pectoralis, supraspinatus, and deltoids.
B. Sprinting:
Hip extension is called by gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles.
Hip extension is cause by adductor magnus muscle which is the inside the thighs.
The quadriceps extend the knee. The rectus femoris helps flex the hip.
Hamstrings, gracilis,

Commonness In Musculoskeletal Disorders
Purpose of Research and Subjects Musculoskeletal disorders are very common throughout the
population. The research into the commonness in musculoskeletal disorders in the shoulder isn't
correct due to the lack of uniformity and gold standard measurement. This study focuses on the
commonness of musculoskeletal disorders of the shoulder in women. They assess the differences in
the commonness of injuries using three different measuring tools.
The subjects for this study were working aged women, 20 to 55 years of age. These women were
not exposed to heavy or repetitive work. They could not be a part of the study if they had been
diagnosed with major pathologies or trauma to the shoulder previously. The subjects were
volunteers. The volunteers were found at supermarkets located in the same area. 302 women were
enrolled in this cross sectional study.
Methods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first was a questionnaire for symptoms, disability, and the SF36 health survey. The second
assessment was performed by a blinded orthopaedic specialist and third an ultrasound and MRI of
the shoulder. In the first stage the subjects took a Nordic– style questionnaire that focused on pain in
the upper limb. The second stage was performed by an experienced orthopaedic specialist. The
specialist assessed both shoulders by determining the range of motion and pull force at a 90 degrees
of abduction in the scapular plane. A constant score was calculated for both shoulders. If the
constant score was below normal female values, their shoulder was considered abnormal. Third a
blinded musculoskeletal radiologist performed an ultrasonography of both shoulders in all subjects.
If they had an inconclusive finding they completed the assessment with an MRI. The subjects were
not allowed to report any pain they were having during the

Free Weight Training Research Paper
You decided that it is time to start lifting weights, so you joined a gym. Now you are not sure where
to start. Some of your friends say that free weights are the only way to go, while others only use the
machines. So, which should you choose?
Free weights are usually preferred over machines by most people and (professionals or skilled
people). The use of free weights may allow for the gaining of more muscle mass and strength than
that of resistance machines. (Schwanbeck, 2008)
Information and (event(s) or object(s) that prove something) point to/show that for most activities
free weight training can produce superior results compared to training with machines, especially
when the free weight training involves complex, multi–combined exercises ... Show more content
Mechanical level of detail is concerned with appropriate movement patterns, force application and
speed of movement. (thinking about/when one thinks about) the available (event(s) or object(s) that
prove something) that loyalty to the idea of level of detail of exercise and training can result in a
greater move (from one place to another) of training effect then free weights should produce a more
effective training move (from one place to another). Therefore, most resistance exercises making up
a training programme should include of free weight exercises with focus on mechanical level of
detail (i.e. large muscle mass exercises, appropriate speed, contraction type etc.)
(Sports Biomechanics Vol.1 (1) 79 – 103)
When deciding/figuring out the decisions on the use of free weights against/compared to/or
resistance machines, one should look at what the goal of your training program is and if your
training method reflects such goals.
A study was managed and did/done by Schick, Coburn, Brown, Judelson, Khamoui, Tran and

Concrete Obstacles
The muscles that are considered to be the prime movers in order to do a pull up is the Latissimus
dorsi, biceps, front deltoid, terse major to start the movement in order to bring the body upward
towards the bar. Once you get close to the top of the bar the synergist muscles will kick in order to
help support the prime muscles movers. Those muscles would be the rhomboids and the trapezius to
get involved to help and add thickness and strength to the back. The stabilizers for the supinated
chin up will be the abdominals and obliques. Yes, there is a difference between a pull up with palms
pronated and chin ups with palms supinated. Pull ups with the palms (pronated) will add the deltoids
(3) rear, mid and front deltoids, along with the trapezius and rhomniods will be added to the list of
prime muscles movers along with the latissimus dorsi, biceps and terse major. This style of pull up
is that hardest of all the basic pull ups because will be more dependent on the upper back unlike the
chin up with (supinated) palms because the biceps, latisumuss dorsi and terse major will be the only
prime movers the rest will stay as synergists. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This shows us that chin ups aren't the best way to exercise the latissimus dorsi but it is the beginning
way to start strengthen the lattissimus dorsi until you can do a pronated pull up to really ecericse the
lattissimus

Advantages Of Exercise Machines
When it comes to training and working out in the gym, we all have our own personal favourite
exercises and/or pieces of equipment for training. There are some people out there that absolutely
adore treadmills and pieces of cardio equipment, whilst there are others that can't stand them. Some
people like dumbbells, some like barbells, some like chest press machines, some like leg press
machines, the list can go on and on. If you really want to start an argument and watch people get
especially heated however, get a group of fitness enthusiasts together, and ask them whether free
weights are better than isolation machines. Some people will swear that free weights and free weight
exercises are the best, whilst others will be adamant that gym isolation machines are the more
beneficial of the two. So, if one set of people is telling you one thing, and another set of people is
telling you something else, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All you need is a set of dumbbells and you can work every major muscle group in your body, and
not only that, but you can actually perform a number of different exercises for all major muscle
groups in the body. With machines, you are limited to doing only what the machine is designed to
do, and although different machines work different muscles, you are still only limited to whichever
machines your gym has in stock.
What are machine exercises? – Now that we've covered free weight exercises, it is now time to take
a look at machine exercises. We'll get right to the point here, by telling you that machine exercises
are basically exercises which are performed using resistance machines in the gym. There are
different machines that target different muscle groups, so let's look at the benefits.
What are the benefits of machine exercises? – Some of the primary benefits of machine–based
exercises include the

Intramuscular Injection
Definition
An intramuscular injection is an injection given directly into the central area of a specific muscle. In
this way, the blood vessels supplying that muscle distribute the injected medication via
thecardiovascular system.
Purpose
Intramuscular injection is used for the delivery of certain drugs not recommended for other routes of
administration, for instance intravenous, oral, or subcutaneous. The intramuscular route offers a
faster rate of absorption than the subcutaneous route, and muscle tissue can often hold a larger
volume of fluid without discomfort. In contrast, medication injected into muscle tissues is absorbed
less rapidly and takes effect more slowly that medication that is injected intravenously. This is
favorable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are various methods for defining the boundaries of this muscle.
Vastus lateralis muscle
The vastus lateralis muscle forms part of the quadriceps muscle group of the upper leg and can be
found on the anteriolateral aspect of the thigh. This muscle is more commonly used as the site for
IM injections as it is generally thick and well formed in individuals of all ages and is not located
close to any major arteries or nerves. It is also readily accessed. The middle third of the muscle is
used to define the injection site. This third can be determined by visually dividing the length of the
muscle that originates on the greater trochanter of the femur and inserts on the upper border of the
patella and tibial tuberosity through the patella ligament into thirds. Palpation of the muscle is
required to determine if sufficient body and mass is present to undertake the procedure.
Gluteus medius muscle
The gluteus medius muscle, which is also known as the ventrogluteal site, is the third commonly
used site for IM injections. The correct area for injection can be determined in the following
manner. Place the heel of the hand of the greater trochanter of the femur with fingers pointing
towards the patient's head. The left hand is used for the right hip and vice versa. While keeping the
palm of the hand over the greater trochanter and placing the index finger on the anterior superior
iliac spine, stretch the middle

Stability Ball Research Paper
Perform at least one exercise for each major muscle group on a stability ball. Were you able to use
the same weight as you normally do? If not, why do you think you could not use as much
resistance? What populations would benefit from the use of incorporating stability ball training? Are
there certain individuals who should not use a stability ball? PECTORIALS– Ball push–ups. I didn't
do as many reps as I would with regular push–ups because of the incline of being on the ball.
ABDOMIALS – Ball crunch. My core is already pretty strong already so I could do these pretty
well, before when I first had started several years ago I found that doing a crunch on a ball was
more difficult than doing them on the floor, due to having to balance and stabilize myself while on
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
GASTROCNEMIUS & SOLEUS– Ball calf raises, no weight change even with pressing the ball
firmly. GLUTEUS– Ball Hip bridge, since my feet are elevated on the ball I can feel me glutes and
lower back muscles working harder than normal. BICEPS– ball bicep curl, using heavier weights
the ball help stabilize me and I found it easier that normal. TRICEPS– Ball triceps extension, weight
was the same for me on this one. Stability balls are a great addition to any work out and can have
many benefits such as range of motion to many exercises and help with balance and stability from
different angles. They are also great in rehabilitation a situation which is what they were designed
for. You can also use them for resistances training as well. If someone has never used a stability ball
before they shouldn't use one until they have been shown the proper form and appropriate resistance
skills. If you have a client that has had previous joint injuries or weakness they should avoid using a
stability ball because this will only make the problem

Free Weights Research Paper
Free weights versus Resistance machines, and which one of these training methods is more
beneficial when it comes to: Secondary stabilizing muscles, free range of motion across planes of
the body, and finally the safety of the two and which one is truly safer. Although, resistance
machines have been made to specifically train a muscle they are still inferior to the classic free
weights: dumbbells, kettle balls, and barbells. Stabilizing muscles are the first and most important
factor when training with free weights. Training with free weights over machines will greatly
activate your core better than any exercise having to do with a machine. Beginning with the barbell
back squat compared to the stable smith machine squat. "Activities of the soleus (SOL), abdominal
stabilizers (AS), upper lumbar erector spinae (ULES), and lumbo–sacral erector spinae (LSES) were
highest during the unstable squat and lowest with the smith machine protocol." (Anderson K, Behm
DG ) The barbell back squat (unstable back squat) in this article demonstrates that preforming this
movement with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can actually be safer because when preforming an exercise with free weights you are not
limited to getting in a position that will better allow you to lift the weight. "It's a common miss
conception that machines are safer because they allow for more controlled movement, because often
times machines won't let you get into a good position from the get–go." (Bonvechio,
www.stack.com) When preforming the flat barbell bench press you can position your feet wider,
flex your glutes, and squeeze the back of your shoulder blades together. Which is considered a
power stance when benching and the proper technique and when using an angled bench press that
has you in an upright position but still focusing solely on the chest can feel a bit awkward and could
potentially limit you from really stimulating the

Mental Heath Unit Reflective Report
Throughout the first few weeks of working on the Mental Heath Unit at Victoria Hospital, I was
exposed to many new and different situations in regards to patient care. One situation in particular
that stuck out to me occurred during my first week when I was working with a patient who had
schizophrenia and paranoia. During this time, I was required to give this gentleman his
intramuscular (IM) depot injection of Invega Sustenna, which assists in managing the symptoms of
schizophrenia. For confidentiality reasons, this patient will be referred to as Roger for the remainder
of the reflection. I met Roger when my co–caring nurse was completing her morning assessments.
During this time, I noticed that he was quite friendly and talkative. These qualities continued to be
apparent throughout the morning, even when he appeared to be getting a little restless in anticipation
of his Invega injection. I began to interpret the reason why this could be the case and initially, I
thought about how it was odd that he was looking forward to this injection as many people dislike
needles. I then further ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to using other resources, I must look over my second year notes that depict how to
administer this type of injection into the deltoid, vastus lateralis, and ventrogluteal sites. I must also
take any chances I get to perform an IM injection because according to Reynolds and Saxton
(2015), not only will I be able to practice this skill, but I will also develop my confidence and
familiarity related to it, thereby further advancing my practice–based competence. Therefore, by
taking these thoughts and applying them to practice, I believe that I will be able to refine my
practice related to performing IM

The 2000 Meter Row Case Study
The 2000–Meter Row: A Case in Homeostasis
Adapted from the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science* by Nathan Strong
At the start 1. Recall that Jim's heart and respiratory rate are increased, he was sweating and that his
mouth was dry before the raise began. Explain what is happening to his autonomic nervous system
(including which division is the most active) and specify exactly how those ANS responses are
creating the symptoms noted. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary
systems at this time? (8 points)
In his autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic division was the most active before and during
the race because it is what prepares your body for extra somatic activity. It activated ... Show more
Now, pick one of those muscles and trace their control from the appropriate brain structure all the
way to the NMJ. Be sure to include all intermediate structures, synapses, plexuses and nerves.
(8 points)
Movement of the deltoid begins in the cerebrum of the brain, but more specifically: in the frontal
lobe, the premotor cortex is relaying instructions to the primary motor cortex. The primary motor
cortex contains the upper motor neurons whose axons will travel down the pyramids of the medulla
oblongata and synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of spinal cord segments
C5–C6. From there, the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5–C6 form the superior trunk of the brachial
plexus, which splits into two divisions. We will follow the posterior division that supplies to
extensor muscles. This posterior division then runs into the posterior cord from which the axillary
nerve is derived. The axillary nerve's motor end innervates the deltoid through its neuromuscular
junction.
4. Rowing full speed is putting maximum demands on Jim's muscles. What metabolic process is
providing most of the energy for Jim's muscles at this point and why do Jim's muscles feel like they
are burning? (5 points)
As Jim's muscles are at maximum demand, his mitochondria are unable to produce the needed ATP
through aerobic respiration because oxygen is unable to diffuse fast enough into his muscle fibers.
At this time anaerobic

The Pathophysiology Of Deltoid Muscles
Lowering Phase Once the push–up is completed, the person must precisely lower themselves back
down to a prone position. In this phase, the same muscles are used as discussed in the pushing up
phase, except in the opposite direction. Stabilizers The muscles being discussed are needed to help
stabilize the body and keep it straight while doing a push–up. The primary muscles being examined
are the abdominal muscles. These muscles are called the rectus abdominis. They are located in the
anterior trunk of the midline. This muscle is divided into two sides and is separated by the linea
alba. They start at the crest of the pubis and insert in the costal cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and
seventh ribs. There are six smaller sections that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This muscle is the only muscle that is on the posterior side of the arm. It is the agonist to the
deltoids during some movements. According to Lippert, "the triceps has three heads: long, lateral
and medial." That is why it is commonly called the triceps muscle, tri meaning three. The long head
starts at the inferior rim of the glenoid fossa of the scapula and goes between the teres minor and
major. The lateral head attaches to the lateral side on the posterior surface of the humerus, just
below the greater tubercle. The medial head of the triceps lies deep to the long and lateral heads. It
is attached on the posterior surface below the lateral head. The body of the triceps are formed when
all three heads come together (Lippert, 2011). The action of the triceps brachii is to extend the
elbow and the shoulder, and create shoulder adduction. The origin of this muscle is in three different
places, due to the three heads. The long head origin is the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. The
lateral head origin is the posterior surface of the proximal half of the humerus. Lastly, the medial
head origin is in the posterior surface of distal half of the humerus. The insertion is at the olecranon
process of the ulna (Andrew Biel,

Agonist Muscles
Example 1: javelin
Preparatory phase
Joints involved Articulating bones Action Agonist Muscle
Shoulder Humerus & scapula Horizontal hyperextension
Posterior deltoids and latissimus dorsi
Elbow Humerus & ulna Extension
Triceps brachii
Throwing contains of two phases, the preparatory phase and the throwing phase. predominantly the
majority of actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and also both joints
mainly involved are the elbow, the elbow is a type of joint called a hinge joint made up by the
humerus and ulna, and the shoulder, the shoulder is different to the elbow as it's a ball socket this is
found between the humerus and the scapula.
Preparatory phase
Before throwing the javelin the arm that isn't holding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
your calf must contract to extend your ankle this is called plantar flexion, while the muscles on the
front of your shin contracts to hold your ankle rigid. The action muscle in place there is called an
isometric contraction, where the muscles create tension but, they are not causing any actual joint
movement they are just holding the ankle in place.
The power of kicking a ball predominantly comes from the knee straightening. This knee extension,
can only happen if the top thigh muscles contract. These muscles are called your quadriceps, that
have four individual components; the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis rectus femoris and vastus
intermedius. these all join just above the shin therefore being able to lift the lower leg
Moving your leg forward from your hip is a movement called hip flexion. This is the biggest joint
action in football, as it starts as an extension and finishes with a significant push forward going past
the body's midline. To allow hip flexion to occur, your three hamstring muscles –– semitendinosus,
semimembranosus and biceps femoris –– must relax. Tight hamstrings may effect your tecniwue
and ability to

Explain Why Do You Think It Is Important To Have Strong...
1. In your own words, why do you think it is important to have strong muscles?
It is important to have strong muscles because you use your muscles every day. Even if you have a
sedentary lifestyle, you still need your muscles to move around and pick up things. Therefore, it is
important to keep your muscles strong and your body healthy so you can live life to the fullest.
2. How can your body build up bone from exercise?
When you use your bones, the body reacts by building and strengthening the bones to prepare them
for more use. By targeting specific bone and muscle groups during exercise, you are programming
your body to strengthen the bones you wish to strengthen.
3. How can your body be less prone to injury when your muscles are strong? ... Show more content
If they can withstand the forces and pressure pushing them in an uncomfortable direction, then they
will not become broken or injured.
4. How does increasing your muscle strength affect your metabolism?
The effect of stronger muscles is that they will need more energy to function. To keep up with the
increase in demand, your metabolism will speed up to digest more food and supply your body with
more calories. So, by building up muscle, your body will also use up the calories from food you eat
quicker and go through the excess energy (fat) stored in your body.
5. Is it true that when you lift weights your muscles get bigger from more muscle cells?
No, that is false. Muscles do not get bigger because of more cells, the existing cells grow larger.
6. If a person stops lifting weights, what happens to their muscles if they don't turn into fat?
If one loses heart and stops lifting weights, their muscles will become weaker and smaller.
7. Which major muscles are used in your arm when you pick up a bowling ball and throw it down a
bowling lane? Name 4.
Bowling makes use of the following muscles/muscle groups: biceps, pectorals, rotator cuff muscles,
and the deltoid

Anterior Thoracic Nerves
The Anterior Thoracic Nerves 1 is part of the thoracic region in the spinal nerve that originates
thoracic vertebrae 1 (T1). When T1 is not functional and there is limited activity in the upper
extremity, it causes a debilitating condition called scapular winging. The muscles affected are
serratus anterior, trapezius, and rhomboids. Loss of function of the Anterior Thoracic Nerves 1
would affect the antagonist muscles of Shoulder Medial Rotation (Serratus anterior, Trapezius, and
Rhomboids), not the synergist muscles that create the movement (Pectoralis major, Subscapularis,
Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, and Anterior deltoid). Scapular winging causes you to lose ability in
lifting, pulling, carrying, and pushing heavy objects. Serratus anterior

Self Reflection On Pain Management
A critical self–reflection on your current practice based upon current evidence to identify specific
areas for practice change.
My current practice on upper limb shoulder pain management in people with hemiplegia are
positioning, Sling application, over–head pulley exercises, Bobath therapy, cryotherapy and
ultrasound therapy
Evidences for change
Electrical stimulation
Klotz et al. (2016) concluded from their literature review on treatments of shoulder pain in people
with hemiplegia that electrical stimulation is mostly used method, FES is best and effective therapy
and other methods such as bandaging, positioning, handling, heat therapy, cold therapy and
ultrasound are supportive methods.
David et al. (2004) did a study using "intramuscular neuromuscular electric stimulation (NMES)"
for supraspinatus, posterior deltoid, middle deltoid, and trapezius for 6 hours/day for 6 weeks and
using a cuff–type sling in the control group for 6 weeks. They found pain reduction in the higher
proportion of the participants in NMES group at the end of the treatment (65.6%:24.1%) and it
persisted up to 6months.
There is a pilot study found that Percutaneous(P) NMES decreases chronic hemiplegic shoulder
pain and maintains up to 6 months. P–NMES dose used 20MA, 12 Hz, and 10s ON/10s OFF for 6
hours for 6 weeks (Renzenbrink & Ijzerman, 2004).
Ricardo Viana et al. (2006) concluded according to his evidence based review that intramuscular
NMES is an effective (level 1a evidence) treatment for

Core Fitness Principles By Breck Buselli
CORE FITNESS PRINCIPLES by Breck Buselli
1) Weight/resistance training
2) Cardiovascular training
The first topic is WEIGHT/RESISTANCE TRAINING. In order to develop muscles that we all
strive for, you need to engage in weight training. There are a few ways to attack the body with
weights. A solid program that one can adhere to is to isolate the muscle groups and train each of
them once a week with solid intensity.
My program consists of FOUR unique sessions every 7–10 days. Each individual exercise consists
of 3 SETS while using the progressive overload principle (increasing the weight after each set
completed). The REPETITION range is between 5–15 reps per set. If you increase the weight after
each set, then you should be doing about 15 reps on the first set, 10 reps on the second set, and then
about 5–8 reps on the third set. This is not set in stone, but only a basis to guide you in the gym. If
you hit 15 reps and have not gone to failure, then likely the starting weight is too light. The REST
INTERVAL between each set ranges from 30 seconds to 1.5 minutes depending on the intensity and
amount of weight lifted.
Some basic tips in the gym are to start with the larger muscle groups first and then work your way
into the smaller muscle groups. An example of this is starting with the chest and finishing with the
triceps. Always I highly recommend a warm up session for 5 minutes on the bike or other cardio
machine before each main workout. Each workout should be no

Muscle Endurance Essay
Two of the main causes of poor posture are muscle tightness and muscle weakness, therefore it is
important to design a stretching program to improve muscle length, as well as a resistance training
program to improve strength.
Prior to commencing exercise our patient is to complete a warm up consisting of low intensity
exercise (approximately 40% of heart rate max), for between 7 and 10 minutes, this is followed by a
series of dynamic stretching exercises aimed at preparing the muscles for physical activity,
improving range of motion, and improving proprioception. This dynamic exercise program consists
of:
1. Neck Rotations
2. Shoulder circles
3. Arm swings
4. Side bends
5. Front on squats
6. Side squats
7. Lunges
8. Leg swings/high kicks
9. High jumps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trapezius, Rhomboids, Pectoralis major and minor, Deltoids, Brachialis, Brachioradialis, Biceps
and the Latissimus dorsi
b. Performed first so that the body is not fatigued.
2. Squat
a. Another compound exercise which works:
i. Erector spinae muscles, Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings, Quadriceps, Gastrocnemius
b. The squat also activates the core muscles such as the Rectus abdominis and obliques as they are
required in order to stabilize the body during the squat movement.
3. Bench Press
a. The bench press primarily uses the pectoralis muscles, however it also incorporates the deltoids,
Trapezius and Triceps.
b. Like the squat, the bench press also requires activation of the abdominal group in order to
stabilize the body and give a base of support.
4. Lunges
a. Like the squat the lunge is also a compound exercise which works almost all the muscles of the
lower body as well as requiring core activation for stabilization.
i. Hamstrings, Quadriceps, Gastrocnemius, Gluteus maximus, abdominals and obliques.

5. Lat pull down
a. Another compound exercise which works the muscles of upper body:
i. Latissimus dorsi, Trapezius, Rhomboids, Levitator scapulae, Serratus anterior and the biceps
brachii.
6. Double leg hip

Importance And The Structures Of The Muscular System
The importance of the dissection performed in class was to better understand the importance and the
structures of the muscular system. The muscular system contains skeletal muscles, this is what helps
the body function every day. Skeletal muscles are the correlation between muscles and bones that
work together in the body. Fibers tighten in the body, allowing the skeletal muscle to create
movement within the skin; this is made up of connective tissue and skeletal muscle tissue. These
muscle tissues are found throughout the body with different characteristics and correlations with one
another. It is important to understand what fascicle are, (which are the collection of muscle fibers in
a single skeletal muscle). The different fascicles are collected differently in skeletal muscles creating
circular muscles, convergent muscles, parallel muscles, and pennate muscles these are the four main
classifications. Important muscles to know are the axial and appendicular muscles. Axial muscles
lift the head, neck, and vertebrae also known as the axial skeleton, while the appendicular muscles
keep together the upper and lower limbs, shoulders, and hips also known as the appendicular
skeleton. The muscles in the head have many functions such as expression, blinking, movement of
the eyes, and chewing. The masseter muscle is responsible for allowing this movement of chewing,
while the stylohyoid uses the chin muscles to open the mouth. In the neck the muscles to flex the
head and neck

A Badminton Overhead Clear Shot
In this essay I will discuss, de–construct and analyze the techniques used by my partner, Luke
Wynne when performing the badminton overhead clear shot using anatomical and biomechanical
analysis. Throughout the essay I will give critical feedback and feed forward on four different
phases, the preparation phase, execution phase, contact phase and the follow through phase. I will
discuss the functional anatomy of how my partner can better his whole performance to become
closer to the optimum performance that elite athletes play at, also known as the autonomous stage of
learning. I will then finish my essay with a conclusion to sum up everything that I have discussed.
PREPERATION The first stage when performing a badminton overhead clear is the preparation
stage; I will discuss the ideal performance, and then compare the ideal to my partner's performance.
In the beginning of the shot the player raises his arms above his head using the posterior deltoid.
This movement involves the flexion of the elbow using the biceps. The pectoral major and the
biceps are the agonists in this movement with the antagonists being the triceps, latissimiss dorsi and
the trapezius. This movement involves the use of the third class lever, with the load being the
racquet, and effort being the triceps and the fulcrum being the elbow, which is a hinge joint. Also at
this stage, the non–racquet arm is fully extended pointing at the shuttle using the trapezius and the
interior deltoid to extend the

Pros And Cons Of Rotator Cuff Surgery
Rotator Cuff Surgery
Your rotator cuff consists of four muscles in your shoulder that allows you to move your arm away
from your body. These muscles have tendons, which connect them to the head of your upper arm
bone or humerus. When a tear occurs in these muscles, you will experience extreme pain on motion.
A rotator cuff tear is also extremely painful at night. If left untreated, it may result in arm weakness.
Rotator cuff surgery may be required to repair re–attach torn tendons to the shoulder. This may be
followed by rotator cuff exercises after surgery to promote further healing and return of function.
Part 1: When Is Rotator Cuff Surgery Necessary?
A partial rotator cuff tear may not need surgery. Conservative treatment consists of rest and exercise,
which help to heal your shoulder. This is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surgery may also be recommended for a tendon that is torn due to recent injury or when the tear is
not a result of long–standing rotator cuff problems.
Part 2: How to Prepare for the Rotator Cuff Surgery
To prepare for rotator cuff surgery, inform your doctor about the current treatments you are taking.
Two weeks before the surgery, you may have to stop taking some medicines that can interfere with
blood clotting such as aspirin, naproxen or ibuprofen. You will also have to see a doctor to evaluate
your medical condition if you have any health problems such as diabetes or heart disease. Other
factors that may affect your surgery are your smoking habits and alcohol intake, which you must
avoid before surgery. Tell your doctor if you have any acute illness such as flu or fever before
surgery.
On the day of surgery, avoid eating or drinking anything six to 12 hours before the operation. Just
take a small sip of water to ingest any medication you are asked to take. Go to the hospital early so
you will arrive on time for your surgery. Part 3: How Is Rotator Cuff Surgery

Shooting A Bow Lab Report
Shooting a bow largely involves the use of the upper extremity. Between the needs of stabilization
and torque, many muscles in the upper extremity are utilized to perform an effective shot. However,
the lower extremity is also involved in bow shooting mechanics. Muscles in the lower extremity
perform both concentric and eccentric contractions to stabilize the body during all phases of
shooting a bow. Therefore, shooting a bow involves complex contractions of muscles throughout the
body. In the next few pages the joints and the muscular involvement of the shoulder, elbow, and
wrist during bow shooting will be discussed in depth.
As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the involvement of the upper extremity will be discussed in
detail as it relates to its function in the action of shooting a bow. The shoulder plays a huge role in
drawing the bow and keeping the string pulled back. The joints of the shoulder are vital when
performing these actions. The joints involved include: the sternoclavicular joint, ... Show more
The prime movers in the left shoulder that move it back to its neutral position are the anterior
deltoid and the bicep brachii. Concentric contractions followed by eccentric contractions of both of
these muscles move the shoulder from extension and abduction to it neutral state by flexing and
adducting the shoulder. The prime movers in the right shoulder are again the anterior and middle
deltoid along with the supraspinatus that contract isometrically to keep the shoulder in horizontal
abduction. When the right shoulder is let down after follow through, the prime movers are the
triceps and the posterior deltoids which eccentrically contract to extend the shoulder to its neutral
position. Therefore the muscles of the shoulder are exceedingly imperative to the action of shoot a

Quadrilateral Space Syndrome Research Paper
Quadrilateral Space Syndrome
Quadrilateral space syndrome is a rare condition in which a nerve in the shoulder (the axillary
nerve) is compressed. This causes pain and discomfort in the shoulder area.
The axillary nerve connects the main shoulder muscle (deltoid) to an arm bone (humerus) and three
arm muscles (teres minor, teres major, triceps). The humerus and these four muscles muscles form a
space in the back of the shoulder. This space is where the axillary nerve is located.
CAUSES
This condition is caused by pressure placed on the axillary nerve.
RISK FACTORS
This condition is more likely to develop in:
People who play contact sports, or sports that require throwing.
People who have poor strength and flexibility.
SYMPTOMS
The main symptom of this condition is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exercises to strengthen and stretch your shoulder. You may be given the name of a physical
therapist.
Ultrasound therapy.
Surgery to cut soft tissue that is compressing the nerve. This is usually only done if other treatment
methods are ineffective.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Take over–the–counter and prescription medicines only as told by your health care provider.
If directed, apply ice to the injured area:
○ Put ice in a plastic bag.
○ Place a towel between your skin and the bag.
○ Leave the ice on for 20 minutes, 2–3 times per day.
Return to your normal activities as told by your health care provider. Ask your health care provider
what activities are safe for you.
Do exercises to strengthen and stretch your shoulder as told by your health care provider.
Keep all follow–up visits as told by your health care provider. This is important.

PREVENTION
SEEK MEDICAL CARE IF:
You have symptoms that get worse or do not improve in 2 weeks of treatment.
SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL CARE IF:
You have severe pain.
ExitCare® Patient Information ©2012 ExitCare,

lab report on physical activity
Cardiovascular Endurance
I did the 1 mile walk and my time was 17 minutes and 26 seconds. My heart rate at the end of my
walk was 100 bpm. My VO2 max was a 48.72 and for my people are around my age that just ranked
in the category of just good.
I was not able to perform the 3 minute step test because of medical reasons.
The benefits of the step test would be that there is not a lot of energy being exerted by the
participants. Unlike running, stepping comes natural making this test less challenging people. The
people who would benefit most from the step test would be the people who aren't too physically
active in their daily lives and people coming back from a lower extremity injury.
The benefit of the run or walk test is that you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seated Leg Curl
Muscle group used: gluteus, hamstrings
Adjust back pad
Adjust ankle pad
Adjust weight
Put legs on ankle pad then adjust thigh pad
Slowly curl down
Weight used: 30
16. MTS Kneeling Leg Curl
Muscle group used: hamstrings
Adjust ankle pad
Adjust weight
Slowly curl leg up
Weight used: 30
17. MTS Triceps Extension
Muscle group: triceps
Adjust seat
Adjust weight
Adjust arm pad
Put arms on arm pad
Extend arms out
Weight used: 30
18. Biceps Curl
Muscle group: biceps
Adjust seat

Grab handles
Curl up
Weight used:65
19. Pulldown
Muscle group used: biceps, latissimus dorsi
Adjust seat height to secure legs
Stand up and grip handles in desired position and the sit down
Pull handles down
Weight used: 110
20. Lateral Raise
Muscle used: deltoids
Adjust seat height to align shoulders
Sit facing machine position forearms on pads
Raise elbows until even with shoulders
Weight used: 30
21. Fly
Muscle groups: pectoralis major, anterior deltoid
Adjust seat so that elbows are slightly below shoulders
Adjust start position with range of motion
Sit with chest up
Slowly push hands together while keeping shoulders placed against back pad and return
Weight used: 90
22. Back Extension
Muscles used: erector spines, gluteus
Place feet on foot support
Adjust the foot support
Adjust

Neuromuscular Dysphagia Treatment
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a type of therapy used as a form of treatment for
swallowing disorders (dysphagia). This method involves placing electrodes on one or several
external sites on the anterior neck to which an electrical current is applied to peripheral tissue targets
(Clark, Lazarus, Arvedson, Schooling, & Frymark, 2009, p 362). "it is hypothesized that such
stimulation aims to improve function by strengthening the swallowing musculature or by
stimulating the sensory pathways relevant to swallowing or both. To facilitate strengthening, muscle
contractions elicited via NMES generally recruit larger and more motor units than voluntary
contractions, causing metabolic responses within the muscle tissue that ultimately ... Show more
The primary diagnosis associated with these participants dysphagia is stroke in three out of the six
participants , and all participants were under the age of 90 (Carnaby–Mann and Crary, 2008). The
investigation was about whether NMES was effective treatment for swallowing disorders. The
participants had to obtain a score of 23 or greater on the mini mental state examination (MMSE) and
a score of 5 or less on the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), and lastly the participants could not
have received swallowing therapy within the last three months (Carnaby–Mann and Crary 2008).
Before therapy began baseline scores were collected including clinical and instrumental swallowing
evaluation, documentation of weight and the participants of self perception of swallowing ability.
The Mann Assessment of swallowing ability (MASA) was used to assess swallowing ability. A
videofluoroscopic swallowing evaluation was conducted to confirm the presence of pharyngeal
dysphagia (Carnaby–Mann and Crary 2008). Materials used in this examination were thin liquid,
nectar thick liquid, and pudding in both 5ml–10ml amounts, and modified per participant. Effort
was made to present each material to each participant, but if participant aspirated in large quantities
the

Muscular Dystrophy: A Case Study
Concerning the unfortunate disease of muscular dystrophy, the muscles slowly deteriorate. This
process is what could go wrong in an individual with muscular dystrophy. As mentioned before, the
symptoms vary with each patient but the most common muscle weakness and generally walking
issues. Patients with muscular dystrophy inherits the disease and there is currently no known cure.
There are known medication and physical therapy methods that possibly may reduce or slow down
the symptoms of muscular dystrophy depending on the individual. The results of these certain
treatments only extend the life span for a short period of time (Hill 2012). With a deltoid muscle
injury, it is common for individuals to experience a muscle strain which is the

Assignment: Functional Anatomy
Name: Yong Jia Wei
Date: 6/10/14 Assignment title: Functional Anatomy Individual Assignment
2 exercise movement with diagrams and full anatomy
Introduction
The shoulder joint is also know as the glenohumeral joint is a "ball and socket" between the head of
the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula bone(shoulder blade). The six main movements of
the shoulders are: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation and external rotation.
Flexion is when the upper arm is elevated forward toward the face. Extension is when the arm
moves backward behind the plane of the body. Abduction is when the arm moves up and out to the
side away from the body. Adduction is when the arm is pulled in towards the side of ... Show more
Common dumbbell lateral raise mistakes to avoid
Mistake: swing torso back
Solution: avoid the temptation of swinging to gain momentum. Stay focused during the set by
remaining slightly bent over. Do not extend your back or thrust your hips forward, this could be
effective in some scenarios
Mistake: Wrists higher than elbow
Solution: ensure your elbows are always higher than your wrists at every point during the exercise.
Do not rotate externally rotate your shoulders, as this causes the elbows to point downwards towards
the ground and the wrist will naturally to rise above the elbow level. This result in the front deltoids
contributing to the exercise and the side deltoids will not have any contraction.
Mistake: too much internal shoulder rotation
Solution: as you reach the top of the movement, there should be a slight internal rotation to bring the
elbows barely above the wrists. Further rotation causes the elbows to pint toward the top. This shifts
attention away from the lateral deltoids and causes strains to the shoulder joint so always keep
elbows pointed to the rear.
Dumbbell lateral raise

Rotator Cuff Research Paper
Rotator cuff surgery affects the function of the shoulder. It is very painful injury and there is loss in
strength. If the rotator cuff tendon becomes inflamed or is partially torn, it can be painful and will
most limit shoulder movement. This injury occurs from a sudden impact, like falling on your arm
which might accrue in motocross, snowboarding, playing football, and similar collision sport.
Activities that might cause overload to the tendon have a possibility to tear the tendon. Other ways a
rotator cuff can tears is from old age and over use over the years.
Treatment depends on the damage done to the tendon. By having an accurate diagnosis, a careful
physical examination of the shoulder and x–ray examination of the shoulder can help

Lifemod Research Paper
Scientific Proof
It turns out that the makers of the Shake Weight have mustered up some scientific validity to their
product. Or maybe not – let's have a look.
The testing parameters and methods were actually quite technical, using human simulator called the
LifeMOD. Essentially a human–like model that can replicate muscular contraction and joint
movement. For more information read here.
Compared to a Bicep Curl?
Before you pull out that credit card, one of the first things that should throw up a red flag is they
were comparing the Shake Weight to a one–arm dumbbell bicep curl (2.5 lbs). This fact itself makes
this entire "study" an absolute sham. It's like claiming that the Shake Weight burns more calories
than scratching your butt!
Sorry to give away the ending so soon, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The frequency of contraction is much higher for the Shake Weight.
Here are some of my conclusions
If you're trying to build meaningful strength and lose body fat by doing only bicep curls with 2.5 lbs
– I wish you all the best.
The Shake Weight works on what they call "dynamic inertia", meaning you are maintaining an
isometric position while the Shake Weight moves, forcing the muscles to respond. Of course this
will cause more activation in the muscles than doing a light bicep curl.
Because the contraction is constant, it is going to inflate the benefits of the Shake Weight when it
comes to muscle activation, as any dynamic constant resistance (ie. Traditional strength training)
has points in the movement where there is more and less force being applied.
Comparing deltoid and lumbar muscle activation is an unfair advantage in favor of the Shake
Weight, as the shoulder position is different. The Shake Weight model has the arms elevated while
the dumbbell model has her elbows at her sides. By default, the anterior deltoids and the muscles of
the lower back will have a greater contraction.
The Big

Zimmer Biomet Shoulder Lawsuit Case Study
Zimmer Biomet Shoulder Lawsuit
Zimmer Biomet is a product is a reverse shoulder implant designed to help patients restore arm
movement. However, increased instances of failure have led to massive recall of this medical device
along with lawsuits. Overall, there are three types of claims associated by recalled products,
defective manufacture claim, failure to warn claim and defective design claim. The failure to warn
claim occurs in cases where the manufacturer of a product fails to notify or educate users on the
defect and risk associated with using the recalled product. Under the defective design claim, the
product manufacturer is held responsible for failure to provide adequate information regarding
product development and failing to test and foresee defects that may be caused by product failure.
On the other hand, under the defective manufacture claim, the product manufacturer is held liable
for product defects arising from poor manufacture and lack of proper inspection. Zimmer Biomet,
Inc is a leading manufacturer of orthopedic products. The Zimmer Biomet Shoulder device is one of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Zimmer Biomet followed this development by issuing recall notices of over 3,600 Comprehensive
Reverse Shoulder Humeral implants on December 2016. It further called on healthcare providers to
return all the unused implants. The company had initially marketed the device as a solution for
patients suffering from cuff tear arthropathy, a severe form of arthritis that afflicts the shoulder. The
device was also advanced as alternative treatment for patients who have undergone unsuccessful
traditional shoulder replacement surgery. It is important to note that a reverse total shoulder
replacement is said to work better than the conventional implant for patients suffering from
conditions such as cuff tear arthropathy since it uses multiple muscles to enhance the arms

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Research Paper
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, referred to as DMD, is the most severe form of all muscular
dysrophies. It is rapidly progressive and occurs primary in boys. DMD is caused by a recessive
mutation in the X chromosome. It can be inherited by either parent however, it can also be present
with no family members having the mutation. DMD is caused by a lack of dystrophin. Dystrophin is
a protein found in muscles that enables the muscle tissues to repair themselves.
Symptoms can appear in infancy, however it is most likely to appear before the age of six. Life
expectancy for someone who has DMD does not look good; most will usually die in early adulthood
due to cardiomyopathy. The first sign of DMD is progressive proximal muscle weakness of

Muscular Endurance Training
Muscular endurance is when a certain muscle group can last a repeated number of exercises for a
longer period of time than usual. Muscular endurance trains the muscle to work for a long period of
time. The first sign to do for the workout is a warm up. The warm is 2–4 laps around a full gym or a
half gym. This allows the temperature of the muscles to get higher meaning the muscles will be
warmer allowing the person to stretch and extend the muscle. After the warm up it is required that
you have exercises for the activation of the muscles. The activation of the muscles will get the
muscles moving and stretching. The jumping jacks are set because they work almost the whole body
because you need to move you legs and arms in the process. After 30–45 seconds the student will
then switch to wood choppers. This is important because they help incredibly to activate the muscles
used in the leg by doing a half–squat to a full squat. Push ups will help to loosen up the should
muscles as well ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lifting the legs with weight from the machine will work on the quadriceps as well as the calf
muscles. This is performed by siting on the chair and lifting the bar of the machine up and slowly
placing it down. The next exercise is step up machine. The step up machine will work on the calf
muscles as well as the quadriceps muscles. This is performed on the machine and which is just a
step up and step down motion. The last exercise in order to workout the legs is bicycle on the floor
on on performed on a machine. The bicycle swell will workout the calf muscles and the quadriceps.
On the floor this is performed lying on your back moving you legs in the air as if you were riding a
bike. The machine will just be a bicycle but only moving in place. This will help with muscular
endurance because it is allowing your muscles to work for longer periods of time and training them
to work for a longer period of time without getting as tired that

Essay On Kidney Replacement
Background: Proximal end of the humerus is a common site for both primary and metastatic bone
tumors. Limbe salvage with endoprosthetic replacement is the most common means of
reconstruction but it is proved to be just a spacer with inferior shoulder function. So it can be
replaced by cheaper spacers specially in poor societies.
Patients and methods: This study included 20 patients,fourteen were females. With mean age of 40.4
years (range 12 to 60 ). Diagnosed as 6 osteosarcomas , two , chondrosarcomas, two myeloma, two
lymphoma, four metastatic carcinoma from the breast , two giant cell tumor and two recurrent
chondroplastoma. Limb salvage was successfully done to all of them with Tikhof–linberg type I
intwelve cases and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most commonly used reconstructive techniques after proximal humeral resection include
osteoarticular allografts , allograft– or autograft–prosthesis composites.(7)
Risks vary dependent on the choice of reconstruction. Biological reconstruction can be complicated
by fracture, infection, and subchondral collapse, leading to implant revision or removal. Difficulties
with endoprosthetic reconstruction involve consequences of surgical resection of deltoid and rotator
cuff. These include proximal subluxation, instability, and a reduction in functional range of motion .
(2,3,8,9)
Aim of the work: The aim of this work was to evaluate the result of (endoprosthetic versus cement
spacer replacements) reconstructions of the proximal humerus after tumor resection.
Patients and methods: This work included 20 patients presented with proximal humeral lesions with
a mean age of 40.4 years (range; 12 to 60 years).fourteen (70%) females and six (30%) males. The
lesions were in the form of; six (30%) osteosarcomas, two (10%) chondrosarcomas, two (10%)
lymphomas, two (10%) myeloma, two (10%) giant cell tumor, two (10 %) recurrent
chondroblastoma and 4 (20%) metastatic breast carcinoma. In cases of primary bone sarcoma (
cases of osteosarcoma and the cases of chondrosarcoma , myeloma, and lymphoma ) a wide
resection of the tumor was done through an

Labrum Pathology: A Case Study
Evaluation
The clinical evaluation of labrum pathology can be difficult to diagnose due to each type of SLAP
lesion having different mechanisms of injury, pain, and area that is affected. Type 1 SLAP lesions
can usually be associated with rotator cuff pathology with a partial thickness tear of the
supraspinatus ligament due to micro–tears. ^1,5 This is quite common in baseball players and other
overhead athletes. Type II lesions can vary based on age; younger patients have more instability
than older patients who tend to have rotator cuff pathology. ^1,6 Type III and IV lesions are more
commonly associated with traumatic instability. ^1 As with all injuries, the evaluation should start
with the history making sure to include the exact mechanism ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
^8,5 ASI occurs when the arm is in adduction with the shoulder internally rotated. The biceps
complex pulley, also known as a capsuloligamentous complex, adjoins the anterior glenoid causing
injury when in extreme motions. With the PSI, the pulley is put into risk with abduction and external
rotation on the posterosuperior glenoid. ^8 PSI is also associated with partial–thickness tears on the
deep side of the articular surface of the rotator cuff. ^5 This can be a common cause for a peel–back
mechanism associated with a SLAP lesion. ^8 Peel–back mechanisms can be produced many
different ways, but are mostly seen with a SLAP lesion or internal impingement. These can occur
when the shoulder is placed into abduction and extreme external rotation with a torsional force
added to the labro–bicipital complex that is at the base of the biceps on the posterior superior
labrum. ^1,5 This causes fatigue and failure of the humeral head that rotates medially over the upper
rim of the glenoid fossa creating a shearing force. ^1,5 Increased superior labral strain in overhead
athletes occurs during the late–cocking phase of throwing when arm is externally rotated. ^1 Biceps
tenodesis is common after arthroscopic surgery of a SLAP lesion. This is when the reattachment of
the labro–bicipital complex is rigid and disables at the glenoid. Physiological medial rolling of the
biceps tendon anchor during abduction and external rotation can cause the labro–bicipital complex
to become rigid. ^5 This is due to a failure of a SLAP repair and traction to the labro–bicipital
complex. Pain is felt in the shoulder due to the shoulder being innervated by sensory sympathetic
fibers which are irritated by the displacement of the glenoid.

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Amber Voisine

More from Amber Voisine (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)