1. Prosthetic Trauma
In the United States, over 500,000 people live with lower extremity loss [1] and 130,000 lower extremity amputations
are carried out annually [2]. The lifetime health care cost after amputation is estimated to be $649,953 [3]. In order to
restore stable and independent ambulation, and improve the quality of life for persons with lower extremity amputation,
advanced prosthetic joint devices have been proposed (e.g. [4]–[7]). Normalization of function for individuals with LEA
is within reach, and direct communication between neural implants and biomimetic, external prosthetic devices
represents a crucial step forward.
Current clinical amputation procedures date back to the Civil War era, and are designed to prepare the residuum for
fitting of a prosthetic socket [8]. In the current surgical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
State– of–the–art approaches to peripheral nerve interfacing have been developed within the bounds of this dated
amputation paradigm, working to extract efferent signals from and reproduce afferent signals in transected peripheral
nerves that are buried deep within the residual tissues [10], [11].
The fundamental motor unit to control a biological joint is an agonist–antagonist muscle–tendon pair. Such a muscle–
tendon relationship allows for simultaneous control of joint state (position and speed) and impedance (stiffness and
damping) for upper and lower extremity motor tasks. At least one pair of antagonistic muscles is needed for each degree
of freedom of a limb in order to control joint state, torque, and impedance [12]. Proprioceptive feedback from this
agonist–antagonist architecture is crucial to reliable joint control. Biological feedback of joint state, which is an essential
component of proprioception, depends on a differential stretch signal from the spindle fibers in agonist and antagonist
muscle groups acting
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2.
3. The Cause Of Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's Disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system and the symptoms are "motor
impairments involving resting tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability, gait difficulty and rigidity" (Beal & Thomas,
2007). The cause of Parkinson's Disease is still yet to be discovered however there is strong evidence that it is an age–
related disease as it is shown to be more frequent in people who are over the age of 50 (Samii, Nutt, & Ransom, 2004).
There have been many studies that suggest that exercise can improve the quantity and quality of life for those who are
affected by Parkinson's Disease. This is due to the fact, regular exercise of about 150 minutes per week has many
benefits to the health of an individual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore cognitive control and supervisory attentional system were developed so that the regulation and control of
cognitive processes were improved. (Duchesne, et al., 2015). Research has shown that the aerobic capacity of an
individual with Parkinson's Disease will not decrease if they continue with regular aerobic exercise and aerobic capacity
can actually still be increased. The main reason for reduced aerobic capacity in patients with Parkinson's Disease is
because they stop exercising due to a perceived reduction in quality of life (Canning, Alison, Allen, & Groeller, 1997).
Hackney and Earhart (2009) demonstrated that 20 lessons of the dance tango, a form of aerobic exercise, improved
overall health related quality of life for those affected by Parkinson's disease. This is because the tango has shown to
improve axial impairment, walking backward and allow problem solving, also the music from the tango acted as music
therapy, reducing depression. (Hackney & Earhart,
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4.
5. The Effect Of Stretching On Muscle Strength And Performance
Increased muscle strength and performance is sought after by athletes of almost every discipline, as well as others simply
looking to increases their health and fitness. Stretch and flexibility is another area of fitness, one that is often neglected
by most people. However, the effect of stretching on both muscle strength and performance is disputed by the relatively
few studies that have actually been done on the topic. The results of the studies have ranged from concluding that
stretching has a negative effect on strength on performance to concluding that it has no effect to even concluding that it
can have a positive effect. Many factors play a role in muscle strength and performance so it is difficult to conclusively
determine what is due to stretching and what is due to one of the other variable that come into play when exercising and
training. Knowing the effect of stretching on muscle strength and performance would allow athletes and their trainers to
develop more efficient and productive training plans to help the athletes achieve a higher level of performance.
Most people are under the impression that stretching lengthens muscles and that an increase in flexibility is due to an
increase in the length of the muscle itself. This is not accurate. Flexibility is not achieved by having long muscles, but
rather having to do with the length–tension relationship of the muscle (Magnusson 1998). There are several different
theories for how stretching increases flexibility and
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6.
7. Plyometric Training
Plyometric Training
Kelya Jureczki
Hardin–Simmons University Introduction
Plyometric training is intended to increase power and explosiveness. The movement of the exercise simulates sport
specific movements that are transferable for enhanced sport performance outcome. Plyometric exercises can help
athletes increase strength, explosive speed and reaction time, which in turn will increase speed and vertical height.
Activating the stretch shortening cycle increases power output and concentric phase of the movement (Watkins, 2013).
Intensity, volume and frequency are all factors determined by the players' needs for the exact implementation to increase
performance. Functional training use of plyometrics for upper and lower extremities can have a substantial influence on
improving skill, speed and strength. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first phase is the eccentric phase. In this phase the energy is stored during pre–loading. Between the eccentric and
concentric stage is the transition phase, called amortization. This phase should be short in order for the energy to not
dissipate. The last stage is the takeoff. In the concentric phase the stored potential energy is transferred into the
movement. The muscle is loaded with a lengthening motion, followed immediately by a concentric shortening motion. In
combination, the series is called the stretch–shortening cycle.
The muscle spindle in the muscle being activated detects a change in the length of muscle. Therefore, the muscles and
tendons react reflexively to provide protection.
Basketball
Basketball requires individuals to change speed, direction and movement. Jumping is also an essential piece of the game.
Therefore, both quickness and power are essential for optimal performance.
Plyometric training can be used as a pre–season or in–season method of training. Branch (2013), examined the
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8.
9. Static And Dynamic Stretching Research Paper
Effects of Stretching on Power and Performance
Megan Mahoney
March 18, 2016
Thesis: An analysis of the effects of static and dynamic stretching on power and performance.
Stretching is a vital component for warming up prior to exercise. It reduces the risk for injury by increasing flexibility
and range of motion. Warm–ups generally consist of aerobic exercise followed by static stretching. The goal of warm–
ups have been to increase body and muscle temperature which in turn increases nerve conduction velocity, enzymatic
cycling, and muscle compliance (Behm & Chaouachi, 2011). There are also a variety of non–temperature related factors
that occur during warm–ups. These include an increase in blood flow to the muscles, increase ... Show more content on
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(2011). A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. European Journal of Physiology,
2633–2651.
Bishop, D., Middleton, G. (2013). Effects of static stretching following a dynamic warm–up on speed, agility and power.
Journal of Human Sport & Exercise, 2(8), 391–400.
Edwen, C. Thorlund, J., Magnusson, S., Slinde, F., Svantesson, U., Hulthen. L., Aagaard, P. (2014). Stretch–shortening
cycle muscle power in women and men aged 18–81 years: Influence of age and gender. Scandinavian Journal of
Medicine & Science in Sports, 24, 717–726.
Franco, B., Signorelli, G., Trajano, G., Costa, P., Oliveira, C. (2012). The acute effects of three different stretching
protocols on the Wingate test performance. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 11, 1–7.
Herda, T., Herda, N., Costa, P., Walter–Herda, A., Valdez, A., Cramer, J. (2012). The effects of dynamic stretching on the
passive properties of the muscle–tendon unit. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1–9.
Leon, C., Oh, H., Rana, S. (2012). A purposeful dynamic stretching routine strategies. A Journal for Physical and Sport
Educators, 25(5).
Powers, S., Howley, E. (2007). Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance. Boston:
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10.
11. Postural Control Essay
The proposed study will take advantage of the existing SJLIFE cohort. The study evaluation items necessary to
characterize the study participants or identify the potential predictors of poor postural control in survivors are already
included in SJLIFE evaluations, tests and observations. Evaluation unique to this proposal are noted with an *. 5.1.
Medical Record Abstraction Detailed identification of cancer–related treatment exposures is critical to evaluation of risk
factors predisposing to adverse health outcomes in childhood cancer survivors. Since all study subjects are participants
in SJLIFE, investigators have access to medical record abstractions. This includes age at diagnosis, chemotherapy doses,
surgical procedures, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5.5. Peripheral Neuropathy Modified Total Neuropathy Scale will be used for evaluation of neuropathic signs and
symptoms. The test includes questions regarding motor and sensory symptoms, and clinical assessment of light touch,
vibration, pin sensation, distal strength and deep tendon reflexes. The test results can range from 0 to 24; with a higher
score indicating a more severe neuropathy. 5.6. Cognitive Performance The cognitive ability will be objectively
evaluated using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.17 While this test include different subsets, only the scores from
processing speed and working memory subsets–because of their potential role on postural control– will be used in
regression models to identify predictors of poor postural control. 5.7. Auditory N–back * The n–back is a continuous
performance task that is commonly used for assessment of working memory in different populations 56–58, including
pediatric and adult survivors of childhood onset ALL.15,16 The difficulty level of n–back can be adjusted based on the n
factor. In this study, only the auditory 0–back and 2–back tasks will be used. At baseline assessment, while sitting in a
comfortable chair with their eyes open,
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12.
13. Four Primary Tissues
1. The four primary tissues of the human body, epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue
functions as a covering or lining for the internal organs found throughout the body as skin, in the digestive tract
absorbing nutrients, and lining the inside of blood vessels. As a glandular tissue that excretes substances for waste or for
bodily uses of the exocrine/endocrine systems. Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue found in the body, ranging
from tendon and ligaments connecting bones together, bones for structural support. Muscular tissue provide movement
for the body, contracting muscles by reacting to stimulus, providing thermal regulation. Nervous tissue is found in the
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exocrine gland release substances through ducts or tubes that lead the external surface of the membrane, sweat glands,
saliva, or the gastrointestinal tract. Endocrine gland doesn't have any duct that lead to the surface, it diffuses its secretion
into the bloodstream.
4. Different types of muscles. Smooth muscle cells are shaped in spindles with single nucleus, have involuntary
movement through the body and do not have any striation. Smooth muscle can be found in digestive system, urinary
tract. Muscular cells are found as bundles, with striation and are multiple nucleus found along the membrane surface.
Cardiac muscle cells are only found in the heart, the cells short, branched with a centrally located, single nucleus and are
striated with intercalated disc found between to speed up the electrical conduct of the heart rhythm without external
stimulus.
5. There are two types of nervous system cells, they receive and send electrochemical responses to the body. Neuron
cells are the conducting cells of the nervous system. Neurons have a cell body with dendrites branching from the main
body, an axon which is the long tail that extends from the main body that is wrapped in myelin to create a protective
sheath around the axon that also helps speed the neurotransmissions. The glial cell is the supporting cells of the
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14.
15. Bio 151 List of Structures
Biology 115 Semester List of Structures Chapter One Anatomy is the study of body structure and the relationship
between structures Physiology is the study of how the structures of the body function Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Homeostasis Positive feedback loop Negative feedback loop
Relative Positions Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Proximal Distal
Superficial Deep Body Sections Sagittal Transverse (horizontal) Frontal (coronal) Body Regions See Figure 1.17
Chapter Two Chemistry Matter Element Major elements Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Atom Subatomic ... Show
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s Flat bones Irregular bone Sesamoid bones Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphyses Metaphyses Epiphyseal growth plate
Epiphyseal growth line Diaphysis Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum Articular cartilage Microscopic Anatomy
Compact bone Osteons Spongy bone Trabeculae Bone Formation Intramembranous ossification Endochondral
ossification Cells in Bone Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Hormonal Control of Bone Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone Osteology of the Axial Skeleton Frontal Parietal Temporal Zygomatic arch Mastoid process
Occipital Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Sphenoid Sella turcica Greater wing Lesser wing Ethmoid Cribriform
plate Crista galli Nasal Maxilla Alveolar process Palatine process Zygomatic Zygomatic arch Lacrimal Palatine Inferior
nasal conchae Vomer Mandible Condyle Coronoid process Alveolar process Nasal septum Sutures Coronal Sagittal
Lambdoid Squamous Pterion Hyoid Verteba Body Vertebral foramen Pedicles Lamina Transverse process Spinous
process Superior articular process Inferior articular process Cervical vertebrae Atlas Anterior arch Posterior arch Axis
Odontoid process Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Anterior sacral foramen Posterior sacral foramen Median
sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Coccyx Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid
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16.
17. Muscle Spasticity
The spasticity is considered the main problem as it will cause the affected muscle constantly in contracted state, hence
limited the range of movement of the affected joint. Spasticity is defined as a velocity dependent increased resistance to
passive muscle stretch, or alternatively as inappropriate involuntary muscle activity associated with upper motor neuron
paralysis (GOLDSTEIN, 2001 and SANGER et al., 2003). Muscle over–activity produces muscle shortening and muscle
shortening increases spindle sensitivity. Thus, Stephanie will feel extreme pain and struggle whenever the affected
muscle is being lengthened unconsciously or fast. This will severely affect her functional activity like not able to move
freely as a normal child. For example, Stephanie already has grade 3 spasticity of her both ankle plantar flexors while
grade 2 for both hip adductors and internal rotators. These constantly tighten muscles already severely affect her from ...
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SCIANNI et al. (2009) explained that the weakness in children with CP can be due to both the disturbed neural
mechanisms and the muscle tissue changes. Most investigators believe that the low power production is related to the
inadequate co–activation of antagonist muscles, decreased or inadequate motor unit discharge, secondary myopathy and
disturbed muscle physiology. This abnormal kyphotic posture that caused by muscles weakness can lead to shifting of
COG to posteriorly which result frequent of arching of the trunk and sliding in seated position. Thus, she also having
difficulty in long sitting position as this position cannot be held for a longer period as the pelvis is already posteriorly
tilted with flexed knees due to spasticity of both hamstrings. The torque of lower limbs becomes shorter so the fulcrum is
closer to the upper body which will easily cause Stephanie to lose her balance in long sitting
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18.
19. The Function Of James And Musculoskeletal System
Case Introduction
James Walsh, a 55–year–old–male presented symptoms including weakness inferiorly in his right lower limb and
difficulty performing simple tasks such as walking or tying his shoelace. He also had some difficulties swallowing and
often experiences unpredictable movements due to lack of control. As a result, he primarily uses a wheelchair and
requires careful assistance when performing everyday activities.
The function of James' musculoskeletal system is primarily to facilitate movement as the contraction of his muscles pull
on bone to carry out an action. It also contributes to heat production for enzymes to function, stability by resisting
unwanted movement and maintains his posture (Saladin, K S., 2007). This is important ... Show more content on
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However, James' case of spastic cerebral palsy alters the interaction between the musculoskeletal and nervous system in
some areas which are affected.
Case Examination
James' condition of spastic cerebral palsy impacts the regulation of muscle tone due to the effect of spinal reflexes when
muscles are slightly contracted (Ballard, F., 2016). Muscle tone is dependent on the release of alpha motor neurons in the
spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). This is regulated when there is a balance between excitatory impulses and inhibitory
impulses. James' condition of cerebral palsy indicates that there is an imbalance between excitatory impulses and
inhibitory impulses. The imbalance between these impulses causes a lack in regulation of muscle tone due to the
insufficient release of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). James' excess production of
excitatory impulses originates in the golgi tendons of organs and muscle spindle, a specialised sensory receptor in the
muscle (Albright, A.L., 1995). The impulse then passes through afferent nerves into the spinal cord and releases
excitatory neurotransmitters. In contrast, the lack of ability to generate inhibitory impulses suggest that the regions of the
brain responsible for the generation of inhibitory impulses including the basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum may be
damaged (Albright, A.L., 1995). Consequently, the excess of excitatory impulses may result in
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20.
21. How Taxol Interrupts The Cell Cycle
Research Report 1 James Elliott Spring 2016
Article Reported:
Magidson V, He J, Ault JG, O'Connell CB, Yang N, Tikhonenko I, McEwen BF, Sui H, Khodjakov A. 2016. Unattached
kinetochores rather than intrakinetochore tension arrest mitosis in taxol–treated cells. J Cell Biol. 212 (3): 307–319.
Accessed 8 Feb 2016. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201412139
I. Paper Review
A. Background and Key Question
This article was about a study performed by scientists looking to investigate the mechanism of how Taxol interrupts the
cell cycle. The interval often referred to as the spindle apparatus checkpoint is without a doubt the time frame where
Taxol acts, as it is an antimicrotubule drug that is cell cycle specific. It is understood that the structure ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
To make the specimen compatible with both forms of advanced microscopy, they sufficiently prepared samples by
coupling the specimen with a fluorescence that was also conductive. This technique was accomplished with the
FlouroNanogold label, which contains gold nanoparticles covalently bonded to a fluorescence label. That way, the LM
worked as well as the EM for the same set of kinetochores that were being studied. The Hec1 protein was stained in this
case because this protein naturally delineates the structures to be studied.
C. Describe One Specific Result
The orientation between the kinetochores with respect to centromeres (kTilt) was of a larger degree in the Taxol treated
cells in comparison to the cells progressing through metaphase normally. There was a 16° increase from 10° to 26° when
cells were treated with Taxol.
D. What are the major conclusions/implications of this work?
This was a multifaceted study that simply is not given justice by my review that is limited to two pages. Through this
study, the scientists believed that the data validated that kinetochores are significantly influenced by the Taxol treatment.
This interpretation was inferred from the results in differences in Delta (distance between Hec1 and CenpT labels within
kinetochores), cTilt (angle of centromeres from the spindles), and kTilt (angle of the kinetochores with respect to
centromeres). One of these results was described above in
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22.
23. How Muscular Forces Exerted By The Masticatory Muscles
Muscular forces exerted by the masticatory muscles can influence the success of prosthetic rehabilitation. Maximum
voluntary bite force is an indicator of the functional state of the masticatory system. The measurement of bite force can
provide useful data for the evaluation of jaw muscle function and activity. Aim: the aim of this study was to find out
whether there was a correlation between Electromyographic activity EMG and bite–force in extracoronal attachment
retained distal extension partial dentures or not and is this correlation directly or inversely proportional. materials and
methods: Fourteen patients with mandibular class I Kennedy's classification were selected Patients received lower
skeleton partial dentures designed with a lingual bar major connector and a resilient extracoronal attachment
incorporated between the abutment and the denture base. EMG recording and biting force of the participants was
measured immediately, after one week, and after one month of denture insertion. Results: revealed a statistically
significant increase in biting force and EMG activity throughout the one month follow up period Conclusion: A linear
positive relation between Electromyographic activity and bite–force measurements was observed in case of extracoronal
attachment retained distal extension partial denture.
Introduction
The main problem in distal extension cases is the absence of a posterior abutment. The Viscoelastic behavior of the
gingiva due to application of
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24.
25. Neuromuscular Junction Research Paper
The neuromuscular junction is where the nerve meets our muscles. To be able to move, we would need an impulse sent
from our brain to our muscles. The nerve impulse gets sent to our muscles from the CNS, which leads to our muscles
contracting. The nervous impulse that's sent to the CNS is called the action potential, the impulse that sends a signal to
our muscles is known as the motor neurones. For our muscles to contract we need a nervous impulse, the end of our
nerves are called the synaptic knob, this hits the vesicles and releases acetylcholine. The acetylcholine then goes through
the cleft (the gap between the synaptic knob and the muscle) and tells the muscles to contract, if it doesn't go through the
cleft our muscles will not contract, this is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nervous impulse will only reach the muscle fibres if the signal from the CNS is strong enough. This also is the 'all or
nothing principle' because if the strength of the signal is not strong enough the motor unit will contract, but if the
strength of the signal is strong enough then all of the motor unit will contract. The function of the motor unit is to
basically allow movement, so without these muscle fibres we won't be able to have movement. There are two type of
muscle fibres, fast twitch and slow twitch. The slow twitch muscle fibres are good for activities such as endurance
events, e.g. the marathon. This is because these muscles don't get tired during exercise. The fast twitch muscle fibres get
tired too quickly because they are used for quick, sharp events such as 100m sprint so this can result in fatigue and
therefore can build up lactic acid which will result in cramps
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/fastandslowtwitch/soleus.shtml) so if we didn't have slow or
fast twitch fibres, we wouldn't be able to participate in them type of
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26.
27. Physiology Of Stretching Essay
Physiology of Stretching Stretching is helpful in the aspect that it helps to improve flexibility, athletic performance, and
reduces the risk of injury during physical activity. It is also helpful in the process of realigning tissue inside of muscle
fibers (Lynn Hetzler). The stretching itself, however, is actually a complicated process. A muscle is composed of
numerous strands of tissue, referred to as fascicles. Each one of these fascicles are made up of bundles of muscle fibers
(Lynn Hetzler). The muscle fibers are then made up of tens of thousands of myofibrils. Myofibrils are thread–like
structures that are able to contract, relax, and stretch. Sacromeres, which are millions of thick and thin myofilaments laid
end–to–end, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is turn initiates a muscular contraction (which decreases the stretch of the muscle). Bouncing or ballistic stretches
make the contraction stronger. When the stretch is slow, controlled and held for long periods of time, the muscle is
allowed to relax and lengthen. This is because as you hold the muscle in a stretched position, the muscle spindles
become accustomed to the new length (Rebecca Booth B.A.). The inverse myotatic stretch reflex (tendon reflex) helps to
prevent muscle or joint injury. When muscles contract, the produce tension at the point where the muscle is connected to
the tendon (Rebecca Booth B.A.). Like the muscle spindles, the golgi tendon organs sense the change in tension and how
fast it occurs. When the tension exceeds a certain point, the inverse myotatic stretch reflex is triggered. The reflex causes
the muscle to stop contracting and start relaxing. This process is allowed to occur because to golgi tendon organ sends a
stronger signal than the muscle spindles. This is why holding a stretch for a long period of time is important, it allows the
inverse myotatic stretch reflex to occur (Rebecca Booth B.A.). So, in turn, many things must happen in order for muscles
to stretch. Whether or not you stretch your muscles is up to you, but now you at least have an idea of what your body
actually does to allow stretching to occur.
Bibliography
"Physiology of Stretching." Physiology of
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28.
29. Organ Trail : How It Protects Us From The Outside World?
Organ Trail Epithelium: Tissue that covers the whole surface of the body. composed of tightly packed cells arranged in
one or more layer, and forms covering, or living of all internal and external body surface. function: 1: It protects us from
the outside world – skin. 2: Absorbs – stomach and intestinal lining 3: Filters 5 the kidney 4: Secretes – forms glands
Characteristics: Closely attached to each other forming a protective barrier 2) Always has one free surface open to
outside the body or inside an internal organ 3) Always had one fixed part to connective tissue underneath. classification:
1: by shape A: squamous – flat and scale–like B: cuboidal – tall and wide C: columnar – column D: epithelium – 1 layer
of cells E: stratified epithelium – layers The 4 Basic Tissue Types in the Human Body: II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Functions jobs: 1: Wraps around and organ to protect it 2: Stores nutrients 3: supports fall your organs 4: tendon and
ligaments protects joints and attached muscles to bone and each other 5: Runs through organ and in deep layers of skin
giving strength The 3 Elements of Connective Tissue: 1: Ground substance – gel around cells and fibers 2: Fibers –
provide strength, and support 3: and Cells 2 Kinds of Connective Tissue: A: Areolar Connective Tissue – cushion around
organs, loose arrangement of cells and fibers. B: Adipose Tissue – storehouse for
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30.
31. Classification of Tissues Essays
R E V I E W
NAME____________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
S H E E T
EXERCISE
6A
Print Form
Classification of Tissues
Tissue Structure and Function–General Review
A group of cells similar in structure and function. 1. Define tissue.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Use the key choices to identify the major tissue types described below. Key: a. b c c, d a b d c b a a a d connective
tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue
1. lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface 2. pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, ... Show more
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What are three general characteristics of connective tissues?
__________________________________________________ . large amount of noncellular material called matrix
between the cells.
12. What functions are performed by connective tissue? Protection, support, and the binding of other tissues of the body.
13. How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure? The large amount of extracellular matrix
provides strength to protect the body.
14. Using the key, choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. c a c f i b h d h i a 1.
attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones 2. acts as a storage depot for fat 3. the dermis of the skin 4. makes up the
intervertebral discs 5. forms the hip bone 6. composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike
matrix 7. forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton 8. provides a flexible framework
for the external ear 9. firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth 10.
matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on 11. insulates against heat loss
15. Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single
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32.
33. The Organization Of Microtubules ( Mts )
The organization of microtubules (MTs) in the mitotic spindle apparatus has been shown to involve a combination of
centrosomal–based nucleation and hypothesized to involve acentrosomal branching MT nucleation. Here, Petry et al.
(2013) uses Xenopus egg extracts to successfully observe branching MT nucleation from existing microtubules utilizing
total internal reflection microscopy (TIRF). Direct observation of branching MT nucleation highlighted both the
activating effect of RanQ69L and its effector protein TPX2 on branching MT nucleation, and the polarity conservation of
daughter MTs. Testing for required molecular factors using immunodepletion, it was shown that the γ–tubulin ring
complex (γ–TuRC) is required for primary nucleation while the protein complex augmin is required for branching.
Furthermore, components of the RanGTP signaling pathway are shown to induce observed branching MT nucleation.
The results by Petry et al clearly demonstrate branching MT nucleation and is a significant achievement, being the first
ever visualized in a metazoan system. Further research should focus on deciphering the mechanistic interactions between
that RanGTP and TPX2, specifically its C–terminus CT–TPX2, that stimulate MT nucleation. In addition, even though
augmin has been shown to play a key role in spindle morphogenesis through branched MT nucleation, its relationship
with other molecular factors should be further elucidated.
Background
Mitosis and meiosis are key cellular
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37. Flexibility And How Does It Work
1. What is Flexibility and How does it work?
Flexibility is the ability to move muscles and joints through their full range of motion. Flexibility comes from stretching,
and is increased through stretching properly. Flexibility allows for a person to move with ease and without pain.
Flexibility also allows for a reduce in the risk of joint sprain or muscle strain, reduce the risk of back problems, or
muscle soreness.
2. Name and define two types of muscles responses? (give an example)
The Stretch Reflex– a basic operation of the nervous system that helps maintain muscle tone and prevent injury, it is
initiated when a muscle is stretched, it lengthens the muscle fibers and spindles, this changes the shape of the muscle
spindles which results ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Warm–ups are designed to improve performance, and reduce the change of injury. Warm–ups increase blood flow,
increase heart rate which preps the cardiovascular system for work, decreases muscle tension, and enhances the
connective tissues ability to elongate. There are three types of warm–ups, passive– raising the body temperature through
an external source such as a hot shower or heating pad, a general warm–up –movement not directly related to the activity
usually some form of a light callisthenic type exercise such as brisk walking or jogging, and formal/specific warm–ups–
movements that mimic the actual activity, just performed at a reduced level of intensity. Warm–ups need to be suited to
each individual person, but should generally be intense enough to increase the body's temperature and cause some
sweating, but not be as intense as the actual exercise or cause
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38.
39. Basketball Injury
A male basketball player came into the clinic complaining of back pain that sometimes travels down his leg. This athlete
has a long history( 3+ years) of back pain and often uses advil to get through practice and games. The pain often starts as
pinching in the lumbar spine and as it gets worse, becomes a tight shooting pain into the left leg. The pain is often
described as tightness or pulling with no numbness or tingling. He often has difficulty bending over to pick something up
or tying his shoes while standing. This athlete has no previous injuries besides multiple inversion ankle sprains and has
never observed any SHARDD on his back or down the back of his leg. Upon observation, sway back and excessive
kyphosis of the thoracic spine was noted, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, even when the right leg was lifted, the pain was reproduced in the left. He was also only able to lift his legs
approximately 40 degrees off the table. I then tried to explain the slump test to the athlete. For directions, I explained that
you want to be sitting and have bad posture. With his femur in a dangling position, dorsiflexion and his knee at 60
degrees flexion caused a reproduction of symptoms. This was exasperated when the athlete attempted to lift his legs at
all or put his head down. From here we checked piriformis using two different tests/checks. First, we had him prone,
knees bent and together. He was instructed to let his feet fall out. His left leg was close to vertical whereas the right was
30 degrees from 90. I felt comfortable with all of these special tests as they did not involve therapist hand positioning,
just clear instructions. After explaining the slump test, I thought it would be beneficial to also demonstrate it since the
cue of " have bad posture" did not seem to work initially. From this experience I have become more cognizant of how I
provide instructions. Although my intention is not to insult the athlete, I need to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
40.
41. Contract Technique Paper
Client Data:
Age: 22
Height: 1.825
Mass: 75
Sex: Female
Sport Participated in: Sprinting
Level of participation: Elite
Keywords:
PNF: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation.
CR: Contract Relax Technique.
CRAC: Contract Relax Agonist Contract Technique.
ROM: Range of Movement.
COG: Centre of Gravity.
Flexibility and Sprinting:
Flexibility is a key factor in sprinting as it has an underpinning for many other aspects that are key within sprinting such
as power for example. Not only this but also increasing stride length
In literature, the definition of flexibility is argued and contested however in the case of this training program the
definition of flexibility that will be most applicable is by Kent (1998) 'the ability to move ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some studies implemented a time of training session as 90 minutes. Arguably this is a long time in order to maintain
attention and optimal functionality for all muscles in order to stretch them sufficiently. Also the client being of a younger
age, it may be difficult to maintain levels of motivation for this length of time. Therefore, it has been decided to split the
sessions down, to upper body and lower body. This splits down to roughly 11 exercises to perform, which would make
the training session be approximately 30–40 minutes in length.
The reason why every session contains assisted PNF is due to the client's unfamiliarity with the style of training. PNF
can be dangerous to perform if completed incorrectly and unsafely, with multiple areas that could potentially create an
issue.
The 2 techniques within PNF are in dichotomy, but are overlapping. By implementing a CRAC technique the client will
be initiating a polarisation effect which is excitatory in essence. Whereas the CR technique, aims to depolarise the
excitatory response. (Prentice
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42.
43. Essay about Jab 4 Histology
Lab 4 Histology Name AL
List the four types of tissue found in the human body and give an example of each.
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
Epithelial tissue
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue? it never has contact with another cell, it always has a free surface. They
contain no blood vessels (avascular) and depend on underlying tissues for needed nutrients and oxygen sources to
maintain homeostasis. it is usually very thin for this reason. The cells are tightly packed together. composed almost
entirely of cells. apical and basal surfaces
What is the function of epithelial tissue? protection, secretion, and absorbtion
Where is epithelial tissue found? Epithelial tissue is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What type tissue is this? connective
The nuclei of the cells that secrete the collagen fibers are indicated by the number 1. What type cells are these? fibroblast
[pic]
The cells of the connective tissue pictured below in a cross section from the trachea are specialized for fat storage and do
not form ground substance or fibers. On prepared slides, this type tissue appears somewhat like a fish net with white
spaces connected together in a network. The cytoplasm and nucleus have been pushed to one side by a single, large, fat–
filled vacuole that occupies the center of the cell.
Identify:
1. matrix
2. chondrocyte in lacuna
3. vacole containing fat droplet
[pic]
The slide below shows a section of the trachea (windpipe). Rings of hyaline cartilage embedded within the walls of the
trachea provide support and help to maintain an open airway. Hyaline cartilage is the most common form of cartilage in
the body, making up part of the nose, connecting ribs to the sternum, and covering the articulating surfaces of bones.
When sectioned and stained, the matrix of hyaline cartilage takes on a light purple color. Cartilage–forming cells called
chondroblasts produce this matrix, which consists of an amorphous ground substance heavily invested with collagen
fibers. Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) can be seen singly or in groups within spaces (called lacunae) in
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44.
45. Muscular Dystrophy Research Paper
Ben's problems with muscle weakness is becoming progressively worse. At nine years old, he struggles to walk up the
stairs. Ben has a condition called Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, which is a genetic disease that affects the muscles. A
genetic disease is inherited and is explained through the process of DNA, RNA, and cell division. Duchenne has a
variety of treatments, but no cures.
Muscular Dystrophy, although not common, is a very dangerous condition. The many types can affect the many muscles
you have in your body, and can cripple you at a very young age. Even though muscular dystrophy can be diagnosed
early, it has no cure. Different types of muscular dystrophy have different treatments and therapies to help slow the
effects of the disease, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In genetics, the way people retrieve their genes and traits is through cell division; mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis in cell
division is the process in making body cells. There are 7 stages in mitosis; interphase, prophase, prometaphase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. In interphase, the cell is growing normally and synthesizes with
organelles. In prophase, changes occur in the cell and parts of the structures begin to break down, setting the stage for
chromosome division. Prometaphase is the stage where the chromosomes are sorted and made very compact, and
metaphase is when the chromatids of each chromosome are attached to a microtube to form a spindle. Anaphase it the
process in which the chromosomes split, leading into telophase, which is where the chromatids travel to opposite poles in
a cell and new membranes form around the nuclei. The final stage in mitosis, cytokinesis, is when the chromatids split in
two.
Meiosis, the process of cell division in creating sex cells, is what plays into Duchenne. When a sperm cell meets an egg
cell, that cell has a 50% to gain traits from the mom's x chromosome, and 100% probability to gain traits from the dad's y
chromosome. Duchenne is a genetically inherited mutation from the x chromosome; which means during meiosis, at
least one of the mom's chromosome had to have been carrying the mutation. The child has a 50% chance of developing
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46.
47. Persuasive Essay On Runner's Choice
Keshawn White
Haga
Humanities
3 November 2017
Runner's Choice
"According to the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, more than 70 percent of runners will
experience injury" (Cespedes 3). In our world today, running has been one of the go to exercises to lose weight. It is an
enjoyable way to exercise, and is a natural stress reliever. Running can change your lifestyle and force you to adapt to
certain physically intense situations. This includes the body's reaction to stress, and a variety of other effects that come
with running regularly. Running has a plethora of health benefits that include a prolonged life and immunity to various
diseases. This activity is the fastest way to burn fat, and can be easy to perform if ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Injuries can be prevented through proper preparation, and awareness of the consequences of what could happen if one
does not prepare appropriately.
Runners who plan to run on a regular basis or in races such as a marathon should adequately prepare their bodies and
their minds before running at all. To do this, runners should begin the Good Form Running Clinics. These programs are
designed to educate novice to advanced runners on correct running form, and to prepare them for running long distances.
Running form is critical in running efficiently and preventing injuries. Running efficiently is all about form and
breathing. Poor posture can put excess stress on back and knees. "If your back arches, your body weight tends to shift
back, making you more prone to overstriding" (Hamilton 9). If your form is irregular, this can cause an inefficient use of
your lungs. This occurs because runners tend to tense up when running for long periods of time. This inefficient way of
running can lead to a decrease in oxygen intake, which can lead to an insufficient amount of blood getting to the parts of
the body where it is most needed for exercise. For a person to maintain good body position, he or she must have their
head over shoulders, shoulders over hips, hips over the mid–foot upon landing and arms swinging directly ahead
(Brendan 6). If a runner fails to have correct running form, it can lead to joint issues that can inhibit the runner from
completing a
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
48.
49. Interpretive Essay on Edward Taylor's Poem, Huswifery
Interpretive Essay on Edward Taylor's Poem, Huswifery
In the poem, Huswifery, by Edward Taylor, a very severe shift seems to take place. The poem begins with an analogy
between the writer and a spinning wheel. However, at the end of the poem suddenly he is no longer the spinning wheel,
he is now a man wearing the cloth that was spun by the spinning wheel. How could the main analogy of the poem shift
so drastically? Actually, upon closer inspection, the shift does not seem so bizarre. The main idea of the poem is
followed through from beginning to end. It is the story of a man who is truly devoted to the Lord and how his
relationship with the Lord evolves from the point where he is seeking God in his life to the point where he has found ...
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The yarn is fine." Going along with the fabric = heart analogy, this would seem to indicate that he wants the Lord to pull
together the pieces of his heart, bring together all of his thoughts and affections and focus them into one beautiful
creation. The "The yarn is fine." part of the line displays a feeling of fragility. He does not believe that he is capable of
shaping his heart himself, and this is why he must hand it over to the Lord. In his mind, if he tries to do it on his own, the
pieces will most likely break (since the yarn is thin) and he will be just another tattered rag thrown by the wayside, not
usable for its intended purpose.
Once he has been completely woven, and all the essentials of a God–serving heart are completed, he then goes on to ask
of the Lord that He not just leave him plain and dull. He wants to be dyed with "heavenly colors choice." and "pinked
with varnished flowers of paradise." A garment that has been woven and is left plain is very functional for the owner of
that garment, but will not be beautiful or attractive to others. No one else will feel a great desire to have a similar one for
themselves. One possible interpretation of this point is to think that the author is now turning away from God and
seeking his own glory, asking that others be envious of him. However, this would not fall in line with the very humble,
God–serving attitude displayed throughout each of the stanzas. It seems more likely that he desires
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50.
51. Cerebral Palsy Research Paper
We decided to research suit therapy in the context of cerebral palsy. Suit therapy is a system of rubber bands, hooks, and
rings that connect a vest, shorts, kneepads, and specially connected shoes (McMahon, Pruitt & Vargus–Adams 2009).
There are bungee type cords that continue to tighten and adjust in order to "mimic normal flexor and extensor patterns of
major muscle groups in an attempt to correct abnormal alignment" (McMahon, Pruitt & Vargus–Adams 2009). Wearing
the suit along with intensive physical therapy, and active motor participation by the patient for a certain amount of time
and frequency is meant to retrain the brain what normal muscle movement is and improve sensory and proprioceptive
information (McMahon, Pruitt & Vargus–Adams ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the article includes a lot of information about cerebral palsy, for the purposes of obtaining information that is
pertinent to suit therapy, we will focus on their definitions of cerebral palsy and some of its symptoms. The CDC is a
government organization that backs research on many different diseases and disorders affecting people, making it a
credible source to gather facts. A working definition of cerebral palsy and its symptoms is needed to achieve this and the
CDC provides that along with other information. The CDC defines cerebral palsy as "a group of disorders that affects a
person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture" (2015). It goes further into describing that cerebral means
having to do with the brain and palsy means weakness or issues using muscles (2015). Therefore, in order for suit
therapy to really treat what is at the root of cerebral palsy, both the brain and the muscles. If it is found that suit therapy
only treats one of those two areas that cerebral palsy affects, then it is not a truly holistic treatment that treats cerebral
palsy as a whole. Symptoms vary from case to case, and the CDC says that some people with cerebral palsy will only
have minor symptoms and not need any adaptive equipment for mobility, but others may never be able to walk or be
mobile by themselves and need lifelong care (2015). The CDC is a well researched, and reliable source of information in
which only professionals can edit their articles. The authors, therefore, must be objective, as they are stating facts, and
are unbiased in the way they present them. This text's contribution to our research about suit therapy is that it gives a
solid foundation as to what
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52.
53. Biomechatronics: Analyzing Human Motion Essay
Modern robotics is edging ever closer to this vision in a field known as biomechatronics. Many people around the world
take their limbs for granted; some people have lost or have impaired limbs due to trauma, disease or birth defects.
Scientist are edging closer to developing biomechatronic; merging man with machine. Bimechatronic scientists attempt
to make electronic devices that interact with the body's muscles and nervous system with the aim to enhance human
movement. Dr. Hugh Herr, a leading scientist and his team are working on developing biomechartonics using computer
models and camera analyses to study the movement of balance. (How Stuff Works Inc, 2005) They are also researching
how electronic devices can be interfaced with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nerve cells in your foot then react to the ground force and feedback the information to adjust to the force, or the
appropriate muscle group. Nerve cells in your legs muscle spindles sense the position on the floor and rely the
information to the brain where it is processed and send back where the movement takes place. Interfacing
Biomechatronic devices allow the user to connect muscle systems and nerves in order to send and receive information
from the device. This technology is not available at ordinary orthotics and prosthetics devices. Scientist will then have
created a device, which helps to treat paralysis, and stroke victims who are unable to move their feet when they walk.
When the foot is installed the scientists will mingle the nerves and muscles together. This will enable them to use the
limb. When the user wants to move the limb the biosensors receive information about the limbs movement and force.
Then the movement that will be sent to the controller that is located internally or externally. The controller will then
relay the user intention to the mechanical sensor where it will be processed aand then sent back to the actuator and the
limb where the movement will take place. (How Stuff Works Inc, 2014)
Advantages
Disadvantage
Biochatronics can be very hard to fix, as they are very complex machines with very small
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54.
55. Literature Review : A Device And Validation Scheme For...
Literature Review: A Device and Validation Scheme for Quantifying Spasticity in a Clinical Setting
Team 1
Laith AlHussein, Kathryn Radom, David Remer, Mohamed Ali
Mentor: Dr. Wilsaan Joiner
Co–Mentor: Dr. Michelle Harris–Love
September 26, 2014
Introduction
Spasticity was originally defined by James Lance as "a motor disorder characterized by a velocity dependent increase in
muscle tone with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex, as one component of
the upper motor neuron syndrome" [1, 2]. This symptom usually occurs in patients with acquired brain injury, cerebral
palsy, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, stroke, and other conditions involving upper motor neuron syndrome [3].
However, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, a standardized quantitative assessment and device capable of measuring parameters, determined to contribute
the most significant effects to the symptom, is needed for a wide–spread clinical acceptance. These measures should
parallel an accepted clinical scale and provide consistency and sensitivity for wide implementation.
This literature review will examine proposed methods and devices that have been employed in attempt to solve this
severely understudied issue. These include, but are not limited to, the varying definitions spasticity, means of
measurement, quantitative analysis, and limitations. Studying the limited literature available allows for a determination
of factors and techniques that need not be applied, as well as improvements that may be implemented for this project.
Defining Spasticity
As noted by the literature, the causes of spasticity are not entirely identified and comprehended. However, it is known
that spasticity usually occurs as a result of injury to the central nervous system, which includes the brain and the spinal
cord [7]. Stroke often causes lesions on the brain, triggering spasticity and lowering the reflex threshold [2, 7]. The
nerves send proprioceptive information to the nervous system through the afferent impulse. Once it
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56.
57. Lab 4 Histology
BSC 2085C: Anatomy and Physiology
Lab 4: Histology
Name ___
Directions: There are five (5) activities in this lab. Please be sure to complete them all. For all questions, type your
answers into the yellow box ____ (including your name above) it will expand as you write.
Activity 1: Tissue Types
1–1: List the four types of tissue found in the human body and give an example of each.
1. _Epithelial__example: Skin_
2. Connective_ example: Tendons___
3. _Muscle__example: Muscles of heart_
4. _Nervous_example: Brain__
Activity 2: Epithelial tissue
2–1: What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue? _Polarity, Specialized contacts, Supported of connective tissue,
Avascular but innervated, Regeneration___ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thinner, more darkly stained elastic fibers composed of the protein elastin can also be seen. The principal type of cells
seen are lightly–staining fibroblasts that secrete the matrix materials.
Identify:
1. _Fibroblast nuclei___
2. _Collagen Fiber___
3. _Elastic Fibers___
3–6: This slide shows a section of a tendon with regularly arranged closely packed collagen fibers running in the same
direction. This results in a flexible tissue with great resistance to pulling forces. With its enormous tensile strength, this
tissue forms cord like tendons, which join muscles to bones, sheet–like aponeuroses, which attach muscles to muscles or
muscles to bones, and ligaments, which bind bones together at joints.
What classification of connective tissue is this? _Dense regular___
The nuclei of the cells that secrete the collagen fibers are indicated by the number 1. What type cells are these?
_Collagen Fibers___
3–7: The cells of the connective tissue pictured below in a cross section from the trachea are specialized for fat storage
and do not form ground substance or fibers. On prepared slides, this type tissue appears somewhat like a fish net with
58. white spaces connected together in a network. The cytoplasm and nucleus have been pushed to one side by a single,
large, fat–filled
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
59.
60. What Does Mederma Cause Scarring?
Scarring is a normal bodily process that a majority of people experience. Nonetheless, in Western cultures, scars are seen
as an ugly feature that one can acquire in numerous ways. Therefore, many people want to rid themselves of these
blemishes as quickly as possible. A majority of them turn to Mederma ®, one of the top–recommended scar treatment
creams by dermatologists. However, before you decide that Mederma is the right medication for your scar, it is important
to look at the different types of tissues that can be affected, how scars form, and what kind of scars form.
Let's begin with defining just what a tissue is. Tissues are a group of cells with similar structure and function as a single
unit to perform specialized tasks. There is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While Mederma does not cause scars to completely disappear, it can help scars to appear smoother, softer, and less
prominent. But how does it work? The main active ingredient in Mederma is allium cepa, also known as cepalin.
Cepalin, which is extracted from onions, has anti–inflammatory properties that make the tissue around the scar reduce its
inflammation and thus make the scar less visible. Mederma works on both old and new scars, but the results are not seen
instantaneously. For optimal results to appear, it can take new scars at least 8 weeks, while old scars can take 3 to 6
months. Before application of Mederma, the wound must be completely closed, meaning the scab has completely fallen
off or stitches were removed. This process usually takes around 2 weeks to happen. After this, apply Mederma once daily
for best result. There are different types of Mederma as well. Other than the regular type, there is one offered for children
that changes color to engage them in the scar healing process. Mederma can be used with other products and medicines,
but a doctor should be contacted if those products are prescribed. Some potential side effects of Mederma include
swelling at the scar site, discoloration of the scar, or itching. If any of these symptoms occur, stop using Mederma and
contact a
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61.
62. Simple Anonymous Essay
The Study of Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Transitional, Stratified Squamous, Adipose,
Hyaline Cartilage, Areolar, Bone, Smooth Muscle,
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle and
Neuron Tissues
Table of Contents
Epithelial Tissue
1. Simple squamous
2. Simple cuboidal
3. Transitional
4. Stratified squamous
Connective Tissue
5. Adipose
6. Hyaline cartilage
7. Areolar
8. Bone
Muscle Tissue
9. Smooth muscle
10. Skeletal muscle
11. Cardiac muscle
Nervous
12. Neuron
Simple Squamous
Simple squamous epithelial cells are flattened horizontally and their cytoplasm is thin. The simple squamous cells allow
passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in places where protection is not important. Because the cells are flat and
have thin cytoplasm, it allows for easy passage of materials. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The functions are support and reinforcement. These functions are achieved through support provided by the fibers.
Areolar
Areolar tissue is made up of a gel–like material, called the matrix, with all of the fiber types; cells: fibroblasts,
macrophages, mast cells, and several white blood cells. The key function of the areolar tissue is to cushion the organs.
The gel–like matrix helps the function of cushioning the organs become possible.
Bone
Bone tissue is hard and has a calcified matrix (where the pores are filled with calcium) containing collagen fibers;
osteocytes (mature bone cells) lie in the lacunae (cavity containing bone cells). The key functions of bone tissues are:
63. support and protect the body structure and provide cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells. Because the
matrix of bone tissue is hard and rigid, the tissue is able to provide support and protection to the
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64.
65. Observation of Myotactic and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes
Human Reflexes Observation of myotactic and vestibulo–ocular reflexes
Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to study the anatomy of human reflexes, specifically to compare
monosynaptic reflexes to polysynaptic reflexes. The monosynaptic reflex in this experiment is the myotactic, or
Hoffman, reflex that will be seen by simulating the tibial nerve and the polysynaptic reflex is the vestibulo–ocular reflex
that will be seen by spinning the subject in a spin chair. A reflex is defined as an involuntary and stereotyped response to
a fixed stimulus (Sherwood, 2007, p. 177). A reflex allows quick responses to things such as pain or other stimulation. In
non–classical definitions, reflexes can even be learned if the subject is conditioned that way(Sherwood, 2007, p. 176).
The pathway that a reflex takes from input (stimulus) to output (muscle activity) can generally be shown as reflex arcs.
Reflex arcs have five elements. The first element is the stimulus, which acts on a receptor. In the second element, a
signal from the receptor is sent along the afferent nerve to the integrator, or central nervous system. The signal is then
processed here for the third element. Then, the signal is sent down the efferent nerve, the fourth element, to the effector.
The effector acts on this signal for the fifth element. Another reason this can be considered a reflex arc is that all
responses are in proportion to the strength of the stimulus (Sherwood, 2007, p. 177). The
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66.
67. VSMC Biology
VSMC Biology:
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are primarily responsible for establishing and orchestrating contraction and
distension in blood vessels. VSMC maintain contractile tone by a highly organized architecture of
contractile/cytoskeletal proteins and associated regulatory components within the cell cytoplasm and establish
distensibility by synthesis, secretion and organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components with elastic recoil
and resilience properties. VSMCs within the vascular continuum have the ability to adapt to extrinsic and intrinsic cues
during different developmental stages and in disease response to an injury stimulus. This ability is due to a phenomenon
known as the phenotypic modulation and is a major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Synthetic/dedifferentiated: During non–pathological processes such as normal vascular development or upon injury
VSMCs exhibit a dedifferentiated/synthetic phenotype, characterized by high rate of proliferation, migration and
production of ECM components (9). Synthetic VSMCs also demonstrate a decreased expression of contractile–state
associated proteins (SMMHC, SMαA, Calponin, SM–22α etc.) with concomitant increased expression of osteopontin, 1–
caldesmon, non–muscle myosin heavy chain, vimentin, tropomyosin 4 and cellular–retinal binding–protein–1 (CRBP–1)
(8). Morphologically, synthetic VSMCs have increased cell size and exhibit hill–valley morphology in culture.
Ultrastructure of these cells shows a cytoplasm devoid of contractile bundles with extensive rough endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi and ribosomes
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68.
69. My Personal Fitness Plan For Aerobic Capacity
As a person over 40 who is pursuing a career as Physical Education Teacher, I was a little intimated by the Fitnessgram
test. I am a person is currently overweight in the process of getting back in shape. Even though, I am not in the best of
shape currently, it is important that I have a better understanding of how to improve the overall fitness of my students
and myself. As this paper goes on, I will discuss my results in aerobic capacity, muscle strength, muscle endurance,
flexibility and body mass index. After I have discussed my results, the paper will end with my personal fitness plans.
I. EVALUATION OF MY FITNESSGRAM PERFORMANCE: The first topic is aerobic capacity. For aerobic capacity, I
performed the pacer test. The pacer test, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I wanted to do this opposed to the walk test, so I could see what my capability was at this point in my quest to getting
back in shape and current age of 41. I am in a class with much younger students, so I wanted to see where I was
compared to someone 15–18 years younger. I needed to push myself to try and do my best which is what is expected
from our students. I can't expect my students to try their best if I can't relate to their experiences. The second test I want
to reflect on is muscle endurance and strength. I performed the curl up and push up test for both muscle endurance and
strength. I had a hard time with the curl up, only successfully completing 6. The HFZ for a male over 17 is greater than
or equal to 18. I didn't complete anywhere near what the recommended health fitness zone. For a male 17 and older, it
was considered to be of low fitness if fewer than 18 curl ups are performed. The second muscle strength and endurance
test is the push up test. I was able to complete 18 push–ups. The average for males over 17 is greater than or equal to 18.
I just made the minimum number of push–ups to be considered a health fitness zone. I barely made it but I made it which
was an accomplishment compared to the pacer test. I felt like if I was about 30 lbs. lighter, I could have done a lot more.
The average number of push–ups according to Livestrong for someone my age (41 years old) is 27. I still have always to
go but felt a since of
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70.
71. Diseases: Sex Linked and Sex Influenced
Diseases: Sex Linked and Sex Influenced
by Richard Nixon
Honors Biology
Mrs. Linda
December 19, 1994
There are thousands of cases of sex linked and sex influenced diseases worldwide. These diseases can range from a
social inconvenience, to a fatal ailment. In sex linked diseases, like Muscular Dystrophy, hemophilia and color blindness,
only males are affected. When a man infected with a sex linked disease has children, all his sons are normal, but all of
his daughters are carriers. When a carrier woman and an uninfected man have children, half of the sons are normal, and
half of the sons are affected; half of the daughters are carriers and half of the daughters are normal. Only males are
affected because the sex linked ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this point, since the whole muscle was too large but was the only feasible solution, he decided to transplant whole
muscles of a baby mouse into an adult mouse. This muscle was not damaged, because it was not minced, and it was not
too large, because the baby muscle is considerably smaller than an adult muscle. Not only did the mouse survive, but
normal function was restored to diseased adult muscle. Since the transplantation of muscle in mice was so successful, Dr.
Law tried to find something along those lines that would work in a human. He found a solution; myoblasts. A myoblast
is a mature muscle cell. It is a long thin fiber that can be more than an inch long. Unlike cells of other types, myoblasts
have over
200 nuclei. When they are damaged, the myoblasts call upon a reservoir of satellite cells; small immature cells that nestle
inside the muscle fiber's outer sheath. Satellite cells are the key to muscle repair and regeneration.The satellites leave the
fiber, divide and then flatten into spindle shaped forms– the myoblasts. Myoblasts repair muscle cells by fusing with the
injured cell and they share their nuclei with the injured cell's nuclei. When these two myoblasts fuse completely, new
cells are formed. In 1970 Law thought of a procedure that would fuse healthy myoblasts with the dystrophic one, hoping
that the resulting hybrid would have some function.
However,
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72.
73. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries ( Acl )
Anterior cruciate ligament injuries (ACL) can be detrimental for individuals who want to excel in their sport. The
debilitating injury leads to a period of regression in performance essentially deconditioning the athlete, which can be a
huge drawback for individuals of different levels of competition. The knee is one of the most commonly injured joints of
the human body and carries an increased risk of injury with sports participation. Recent research states approximately
40% of all ligamentous knee injuries are ACL related and 70% of all ACL injuries occur during sports (Lam et al., 2009).
Sporting activities involving jumping, cutting and decelerating are ranked the highest provokers of ACL injury
(Renstrom et al., 2008). ACL injuries have produced a mass of research surrounding the mechanisms and biomechanics
leading to the injury and the rehabilitation outcomes to effectively bring back the original state of an individuals
impaired limb. The majority of literature in the present has undertaken an overview of rehabilitation and the effects it
may or may not have on individuals at a neuromuscular and proprioceptive level. These interventions may require
further research and revision on the programs delivered itself to foresee what may be optimal due to the majority of
research indicating the various effects an ACL injury has at a neurophysiological and mechanical level. The programs are
of upmost importance as the redevelopment of robust sufficient muscle mass after a
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74.
75. Taking a Look at Plyometric Training
Introduction Plyometric training can be referred to as as a powerful quick movement that involves an eccentric
contraction, that is followed immediately by an explosive concentric contraction. This is achieved through the stretch–
shortening cycle, also known as the eccentric–concentric coupling phase or integrated performance paradigm (Chimera,
Swanik, Swanik, & Straub, 2004). This phase suggests that in order to move with accuracy, forces must be loaded
(eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then unloaded (concentrically). Thus, plyometric exercise activates the
body's proprioceptive and elastic properties to produce maximum force output in a minimum amount of time (Voight &
Brady, 1992). Plyometric training necessary as it helps improve motor learning and neuromuscular efficiency by
promoting the sensitivity, excitability and reactivity of the neuromuscular system. This leads to increases in rate of force
production (power), motor–unit recruitment, firing frequency (rate coding), and synchronization. Muscles are thus able
produce the necessary force to change the direction of an object's center of mass (Voight & Brady, 1992). Plyometric
training also offers the opportunity to train precise movement patterns in a biomechanically correct manner, at a more
suitable speed. This can also help the functional strengthening of the tendons, muscles and ligaments in regards to the
requirements of everyday sports and activities. Improvements in the reaction time of the
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76.
77. Muscular Strength Essay
The Important of Muscular Strength to Human Bodies
Introduction
The Muscular Strength is the important thing in our lives as there is nothing we can without, though we do not have the
same Muscular Strength according to certain factors. The aim of studying Muscular strength is to know what our bodies
are capable of to lift, like in a working place so that must ensure that our strength require for the job without injuring our
muscles. The aim of studying this study so that will know which sport require my muscular strength and the position that
can acquire my strength, to know which clothes must wear without causing injuries to the muscles when joints contract.
The reason of studying muscular strength is to know the reasons behind difference of muscular strength between males
and females, why some females have more strength than males and knowing the factors that influence muscular strength
in our bodies.
A Concentric contraction is a type of muscle activation that increases tension on a muscle as it shortens and they ... Show
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The posture is improved with the weight training as the core, back and shoulders becomes stronger and after being able
to sit or stand with a straighter back and without becoming fatigued fast (Naternicola,. N, 2014). Weight training
increases bone density which prevent Osteoporosis and strength training can also improve point function and positively
affect insulin resistance. Strength training also increases us to intestinal transit time that is liked with colon cancer
(Naternicola,. N, 2014).
The effect of reach distance; Mechanical disadvantage increases the task difficultly. This cause the reduction fall in
strength output. Isometric strength increases with the reach distance up to a certain point if the body posture does not
change significantly. When the distance of hand grip from the body increases, also the strength exertion capability
progressively
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78.
79. Cross-Striated Muscles
Muscles execute a multitude of involuntary and voluntary functions throughout the entire body. They are a huge part of
what get the body going, and keep it going too. These contracting fibers are comprised of about 75% water, 20% protein,
and the other 5% is a mix of carbohydrates, lipids, and salts.
There are between 640–840 muscles in the body, and they all fall into one of three categories. The first category is
cardiac muscles. As made apparent by the name, these cross–striated muscles are found in the walls of the heart. They
cannot be controlled voluntarily. These rough quadrangular muscles of your heart are peculiar; they stimulate
themselves. Cardiac muscles never stop working, their branched structure helps them endure this constant
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