This document discusses grammar concepts in Latin, including subordinate clauses, relative pronouns, and reflexives. It provides examples of how to use subordinate conjunctions to join clauses. It defines relative pronouns as pronouns that relate back to an antecedent and shows their declension. Examples are given of using relative pronouns within subordinate clauses. The document also discusses reflexive pronouns like se, sui, sibi that refer back to the subject of the sentence and can be used with me, te, nos, and vos. An exercise provides examples of using reflexives.

1. Chapter 8 Grammar

2. Subordinate Clauses
• A clause contains a verb:
Flaccus calls him.
• A subordinate clause contains a verb but is an
incomplete thought:
When Quintus enters the field . . .
• Clauses are joined together by subordinating
conjunctions: ubi, quod, dum, si, etc.

3. Exercise 8.1 #1-2
• dum Horatia quiescit, Scintilla fabulam narrat.
While Horatia rests, Scintilla tells a story.
• Horatia gaudet, quod fabula ei placet.
Horatia rejoices because the story
pleases her.

4. The Relative Pronoun
qui, quae, quod: who, which
singular plural
m f n m f n
Nom qui quae quod qui quae quae
Gen cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
Dat cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Acc quem quam quod quos quas quae
Abl quo quā quo quibus quibus quibus
Achilles, quem Hector timet, eum oppugnat.
Achilles, whom Hector fears, fights him.
• Relative Pronouns have the same gender and number as
the antecedent (Achilles), but the case is determined by the
use inside the subordinate clause

5. Exercise 8.2 #1-4
• Aeneas multos homines uidet (who) urbem
aedificant.
qui
• Horatia, (whom) Quintus exspectat, prope
uiam sedet.
quam
• puella (whom) in agro uideo fratrem
exspectat.
quam
• Quintus, (whom) in uia occurro, anxius est.
cui

6. Reflexives
• Reflexives refer back to the subject of the
sentence
• se has no nominative and is the same in the
singular and plural
ille se lavat He washes himself.
nominative -- --
genitive sui of himself, herself, themselves
dative sibi to/for himself, herself, themselves
accusative se himself, herself, themselves
ablative se by himself, herself, themselves

7. Reflexives
• me, te, nos, uos can also be used as reflexives
ego me lavo I wash myself
• suus, sua, suum vs. the genitive
• suus, -a, -um is used reflexively
pueri suos loculos ferunt
The boys are carrying their own satchels.
• The genitive refers to someone else
paedagogi loculos eorum ferunt.
The teachers are carrying the satchels of them.

8. Exercise 8.5
1. Scintilla cenam parat
2. Horatia ad cenam se parat.
3. nautae nauem ad litus uertunt.
4. nautae se uertunt et nos salutant.
5. pueri canem in uia exercent.
6. cur in agro uos exercetis?
7. pater filium iubet sibi succerrere.
8. feminae filias iubent secum ad fontem uenire.