Occupational Therapy Has A Long-Standing History Of Being

Occupational Therapy Has A Long-Standing History Of Being
Occupational therapy has a long–standing history of being a client–centered profession that aims to understand each person individually to best meet
occupational performance needs in their day to day life. Occupational therapists utilize a multitude of resources to best create a plan of care for each
client. Resources that are used often include: standardized assessments, evaluations, client–centered interventions and theoretical frame of reference. A
theoretical frame of reference is defined as "a set of interrelated internally consistent concepts, definitions, postulates and principles that provide a
systematic description of and prescription for a practitioner 's interaction within his domain of concern" (Creighton, 1985). This paper... Show more
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When the therapist would incorporate softball related activities into my therapy I certainly was more motivated because the occupation that I was
interested in was involved. Occupational therapists are said to be very adaptive professionals and understand how how important it is to be adaptive,
not only as a professional, but in everyday life. The Occupational Adaptation Frame of Reference by Schkade and Schultz aims to describe the link
between the two fundamental constructs of occupational therapy, namely; occupation and adaptation (Schultz & Schkade, 1992). This theory primarily
focuses on the interplay between the external and the internal factors that are interacting continuously during completion of occupations. The constant
factor is press for mastery which yields the occupational challenge and one's ability of an adaptive response. An adaptive response is made up of three
subprocesses that are internal to the person; the three subprocesses are: the generation subprocess, the evaluation subprocess and the integration
subprocess and these explain the adaptive response activated by the person in response to an occupational challenge (Schultz & Schkade, 1992).
Through the subprocesses, the person plans the adaptive response, evaluates the outcome and integrates the evaluation as adaptation. I am find this
frame of reference quite interesting because it focuses on the interplay of internal and external factors and how an individual responds to the interplay of
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The Clinical Experience Of An Emergency Homeless Shelter...
Usually the fieldwork clinical experience is done in which a student is placed under the direct supervision by an established on–site occupational
therapy practitioner (Mattila & Dolhi, 2016). Over the past ten years, there has been a shift in occupational therapy concerning emerging practice areas
and non–traditional settings, where occupational therapy services are not currently provided (Mattila & Dolhi, 2016). These various types of settings
support the shift toward wellness and recovery, psychosocial services, and community health.(Mattila & Dolhi, 2016). In this study, five graduate
students were assigned to an emergency homeless shelter for young men in a suburban community for their fieldwork clinical experience (Mattila &
Dolhi, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The graduate students intended on providing meaningful programs that were in line with the young men future goals (Mattila & Dolhi, 2016).
The overall programming implemented at the shelter throughout fieldwork clinical experience sought to develop life skills and vocational skills to
meet the goals of the young men. In addition to their stated needs and desires, the interventions provided were centered on the occupational deprivation
expressed by the young men who participated (Mattila & Dolhi, 2016). During the occupational therapy sessions each group completed a unique session
that would focus on having the clients reflect on their experience. These sessions provided a way for the young men to share their talents and express
themselves. The sessions stimulated self–esteem, group cohesion, and forming healthy relationships. The group sessions provided the young men at the
shelter with the necessary resources, education, and the transitional stages the young men were going through (Mattila & Dolhi, 2016).
These changes are important components that will help to prepare the young men for the transition into adulthood, and out of the homeless shelter. By
the end of the fieldwork experience the graduate students found three emerging themes as well as the outcomes: clinical reasoning and self–reflection;
personal and professional development; and further understanding of the role of occupational

The World Federation Of Occupational Therapists
The World Federation of Occupational Therapists (2010) has defined occupational therapy as a "client–centered health profession concerned with
promoting health and well being through occupation" (p.1). I have defined occupational therapy as a process in which a therapist and a client form a
therapeutic relationship in order to increase participation in meaningful and functional occupations. An occupation is any action that increases quality
of life, supports self–maintenance, and supplements work and leisure activities. The World Federation of Occupational Therapists (2012) states that the
focus of practice is maintaining a balance of person, occupation, and their environment in order to facilitate occupational performance. I have reached a
similar conclusion that the focus of occupational therapy is to facilitate synergy between the client and their environment. The result of this synergy will
be occupational performance. Occupational therapists are keen to the needs of the client as they relate to completing occupations within a given
environment utilizing the client's capabilities.
Tenets of Occupational Therapy
Person
Occupational therapy is a client–centered practice; therefore, the person is the first central tenet addressed in this paper. The
person–environment–occupation (PEO) model views the person throughout their lifespan because a person's roles are consistently changing. The person
is made up of characteristics that affect the person, environment, and

Occupational Therapy Model
Theory is defined as a description of a set of phenomena and the relationships among the concepts. A frame of reference are theories that is used as the
foundation for developing guidelines for practice that assist therapist with clinical reasoning related to the evaluation and treatment of a specific
problems (Mosey.1996). The model practice provides a framework with which a therapist is able to make clinical decisions based on a scientific
theoretical foundation such as anatomy and physiology an example is the biomechanical guideline that based on anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology.
Guidelines for practice are not diagnosis specific, but rather are address problems that people with a variety of diagnoses may experience. The
assumptions underlying the occupational performance model fall into assumptions about the human occupation, human performance, and as a self
–organizing systems. Assumptions are derived from core philosophical tenets of occupational therapy which have been described by the Canadian
Association of Occupational Therapy, the clients are viewed by a wholistic perspective as being comprised of interacting elements of mind, body, and
sprits. The values, beliefs, and principles of the clients are developed in treatments not... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which would include environment, level of emotions and cognitive prerequisite, and his volitional and habitual skill. One example is Frank, who had
stroke on the right side and it effected the left side. The therapy and Frank will developed a planned of treatment using adaptive devices, orthotics,
environment modifications, wheelchair modifications, ambulatory aids, safety, education, then independence in ADLs, home management, work, and
leisure will be

The School Of Occupational Therapy
Otago Polytechnic School of Occupational Therapy Course Name: Human Occupation/Fieldwork 2 Course Number: BT503001 Assessment Title:
Assessment 3: Essay Student Name: Mikhel Singh Student Identification Number: 1000016816 Name of Lecturer: Hilary Blamires Date Due: 19th
November 2014 Date Submitted: 19th November 2014 Word Count: 1857 I declare that this assignment is original and my own work and that It has
not been submitted for assessment elsewhere. I acknowledge that the assessor of this assignment may, for the purpose of assessing this assignment,
may reproduce this assignment and provide a copy to another member of staff; and/or submit a copy of this assignment to a plagiarism checking
service (which may then retain a copy of this assignment on its database for the purpose of future plagiarism checking). Signed
.......................................Date : 19th November 2014 It is important to come to an understanding of humans as occupational beings, due to
occupations such as food allowing us to 'do', 'be', 'become' and 'belong'. A common description of occupation is activities or tasks that occur in
everyday life that give meaning and value to an individual. Occupations can be placed into one of three categories: self–cares or activities of daily
living, leisure activities and activities that contribute to society, which are also known as productive activities (Punwar and Peloquin, 2000). As
humans are occupational beings, food is essential as it provides us

Engagement And CMOP-E
Theory: The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP–E) is a further expansion of the Canadian Model of Occupational
Performance (CMOP). The theories underpinning the CMOP–E largely include humanistic theories, with a particular focus on client–centred therapy
developed from Carl Rogers (Townsend & Polatajko, 2007). As the name infers, the main focus of the CMOP is on occupational performance and
exploring the interplay between the person, environment and occupation. While CMOP–E maintains this view, it also encompasses engagement; and
just like performance, engagement is also a result of the interdependent relationship between the person, environment and occupation. In conjunction
with performance, engagement was

Loss Of Identity Paper
Loss of identity Identity is the all encompassing view of who you are as an individual and contain many different parts such as your goals, values and
beliefs as well as your standards for behavior and decision–making (Schwartz, Luyckx, & Vignoles, 2011). Many individuals suffering from ME feel a
loss of identity as the illness progresses. Dickson, Knussen, and Flowers (2008) discusses how ME forces a change in an individuals identity, though
the progression of the illness they are now experiencing life outside of what is normal for them and outside of their normal world. In one study
participants spoke of ME controlling every aspect of their daily lives, there is a strong focus on what ME has taken away from them, leading
individuals to question what is left in their lives (Dickson, Knussen, & Flowers, 2008).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This loss of identity is intensified by the level of stigma and delegitimisation experienced by ME sufferers (Arroll & Howard, 2013; Dickson,
Knussen, & Flowers, 2008, Hughes, 2009; Wright 2015) When an individual looses all the things in life that create meaning for them they are left
with an 'empty shell', individuals feel robbed of their own lives (Dickson, Knussen, & Flowers, 2008; Pemberton & Cox, 2014a). OT perspective ME
affects all areas of the Canadian model of Occupational Performance. Individuals have similar experiences to other chronic illnesses with the additional
burden of stigma. There can be detrimental effects on an individual's identity, personal causation, habits, life roles, interests and personal values.
(Hughes,

Occupational Therapy and Clinical Reasoning
Clinical Reasoning Clinical Reasoning is an essential part of the assessment, treatment and evaluation process in occupational therapy (Neistadt,
1996). This reasoning is the skill set that the occupational therapist draws from when working with clients in related to function and performance.
Neistadt (1996) suggested that clinical reasoning is the combination of five interacting components (Ward, 2003). This will be explained in the
following essay and applied to a case study about a girl named Maria. Narrative Reasoning The first form of reasoning to be used will be the
narrative reasoning. This will address Maria's occupational story. It considers temporal aspects such as the client's history and identifies what needs to
change to accommodate occupational engagement in the future (Neistadt, 1996). Maria is fifteen years old. Her mother reports that Maria has been
performing poorly in school and has withdrawn from her family. This began after her transition to secondary school. Her performance further
deteriorated when she began second year. Maria stopped participating in a number of her occupations including hockey, playing the piano, the girl
guides, shopping with friends and going to the cinema. She now prefers to stay on the computer of listening to music. Maria previously had a good
relationship with her younger siblings. However, she has disengaged from these relationships. She has also been distant from her friends Caoimhe and
Meabh, preferring to spend time in her

The Peo Model
The PEO model is an appropriate tool to use to diagnose a person with Down Syndrome (DS) and motor disabilities. The PEO model of practice has
three main components which include the person (P), environment (E), and occupation (O), which will be used for the interventions in this case study.
According to Rousseau, Potvin, Dutil, and Falta (2002), knowing the individual's environment and how it interacts with the person is one of the
essential key factors needed to provide effective treatment and intervention in occupational therapy. More specifically, the interaction between the
person and the environment are major considerations to gain normal abilities because the nature of the DS is different compared to the other diagnosis.
Down syndrome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This assessment contains 6 subcategories including reflexes, stationary, locomotion, object manipulation, grasping, and visual–motor integration. Each
subcategory has its own subtests to identify children's development in depth. The reflexes contain 8 subtests to measure the ability of automatic
reaction to the environments. Typically, the reflex integrates age around 12 months, and this subtest allows measurement of the reflex age from birth to
11 months. The stationary has 30 subtests that measure the ability to sustain control within the center of gravity and retain equilibrium of the body. The
locomotion has 89 subtests to measure the ability to move from one place to another by walking, running, jumping forward, hopping, and crawling. The
object manipulation has 24 subtests which measure an ability to manipulate balls such as throwing, catching, and kicking. Grasping has 26 subtests to
measure hand and finger function such as holding an object with one hand and controlling the object with fingers in one and/or two hands.
Visual–motor integration includes 72 subtests to measure visual perceptual skills that are required to perform the eye–hand coordination tasks such as
building blocks and copying designs (Folio & Fewell, 2000). Generally, the duration of administration is about an hour long; however,

Von Recklinghausen 's Disease : An Autosomal Dominant...
Von Recklinghausen's Disease Von Recklinghausen's disease is a disorder that genetic disorder that is commonly passed on through many
generations. Another name for this disorder is neurofibromatosis type one (NF1) (Reynolds, Browning, Nawroz, & Campbell, 2003). NF1 is
estimated to affect approximately one in every 3,000 people (Reynolds, Browning, Nawroz, & Campbell, 2003). Since the mid 1900s, medical
researchers, genetic scientists, and neuroscientists have been working to learn as much as possible about this disease. Etiology The etiology of NF1
has been thoroughly investigated and there is substantial knowledge on the topic. Neurofibromatosis type one is an autosomal dominant disorder
(Rasmussen & Friedman, 2000). In looking at the genes of those diagnosed with NF1, it was found that people with this disorder have a mutation on a
section of chromosome 17 (Rasmussen & Friedman, 2000). Neurofibromin is the protein on this chromosome, hence the name neurofibromatosis
(Rasmussen & Friedman, 2000). Approximately 50% of all cases of NF1 have been passed down by family members (Rasmussen & Friedman, 2000).
Pathophysiology The dysfunction in chromosome 17 cause many problems primarily with the nerves. Neurofibromin is a protein that prevents
excessive cell growth. Those with neurofibromatosis type one have a neurofibromin deficiency which can cause tumors to grow on the nerves (Nanette,
Edwards, DeCrane, & Hingten, 2014). These tumors called neurofibromas are known

Occupational Therapy Theory Essay
Introduction
Theory has been described as a set of ideas that help us to better understand and explain the concepts behind different behaviours (Tufan & Cole,
2008). As described by Duncan (2009), theories are different ideas that are linked and form the basis for action. (Duncan A.S, E, 2009). In
occupational therapy, theories work alongside conceptual models and frames of reference to guide therapists in using the most suitable assessment or
therapy for their client (Joosten, V.A, 2015). This essay will discuss the reasontheory is used in occupational therapy and how it is implemented in the
OT process.
Purpose of Theory
Theory guides actions and helps therapists carry out their job better (Turpin & Iwama, 2011). Theory provides occupational therapists with the basis of
knowledge for what they practice (Duncan, A.S., E, 2009). To be able to carry out effective and correct interventions with their clients, occupational
therapists must have to have something to refer to, to ensure what they do is credible and focused on the occupation (Turpin & Iwama 2008). ... Show
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This is done through following the occupational therapy process which is influenced by conceptual models. Examples of these models are the Model
of Human Occupation (Kielhofner, G, 2008), Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (Polatajko, Townsend& Craik, 2007) and
PEO. These models influence the occupational therapy practice. Conceptual models are an important aspect of OT theory as they try to understand
how the person, environment and the occupation are linked (Tufano & Cole, 2008). Also mentioned by Tufano & Cole (2008), is the idea that the
model chosen by the occupational therapist highlights the therapist's outlook on a patient's ability to engage in their daily occupations (Tufano & Cole,

The Use Of Personal Digital Assistants, Or Pdas, By...
There has been increase in the use of personal digital assistants, or PDAs, by individuals Traumatic Brain Injury or TBI. These devices are being used
to help TBI patients with everyday activities such as keeping up with appointments, medication management, daily tasks, etc. Due to behavioral
memory deficits that are common among TBI patients, these daily activities are difficult for these individuals. In the past "low–tech" items were used
such as daily planners and strategically placed notes, but due to the growth of "high–tech" instruments, such as smartphones, personal computers, and
PDAs, the "low–tech" devices are being used less (Gentry, Wallace, Kvarfordt, Lynch 2008 19
–24). In the early stages of high–tech device use among
TBI patients there were three popular computer programs that were used, but they were contained to desktop computers, which makes them useless
outside of the individual's home. Once PDA's were introduced these programs became obsolete. An early study of PDA use included the use a
program called Psion Organizer. The study found that most TBI patients with memory deficits preferred the PDA and Psion Organizer over other low
tech instruments. The Psion Organizer software is no longer available and been replaced with other software such as Palm systems. There has not
been a study done on the Palm operating system. Research has been done on software specifically developed for TBI patients(Gentry, Wallace,
Kvarfordt, Lynch 2008 19–24). The study

Implication For Occupational Therapy ( 2014 )
Implication for Occupational Therapy According to Ridner et al. (2014), lymphedema is a chronic condition that causes permanent damage to the
lymphatic system. It is incurable, but can be effectively managed by comprehensive complete decongestive therapy with the goal of decreasing the
limb volume to normal or near normal (Lawenda, Mondry, & Johnstone, 2009; Ridner et al., 2014; Rockson, 2016). According to (Lawenda, Mondry,
& Johnstone, 2009), the lack of effective early lymphedema management results in increased swelling, fibrotic skin changes, pain, paresthesia, and
infections. Moreover, Lawenda et al. (2009) stated that early intervention decreases the progression of the disease. Therefore, it is critical to provide
early lymphedema intervention to help to promote quality of life, and decrease functional disability, psychosocial deficits, and complications that may
be life threatening among the clients who are impacted by lymphedema (Lawenda et al., 2009). Lymphedema is treated by a lymphedema specialist
with physician orders to evaluate and treat lymphedema (Rockson, 2016). Complete decongestive therapy is composed of manual lymphatic drainage,
three layer short stretch medical bandages, immaculate skin care, and client education on self–management techniques (Ridner et al., 2014). The
lymphedema intervention has two phases. Phase I involves limb volume reduction by certified lymphedema therapists. Phase II involves
self–management using CDT interventions, which

Occupational Therapy, Health and Wellbeing
The occupational therapy perspective of occupation, health and wellbeing
To be able to participate in one 's own life, to do the things we want to do, and to competently perform the activities that form part of our daily,
weekly or monthly routines, is a common goal for most people. This not only includes taking part in the basic activities of self–care, such as grooming
and dressing, but also extends to our work and leisure activities. It is through doing things that we learn and develop as human beings. The occupational
therapy profession believes that being prevented or hindered in some way from participating in the activities that are important to us could adversely
affect our health and wellbeing.
Health is a complex term ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea of occupational balance can also be seen in older adulthood when, as a result of age, people lose their roles in life through being unable to
perform the activities that make up that role. With the passing of time no longer taken up by meaningful activities these individuals become bored and
ultimately depressed, quickly losing their sense of well–being. In the World Health Organisation's Charter for Health Promotion, it suggests that in
order to achieve the state of complete health it describes in its definition, it is necessary for individuals to be able to satisfy their basic needs, realise
and achieve their goals, and cope within the changing world around them (Townsend and Polatajko, 2007).
Since these things are achieved through occupation, through doing things, the close link between health and occupation becomes clear (Wilcock,
2001). From an occupational perspective, doing things provides a sense of purpose and fulfilment and leads to a sense of well–being (Crepeau et al,
2009).
This link between occupation, health and well–being (i.e. the fact that people are occupational by nature and that engagement in meaningful occupation
is essential to health) forms part of the core beliefs and values – the philosophy – of the occupational therapy (OT) profession (Kramer et al, 2003). OT
has its foundations in both philosophy and science, but unlike other medical professions, it was the philosophy that came first

Home Modifications For A Person 's Environment
Home modifications are changes made to a person's environment to increase their level of independence, heighten occupational performance, and to
prevent possible accidents. There are many ways to modify a home such as architectural (ramp), adaptive equipment (reacher), major home renovations
(bathroom/bedroom), and even simple safety modifications such as removal of throw rugs and wearing shoes when walking (Stark, Landsbaum, et al.,
2009).
Among the many OT interventions available for baby boomers, and others that are getting older, one of the most beneficial ones is home modifications.
How can home modifications impact someone's life? According to Aplin, Jonge, and Gustafsson (2015), home modifications can impact five areas
(dimensions): the personal, occupational, physical, temporal, and social aspects. During a study of 42 modified households, these dimensions were
investigated in depth. The personal aspect represented safety, appearance, independence, and freedom. Are home modifications always readily accepted
by the client? Participants enjoyed the ability to do activities on their own in a secure manner. However, some people stated that the modifications were
not up to their home appearance standards. Furthermore, some participants were disappointed in the amount of control they had over their
modifications. They stated that insurance had guidelines and restrictions that hindered what they had expected. The occupational dimension allowed
many people to perform

Nelson's Model Essay
Nelson's model has mainly two constituents. In order to understand them, you have to ask and answer the question: What is occupation? This is
sometimes a very challenging concept to understand. Whenever this question is asked, there is no direct answer and there are often many
versions of the answer, all of which are accurate. In this essay, the popular question will be explored according to Nelson's model. An example of a
real life occupation will be included in order to show both understanding and what the concept entails. I have played hockey during my entire
school career. It is something that I enjoy immensely, both playing and coaching. Hockey requires many skills which include being able to work
as a team, having good listening skills and how to observe, predict and make speedy decisions. I always had practice three times a week and a
match once a week. Hockey required me to be able to do various things at once. I had to run, dribble and observe at the same time. I needed to know
who to pass the ball to and exactly when to do so. Playing hockey taught me many skills such as punctuality, how to treat my body with respect and
appreciation, patience, good sportsmanship, how to accept something that happened and to learn from it. Apart from the skills that I have learnt,
playing hockey has kept me fit and healthy because it requires a certain... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Nelson's model, occupation is defined as the relationship between an occupational form and occupational performance. Occupational
performance consists of the "doing" or active steps of occupation while occupational form involves the context of the doing or the other fundamentals
of a "doing situation" which provide it with purpose and

Occupational Profile: Schizophrenia
What are you going to do first? (Did the group make a logical choice that they backed up with their reasoning for that choice? Did their reasoning make
sense?) (3 points)
First, we will complete a chart review, this includes his name, sex, age, previous level of functioning, diagnosis, hospitalization date, any weight bearing
status, Doctors name, medical history, past evaluation, any assessments performed and any other information that could assist the therapy process.
Occupational Profile: Freddie is a 19–year–old Caucasian male (Halloran & Lowenstein, 2000).
Freddie has been working at a distribution house where he loads boxed items into trucks (Halloran & Lowenstein, 2000). He has been an employee for
only 3 months (Halloran & Lowenstein, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, this assessment will evaluate the client capability to live independently and safely (Asher, 2014; Boop, 2014).
Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS)
This assessment is an interview based assessment that assesses how the client cognitive deficits affect their daily functioning (Boop, 2014).
What cultural considerations must you think about? (Did the group describe cultural considerations relevant to treating the particular patient?) (3 points)
Freddie is a 19 year–old Caucasian male who was diagnosis with paranoid schizophrenia with acute psychosis (Halloran & Lowenstein, 2000). He lives
with his mother in an apartment in the suburbs (Halloran & Lowenstein, 2000). In his research Versola–Russo (2006) found that individuals with a
family history of a mental illness they are more likely to receive a diagnosis of one. Culture influences individual's perception of mental illness to
whether they seek out treatment and their coping style and support system (Versola–Russo, 2006). According to Versola
–Russo (2006), Caucasian are
more likely to have somatic complaint (Versola–Russo, 2006). They are also more likely to complete violent acts (Versola–Russo, 2006). Freddie has
two older brothers and a mother that is there for him as a support system Joey (Halloran & Lowenstein, 2000). His brothers took him to the hospital

Theories, models of practice, assessments and intervention are what shape occupational therapy as a practice and how practitioners look at their
clients and design the interventions they use. A theory is an overarching description of a set of circumstances and their relationship with each other
(Fisher 2008). Fisher also describes models of practice and the way they help to organize one's views and assess the things about a person or their
environment that support or limit their performance. An assessment and intervention is practical guidance of what specifically is being addressed,
how to look for those deficits and how to go about working with them. Whilst a practitioner will probably use only one model when working with a
client, they will... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement divide occupation in to self–care, leisure and productivity and emphasize the link
which exists between occupational performance and health. This model focusses on the affective (physical) and cognitive components of the person
whose self –care, productivity and leisure occupations occur in the physical, social and cultural environment while adding a fourth, the institutional
environment comprising legal, political and economic aspects. The emphasis is on the person, their occupation and environment, the dynamic
relationship between these three subsystems is occupational performance. (Duncan 2012) The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and
Engagement takes occupation beyond performance as it considers the importance of engagement and inclusion, which can be prevalent in a person
who has had a stroke, due to the person being physically unable to partake in occupations they previously did or feeling the negative impact of the
stroke on their sense of self. This is supported by Broken et al (2012) who suggests stroke has a detrimental impact on the person's quality of

The Model Of Organizational Therapy
There are many different conceptual models available to occupational therapists today. These include the Canadian model of occupational performance
and engagement (CMOP–E), the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO), the biomechanics model, the Kawa model and the rehabilitation model. These
are very important to the profession and in guiding the occupational therapy process. The focus of this essay will mainly be on the MOHO. The
occupational therapy process is the client–centred delivery of occupational therapy services. (AOTA, 2008) There are many variations to the
occupational therapy process and how it is carried out but it does have a clear beginning point and stages throughout the process. These are evaluation,
intervention, revaluation and therapy outcomes. Evaluation (often called assessment) is the gathering and analysing of information whose results are
used by the occupational therapist to organise and administer interventions to to help clients in changing their occupational performance in a positive
way. Intervention is the application of actions aimed at aiding the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As cited in Ikiugu (2011) Kielhofner states that "a theoretical conceptual practice model refers to a framework for explaining something of importance
to occupational therapy practice and for providing practice resources such as assessments and intervention procedures to guide clinical practice". This
highlights the importance of conceptual models to the occupational therapy professions. To claim professional status, occupational therapists must
make use of theory to aid their practice and decision making (Ikiugu,

Clical Reasoning as Described by Neistdadt
AccoIntroduction The aim of this essay is to explore the Clinical reasoning thinking frame as described by Neistadt (1996). Clinical reasoning is a
set of skill performed by occupational therapists which are central to practice and involved throughout the Occupational therapy process (Neistadt,
1996, AOTA, 2008). This will be done in relation to our case study of which the protagonist is Hugh, a 70 year old widower and retired baker, who
was managing well an episode of depression but has recently been found apathetic, unwashed and in soiled clothes by the public mental health nurse,
and referred to see an occupational therapist.
Narrative Reasoning
The first element of this process we will discuss is narrative reasoning which concerns itself with the construction and subsequent analysis of the client's
occupational story (Neistadt, 1996, Duncan, 2006). This process is developed through allowing the client the opportunity to create a narrative image
through story–telling, this can manifest itself in an adumbration of their life experience and how it has been altered through disability, disease or
transition (Duncan, 2006, Neistadt, 1996). The importance for a practitioner to explore the client's narrative is not only in the development of their
story but it also gives the therapist insight into the person and a possible future for them (Higgs, 2008). The use of certain assessments can be
particularly effective in the development of a client's narrative, one of which being

Pain Case Study
Pain is often related to increased anxiety, sleep disorder, depression and lower quality of life (Tsao, Plankey & Young, 2012). According to Beavers,
Giggey & Tepe (2009), the prevalence of chronic pain together with a mental disorder is 30%, which doubles the percentage of individuals without a
mental disorder. Sun et al. (2013) compared the therapeutic effects of electroacupuncture and fluoxetine on the depressive disorder (MDD). The study
demonstrated that electroacupuncture treatment had a faster improvement rate that treatment with fluoxetine (antidepressant drug; Sun et al., 2013).
The effectiveness of electroacupuncture may be associated with the alteration of Glial Cell Line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which is the...
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The most common users of CAM are women, people with higher education, and those who used allopathic medicine (Najm, Reinsch, Hoehler, Tobis,
2003). In addition, CAM use is higher among people living in rural areas than urban areas (Marshik et al,. 2016). CAM utilization can be associated
with psychosocial factors, ethnic and cultural characteristic, availability of health care resources, and individual perception of physical and medical
condition (Saunjoo & Jeong–Hee, 2013). The range of CAM treatments includes acupuncture, massage therapy, yoga, herbal medicine, chiropractic,
and homeopathy (Walker et al,. 2017). The increased use of CAM among the general community has been attributed to the view that CAM is safer
and less expensive than conventional medications. However, there has been largely a lack of scientific data surrounding CAM therapies, influenced
by variation in knowledge level and lack of appreciation of existing evidence (Walker et al,. 2017). Knupp, Esmail & Warren (2009) indicated that
occupational therapy and CAM focus on actively engaging the patient in their treatment to involve the whole person, in order to increase the quality of
life and overall health. Knupp, Esmail & Warren (2009) conducted a study to report on the percentage of Canadian occupational therapists, who are
either providing referrals to CAM or using some type of CAM. The groups included: 1) acupuncture and acupressure, 2) massage and

Essay on Beauty and the Labor Market
Summary: The article "Beauty and the Labor Market" by Daniel S. Hamermesh and Jeff E. Biddle examines the economics of discrimination in the
labour market based on looks and the relationship that exists between beauty and labour market earnings. Analyzing, results from several studies, data
from various empirical research and surveys; the article identifies the source of earnings differentials related to looks in six distinct and detailed
sections. The first section addresses the question of whether it is possible to use measures of beauty to analyze the role of looks in the labour market.
Since, it would be futile to examine the effect of beauty on employment if there is no mutual agreement on what defines beauty. Using data from...
Through analyzing data provided by three diverse broad surveys, each offering a variety of measures of earning, the article advocates that the finding
of pay premia and penalties for looks is strong and accurate. These findings become even stronger when the authors synthesize the results from the
three surveys. A major contribution of this article is that it paves the way for future experiments and empirical studies. The conclusion presented on
premia and penalties associated with looks in the article reflect the effect of beauty in all its characteristics, not just one of its many components, such
as height, weight, or facial appearance. Future experiment and empirical studies can be built on the layout or techniques presented by this article and
can be focused on examining the source of wage differentials and possible discrimination due to a specific characteristic of beauty or various other
dimensions such as physical and mental disabilities. Same experiment can also be conducted on data from economies outside of North America to
check whether the same premia and penalties of looks exist in other economies. Critique: The article proposes that there is a positive relationship
between beauty and labour market earnings and the impact of beauty is higher for men than women. However, the article fails to answer an important
question: is the impact of beauty due to pure discrimination or

Theories Of Occupational Therapy
A unique perspective of Occupational Therapy (OT) is defined as " A profession concerned with promoting health and well–being through
Occupation"(Charles, 2010, p.362). The difference between OT and Occupational Health (OH) is that OT is the profession and OH concerns how
occupations affect your health. This essay will first discuss the relationship between OH and well–being. Secondly it will describe alternative views of
disability models. While some doctors believe in medicine as a treatment, for disability, practitioners of OT believe that social background and
environment should be taken into consideration. Thirdly this essay will discuss the underpinning theory of OT relating to 'MOHO' and how a social
and physical questionnaire can get ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The purpose of Goal setting is to operationally define the specific desired outcomes and describe the factors involved in achieving the outcome"
(Julia Bowman and Lise. L. Mogensen, 2010, p.100). Goals can be split up into two different types. A Short term goal "is the pathway leading up to
the long term goal" (Julia Bowman and Lise. L. Mogensen, 2010, p.100). Long term goals "have been described as the destination of therapy" (Julia
Bowman and Lise. L. Mogensen, 2010, p.100). For therapists the long term goal is how far the client wants to improve; if it is being fully
independent, being able to do the cleaning, the long term goal would be set to get them to that place. However, if the client is not reaching their goals,
this is when grading comes to place. "Grading is the modification of an activity to support the client's performance" (Bridgett,2011, OT A–Z: G is for
Grading). Grading is all about adjusting the goal to make it easier or harder for the client. If the client was about to do their goal very quickly you
would change their goal to make it harder for them; thus they can work towards a new goal. The occupation performance model looks at what makes
the person be able to do or not do the task. With this the therapist will write down what is preventing the client from reaching their

Occupational Therapy Code Of Ethics And Professional Conduct
It is the responsibility as well as an expectation for Occupational Therapists (OTs) to maintain a professional behaviour, in order to build a therapeutic
relationship in and outside a therapeutic setting. The OTs have a duty of care to use the correct knowledge and skills to enhance the life quality of a
service user. 1 There is no clear–cut definition for Professionalism. However it can be defined as upholding and applying the values of a profession by
having specific knowledge about the occupation. As well as accepting that certain attitude, beliefs, values and behaviours are integral components on
professionalism.2
In a research done in mental health, it was noted that clients placed substantial focus on the therapist ability to build a therapeutic relationship. They
focused on the relationship being built on care, trust and respect. There are many aspects to building a rapport with service users, with the importance
on maintaining a professional behaviour in the healthcare system.0 In relation to Occupational Therapy Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, the
occupational therapist must maintain within the professional boundaries during and after the treatment of the patient. It is crucial for an OT to build a
therapeutic relationship with the client, however the therapist must behave in an honest manner by not getting involved in any activities or behaviours
which can damage the public 's confidence in their profession. 4 This prohibit the therapist in entering

Upper Extremity Robotic Analysis
As of 2016, approximately 795,000 people have experienced a stroke, with an individual experiencing a stroke nearly every 40 seconds (Mozaffarian
et al., 2016). The American Heart Association (2013) predicts that the number of individuals who will have a stroke will increase 20% by 2030. The
increased prevalence of stroke may lead to serious issues in daily functioning for individuals; therefore, stroke interventions that address functional
impairments are crucial. Upper extremity robotics is a relatively novel occupational therapy (OT) intervention for stroke rehabilitation, so critical
examination of the effect of robotics to address body structure/function impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions is required
(World ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Occupational therapists working with the stroke population use activity analysis and observation skills to identify and analyze the functional
impairments that result in activity limitations (McHugh Pendleton & Schultz–Krohn, 2011). Established and effective OT interventions, such as
repetitive task training (RTP) and constraint–induced movement therapy (CIMT), are used to address functional impairments in the stroke population
(Nilsen, Gillen, Arbesman, & Lieberman, 2015; Wolf et al., 2006). According to the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy
(2012), 60.7% of registered OTs provide rehabilitation services to individuals who had been diagnosed with a Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA). A
systematic review (Nilsen et al., 2015) found that the responsibilities of an occupational therapist include administering a variety of assessments to
create an occupational profile when treating an individual following a stroke. One example of an OT assessment that measures participation, one's
involvement in a life situation (WHO, 2001), is the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), which asks the client to identify up to
five occupations he or she would like improve performance for, and rate his or her perceived performance and satisfaction of these occupations (Law
et al., 2014). Performance skills and client factors are often evaluated with Fugl–Meyer Assessment and the Action Research Arm Test to further assess
functionality of the upper extremity with respect to neuromusculoskeletal functions, sensory functions, and motor skills (Fugl–Meyer, Jaasko, Leyman,
Olsson, & Steglind, 1975; Lyle, 1981; Nilsen et al.,

Evaluation Of The First Chapter
The first chapter introduced me to the various roles within OT. This includes activities that are meaningful to a client. So, not only is OT helping
with a problem, such as a broken wrist, but it also helps break that down into different aspects that are utilized to regain function through tasks. I
didn't realize how much, or the depth OT actually went, and how many occupations there were to cover. This chapter introduced me to just how
diverse the clientele are in OT, and how much creativity with a holistic approach in activities is used to help in a client's therapeutic treatment.
This chapter made me look positively toward my future in OT, with promise of it being a rewarding journey. The second chapter gave me a
history of where OT has evolved from. I think this is an important chapter to review to show how OT has developed over the years from people
with many different backgrounds. I had no knowledge as to where OT had developed from. These people didn't just go to school to be involved
with OT they were creating the field itself. I didn't gather that all the people were working together in a collaborative effort to make OT a field of
study. This chapter gives light to the discovery of different approaches and methods ranging from the Arts and Crafts Movement and beginning of
moral treatment for people from all walks of life, to the progress to drugs being introduced and Acts being adopted into law to help people who needed
OT. Not only has the realization that people

Stephen Hawking Case Study
Occupational therapists work with clients to restore independence that has been lost or disrupted due to illness, injury, or disease. Occupational therapy
practice involves assessing and determining an appropriate treatment approach based on the client's disability and individual needs. There are various
occupation–based models, each client–centered and grounded in theory, that guide the clinical treatment process. In addition, the Occupational Therapy
Practice Framework: Domain and Process (3rd ed.; AOTA, 2014) denotes various frames of reference to guide therapists when choosing specific
intervention strategies based on the client's needs (Cole & Tufano, 2018). This paper focuses on the application of the Occupation Adaption model,...
The disease has affected motor control over his body, but all mental functions, including cognition, have remained unaffected. His upper extremities,
lower extremities, and facial muscles have been greatly compromised, thus decreasing his ability to walk, perform voluntary arm and hand movements,
and produce coherent speech. Stephen has been using two canes to aid in ambulation but he has recently had trouble walking or standing without his
wife's assistance. Loss of motor control in his upper extremities has made it difficult to grasp the cane hand grips, feed himself, and perform self–care
tasks, such as bathing, brushing teeth, and dressing. Stephen's speech production has been affected causing his words to be slow, slurred, and
sometimes incoherent due to decreased motor control of the tongue, mouth, and facial muscles. The disease has also affected muscles involved in
swallowing, increasing his risk for choking while eating and drinking.
Stephen describes himself as a scientist, researcher, husband, and father. Although his physical abilities have been affected by his disease, he says that
his mind is stronger than ever. Stephen is an intellectual man who has been interested in science since a young age. He stated that most of his thinking
revolves around scientific concepts, even for non–scientific daily tasks as his goal in life is to create a theory that explains the existence of everything
in the world. Stephen struggled with motivation in his early

Occupational Therapy Research
Many people can agree that working with children is rewarding. And yet, sometimes the education system tends to be overlooked for those with a
disadvantage. Unfortunately, according to one source "Up to 15% of school–age children are believed to have sensory challenges, and at least 40% of
individuals with developmental disabilities and 80% of those with autism are affected" (Research opportunities, 2014, p. 244). With that being said,
some schools or Occupational therapy school–based consultation (OTSBC), have incorporated Occupational therapy in their facilities to help their
students develop and succeed in life. This is great news for children with disabilities whether it be a sensory processing disorder (SPD), birth defect or
a physical/mental... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using attentive research to make sure they integrate what is needed and they also can come between and identify and predict what would be most
effective for a specific group with similar developmental challenges and its environment. Putting this into perspective seems to be an appropriate
approach. For instance, an OTA can help figure out a plan of action for a group of preschoolers who have a sensory processing disorder and are
oversensitive to sight, sound or even smell. "Practitioners who demonstrate the predictive value of the occupational therapy process help improve
the quality and effectiveness of health care which are key goals of the ACA" (Persch, 2013, p.384). Ultimately, my interest in a pediatric setting
originated from working at a preschool. Seeing kids with a sensory processing disorder (SPD), birth defect or a physical/mental disadvantage really
opened my eyes, and before I thought I didn't have much to offer, but now knowing that becoming an OTA meets these needs is very incentive for me
to pursue this career so that I can really have a chance to help

MOHO
There are many different conceptual models available to occupational therapists today. These include the Canadian model of occupational performance
and engagement (CMOP–E), the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO), Person–enviornment–occupation model (PEO), the Kawa model. These are
very important to the profession and in guiding the occupational therapy process. The focus of this essay will mainly be on the MOHO. The
occupational therapy process is the client–centred delivery of occupational therapy services. (AOTA, 2008) There are many variations to the
occupational therapy process and how it is carried out but it does have a clear beginning point and stages throughout the process. Conceptual models
interact with the occupational therapy process at all stages. These are evaluation, intervention, revaluation and therapy outcomes. Evaluation (often
called assessment) is the gathering and analysing of information whose results are used by the occupational therapist to organise and administer
interventions to to help clients in changing their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are Volition, Habituation and Performance capacity. Volition is a person's motivation for occupation. Habituation refers to the way in which
occupation is arranged into a routine or sequence. Performance capacity is the various physical and metal abilities that are needed for skilled
occupational performance (Kielhofner, 2008). However where MOHO is concerned, the environment is always take into account also. It is always in a
person's life and therefore influences their ability to carry out their occupations by impacting on their volition. habituation and performance capacity.
Therefore a person's occupational circumstances cannot be acknowledged without an understanding of their environments (Ikiugu, 2012).
Understanding this is key to a therapist giving effective intervention, which is important to the occupational therapy

Occupational Therapy History
Occupational Therapy, as defined by WFOT is "a client–centered health profession concerned with promoting health and well–being through
occupation. The primary goal of occupational therapy is to enable people to participate in the activities of everyday life. Occupational therapists achieve
this outcome by working with people and communities to enhance their ability to engage in the occupations they want to, need to, or are expected to
do, or by modifying the occupation or the environment to better support their occupational engagement". Knowing the definition of Occupational
Therapy is vital to understanding the history of it, and how far this field has evolved over the years.
From the 1700's to the 1800s, the moral treatment movement began, and was led by Phillippe Pinel and William Tuke. Both of these men were
considered the leaders of the movement. The three main features of moral treatment include: respect for human individuality, acceptance of the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Barton, Dunton, Slagle, Johnson and Kidner along with Isabel Newton met and created the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy
which later became AOTA. The AOTA is widely known, and without the creation of NSPOT, it would most likely not be here today. Duton, as
mentioned above was an MD, and he published the "Occupational Therapy, a Manual for Nurses" in 1915. Around 1910, William Rush Dunton, Jr.
helped create a system for using crafts in the treatment of patients at Sheppard Asylum. The patients were expected to help complete tasks in an on–site
workshop. Kidner, who was also listed above was appointed the Vocational Secretary of the Canadian Military Hospitals Commission in 1915. He
used this appointment to create a system for veterans that included vocational rehabilitation. He also included specific working spaces for OT in
facilities developed for people with

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ( Cprs ) Essay
Complex regional pain syndrome (CPRS) formerly known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy is an autonomic and central nervous system disease that
results in an individual's experiencing chronic pain (Ferrillo, 2016). Pain usually happens in one or more generalized region of the extremities, such as
the arms, hands, legs, or feet, but can also affect other parts of the body. Although the particular origin of the disease is undetermined, the majority of
the time CRPS is caused by a significant trauma; such as a fracture, sprain, burn, cut, bruise, limb immobilization, or a surgical procedure (Ferrillo,
2016). CRPS stems from a neurological dysfunction that generates severe pain, mild or dramatic changes in skin color, temperature, and swelling in the
affected area (National Institute of Neurological disorders and Stroke, 2015). There are two types of complex regional pain syndrome, type I is no
apparent nerve injury and may it develop following a noxious event that may or may not have been traumatic. Types II develop after a nerve injury of
the affected area (Carr, Cerda, & Fiala, 2016).
CRPS is uncommon, amongst all individuals, however, can easily affect a person after a traumatic injury to a limb. CRPS symptoms differ in severity
and duration and the outcome for each individual is different, for example, children and teenager have a higher prospect of recovering, whereas others
are left with irreversible variations regardless of treatment (National Institute of Neurological

Therapeutic Intervention Essay
Therapeutic Intervention From an Occupational Therapist in an Oncology Service
The therapeutic intervention a client should expect from an occupational therapist in an oncology service should be one that complies with government
legislation, plans, standards and guidelines. The Governments plans for the National Health Service (NHS) are set out in several reports such as: – the
Calman–Hine Cancer Report (1995), The New NHS – Modern and Dependable (1997) and The NHS Cancer Plan (2000), which provide information
to service users regarding the quality of the services they should expect. Client's should also expect occupational therapists to adhere to the Code of
Ethics and Professional Conduct for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Occupational therapists need to assess and consider the physical, functional, psychological and social needs of their clients and utilise their core skills
together with the skills of the multidisciplinary team to maximise the independence and quality of life of the patient with cancer and their carers. The
College of Occupational Therapists Position Statement (1994) provides a comprehensive list of the unique core skills that clients can expect from
occupational therapists, which include the: –
– use of purposeful activity and meaningful occupation as therapeutic tools in the promotion of health
– ability to enable people to explore, achieve and maintain balance in the daily living tasks and roles of domestic care , leisure and productivity
– the ability to assess the effect of, and then to manipulate, physical
and psychosocial environments to maximise function and social
Integration
– ability to analyse, select and apply occupations as specific
therapeutic media to treat people who are experiencing dysfunction in
daily living tasks, interactions and occupational roles.

The treatment process and core skills of the occupational therapist should be based on a problem solving approach. This involves: – gathering and
analysing information, assessing, defining and establishing the problem, prioritising, planning and

Gary Kielhofner : The Model Of Human Occupational Behavior
The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO was created by Gary Kielhofner in the 1980s. The model has been revised and refined since then, by other
occupational therapists. This model is focused on a person's occupations and helps to explain how disability and related problems can come about. The
model is thought to be client–centered, based on evidence, and holistic by concentrating on the person as a whole. The model emphasizes both the
client's mind and body in addition to putting further emphasis on occupational performance, rather than emphasizing the performance components.
Likewise, the environment plays a role in the model and can assist in opportunities of better occupational performance. The Model of Human
Occupation interprets people as being a system. The collaboration of the human as a system, the task, and the environment produces the outcome of
occupational behavior. This is expressed according to the dynamic systems theory. Occupational performance is dynamic because it effects the health,
well–being, improvement, and modification of the system. According to the Model of Human Occupation, the human system is continually fluctuating
and restructuring itself through engagement of the surroundings.
There are many basic assumptions, explained by this model, to help understand the complexity of human occupation. Humans are dynamic systems.
Components of the human system work collectively to construct behavior. Behavior continuously changes in order to coincide with the

Theory is defined as a description of a set of phenomena and the relationships among the concepts. A frame of reference are theories that are used as
the foundation for developing guidelines for practice that assist therapist with clinical reasoning related to the evaluation and treatment of a specific
problems (Mosey.1996). The model practice provides a framework with which the therapist is able to make clinical decisions based on a scientific
theoretical foundation such as anatomy and physiology an example is the biomechanical guideline that based on anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology.
Guidelines for practice are not diagnosis specific, but rather are address problems that people with a variety of diagnoses may experience.
The assumptions underlying the occupational performance model fall into assumptions about the human occupation, human performance, and as a self
–organizing systems. Assumptions are derived from core philosophical tenets of occupational therapy which have been described by the Canadian
Association of Occupational Therapy, the clients are viewed by a wholistic perspective as being comprised of interacting elements of mind, body, and
sprits. The values, beliefs, and principles of the clients are developed in treatments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which would include environment, level of emotions and cognitive prerequisite, and his volitional and habitual skill. One example is Frank, who had
stroke on the right side and it effected the left side. The therapy and Frank will developed a planned of treatment using adaptive devices, orthotics,
environment modifications, wheelchair modifications, ambulatory aids, safety, education, then independence in ADLs, home management, work, and
leisure will be

Conceptual Model Of Occupational Therapy
To ensure that a client and occupational–therapist gain the maximum benefit from the therapist's skills and knowledge occupational–therapists follow a
process which focuses on engagement in occupation. This processes is based on theory and clinical reasoning. It plays a vital role in successful
therapy.It supports a client centered process, it encourages therapeutic use of self which build a good rapport with clients, it identifys a number of the
client's requirements, necessary skills and possible meaning of occupations, it aids in correct execution of evaluation, assessment and intervention as
well as correct choice of model of reference (Reed & Sanderson 1999).
Reed and Sanderson's Concepts of Occupational Therapy (1999) sets out stages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They give the most basic understanding of the process by converting complex, abstract ideas to logical ideas. They aid therapists to engage in clinical
judgment and decisionmaking (Reed & Sanderson 1999), theses skills are vital throughout the processes especially in steps five to eleven. Conceptual
theories help create communication between therapists and patients (Boniface & Seymour, 2012) and ensures a client centered practice, this is
especially important for the initial and detailed assessments as well as goal setting and planning of intervention. Conceptual models deduce a number
of factors affecting occupational interruption that should be taken into account throughout the processes especially in steps six, seven and ten (Reed &
Sanderson 1999). They also helps focus on areas of interest which is vital for goal setting. They consider a number of options for intervention and
assessment (Ducan 2012). Also evaluation is partly established on the objectives of the conceptual model (Reed & Sanderson

Occupational Performance Model Paper
Using a person–environment–occupational performance model explain the occupational circumstances of a person who is well known to you in a
personal context.
Throughout this assignment various models will be looked at and one of those models will be applied to a case study detailing the occupational
circumstances of an individual. The models described will be person–environment–occupational performance models, focusing on those three subject
areas, to detail what the client does in their daily life, the environments in which the activities are done, their personal goals and attributes, and how all
these factors affect the individual's occupational performance. (Christiansen & Baum, 1997) Models are significant theory which helps to guide and
inform occupational therapy practice, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the addition of engagement this promotes the understanding that the client can find satisfaction in engaging with occupations without
performing them. It falls within the Person–Environment–Occupation Framework this is due to the focus on the influences and connections of the
person and environment on meaningful occupations. The CMOP–E places the client at the centre of the model, assigning the focus on the client's needs
and wants, this creates the understanding that the client is the person who knows their life best and understands their occupational performance
concerns, therefore denoting the role of the occupational therapist is not to carry out treatment or intervention on a client but with a client (Ikiugu,
2007) The CMOP–E places spirituality at the centre of the person, this is because it is believed that a person's spirituality is where their motivation
and self–concept flow from, through occupations spirituality can be found and expressed.

Occupational Therapy
Introduction
According to the World Federation of Occupational Therapy, occupational therapy is a profession which is concerned with the promotion of well–being
and health of individuals through engaging them in occupation. It is a holistic healthcare profession with an aim to promote health in individuals by
enabling them to perform purposeful and meaningful activities across their lifespan. Occupational therapist by using different treatments help their
patients with a mental, physical or developmental conditions to recover, develop or maintain daily work and life skills in themselves. OT is
client–centered and see client as an integral part in the process of Occupational therapy. Therapist gives individualized attention and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Playing the piano is a meaningful leisure time activity for John so it is important he continues to do this to promote social inclusion, physical exercise,
boost his self esteem and to make that spiritual connection.
Key factors which may impact on the John's occupational performance
This inflammatory incurable disease Rheumatoid Arthritis came as a surprise to John as he had never experienced such an 'excruciating pain' in
his joints. Pain initially started in his left hand and the next day he suffered from the same excruciating pain in his right hand. This really disturbed
him as he had no idea what to do with it. The pain was absolutely excruciating that he decided to see a doctor and seek medical advice. His doctor
was also confused and just recommended him some Analgesic or Paracetamol tablets to mitigate the pain. This indicates that John has led a healthy
life in his past and has good medical record, since he was experiencing this kind of disease for the first time in his life; his doctor was unable to learn
about his condition in the first place (Charmaz, pp.976–993).
John went home and took some tablets which relieved him at that particular time. Since the disease is incurable and chronic, the excruciating pain in
his joints surfaced again, this time with more intensity as it almost locked him up solid by stiffening up his

Performance Environment Occupation Performance Model
Performance–Environment–Occupation–Performance Model
Occupational Therapy, along with many other professions, have models that guide the profession. These models, known as the Occupational–based
Models of Practice, guide Occupational Therapists in the care of clients (Cole & Tufano, 2008, p. 87). Although there are many models, each model
has its own distinct features and focuses. Similar in many forms, they also have unique characteristics, and each have a different emphasis. These
models have the guiding principles of occupation defined as, "a basic human need, an essential component of human life, organizes behavior, gives
meaning to life, enables a healthy lifestyle, and improves an individual's quality of life" (Cole & Tufano, 2008, p. 127). So while all of the models
are similar in some aspects in terms of occupation, each model is unique in some aspects as well. The Person–Environment–Occupation–Performance
Model (PEOP) is one of the five models, incorporating a client–centered approach to a person's occupations (Cole & Tufano, 2008, p. 8).
Focus
The Peron–Environment–Occupation–Performance– Model was published in 1991 by Charles Christiansen and Carolyn Baum. This model is a client–
centered approach focusing on occupations, and how these occupations are meaningful to the client. Within this model, it is important for the client to
decide the occupations that are important to themselves. The areas of occupation are, "work/productive activities, personal care, home

Bullying In Nursing
Blackstock Sheila, Harlos Karen (2014), journal of nursing management, The impact of organizational factors on horizontal bullying and turnover
intentions in the nursing workplace, 23, 1106–1114.
The authors' purpose is to identify the impact of organizational factors on bullying with horizontal and its effect on turnover intentions among Canadian
nursing place. Horizontal bullying in nursing which leads to increase absenteeism and less work performance at time of care of the patient. Some of the
researchers have identified the different factors which influence nursing workplace may increasing significantly. In this article, explained that an
Australian model of nurse bullying was examined among Canadian registered nurse with the help of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other side, discussed the types of workplace bullying including top–down, lateral and bottom–up. Moreover, there are different sign and
symptoms of workplace bullying in nursing which are related to physiological, psychological, psychosocial and well–being. Different impact of
workplace bullying on the profession of nursing for examples; increase rate of turnover, patient care errors, increase absenteeism, less work
performance. Finally, concluded that bullying is not a current issue in nursing, so first requires everyone in the workplace to have a clear
understanding in the workplace. There are different types of ways included in the second part of this article like– standards, legislation and case law
which are very useful for prevention bullying as well as promote self–awareness, encourage employees about self–manage, interpersonal conflict,
education through developing a program in which programme organizational should be apply the race principles included; recognize, assess and
control the bulling in nursing workplace and lastly evaluate the measures which put on the actually working

Occupational Therapy Has A Long-Standing History Of Being

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