Biological theorists John Tooby and Leda Cosmides argue that the goal of evolutionary psychology is to understand the design of the human mind. They emphasize that emotions evolved to govern systems like perception, attention, and behavior in ways that enhanced survival, such as producing a fear response when sensing potential danger. While their perspective supports development influencing learning, others argue learning also influences development.

1. Biological Theorists
What do biological theorists contribute to the discussion of learning and development?
Does the evidence they present support one position more than the other concerning whether
development influences learning or the other way around? Why?
– Theorist John Tooby and Leda Cosmides contributions to the biological concepts of learning and
development argue– in Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer "that the goal of research in evolutionary
psychology is to discover and understand the design of the human mind. Evolutionary psychology is
an approach to psychology, in which knowledge and principles from evolutionary biology are put to
use in research on the structure of the human mind. It is not an area of study, like vision, reasoning,
or social behavior. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This evolutionary psychology –emotions presents the precise kind of governing function by
arranging systems of perception, attention, energy and effectiveness, goal pursuit, as well as the
activation of specialized activating specialized interpretations, diversifying decision weightings, and
determining behavior (Tooby, Cosmides 1990). They emphasize using the emotion of fear: For
example, envision walking by yourself down a dark road and hearing a loud rustling or noise in the
bushes nearby. Then your emotions and energies become more aroused as the noises get louder and
closer; now indicative of someone or something is stalking you; the verge for detecting movement
also becomes lowered, and you are no longer feeling the discomfort of hunger, your interest of
captivating someone of the opposite sex is now a thing of the past– "fight or flight," hide, halt, stand
where you are, etc. these reactions and emotions may vary dependent upon the circumstances. Thus
these evolutionary concepts are specific to the development of humans and their ability to adapt and
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3. Nursing Theorists
A BRIEF STUDY OF NURSING THEORIES ACCORDING TO FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE,
JEAN WATSON AND MADELEINE LEININGER TOLULOPE ADEDIWURA MINOT STATE
UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT Nursing as a profession is based on concrete (scientific, philosophical,
behavioral, social, and humanities among others), concepts and theories by past and current nursing
theorists. These theorists have helped shape the profession from 19th century till date. New theories
are emerging due to advance in health care, as off–shoot of previous theories and also as addition to
suit present day application. This paper shall look at the works (theories) of Florence Nightingale;
Environmental theory, Jean Watson; Human caring theory, and Madeleine Leininger; Culture care
diversity and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2011), Jean Watson's theoretical framework lies in carative factors, transpersonal caring
relationship, and caring moment. This implies basically that the core of nursing is in caring and
other qualities of nursing as a profession builds on it. Her assumptions of caring affirms that in all
we do to assist a client, caring is the most important. She claimed that without caring, curing cannot
effectively occur. Gonzalo (2011), refers to caring as being more "healthogenic" than curing because
it integrates biophysical knowledge with knowledge of human behavior to generate or promote
health and to provide ministrations to those who are ill. He also concluded in his review of Jean
Watson's work that 'the science of caring is complementary to the science of curing'. MSU's
department of nursing associates with Jean Watson's human caring theory as pointed out in the
"holistic health" aspect of its theoretical constructs. This section strongly reflect the ideas of Jean
Watson. Pros of the theory * It presents distinct difference between nursing and other health care
professions * It is logical and easy to apply to various practice situations * It presents nurses with a
good view at nursing Cons of the theory * Caring alone isn't enough as the health care system now
incorporates technology in client's care. Therefore, with the caring model and its processes, nurses
need to find a blend where technology has its place. Madeleine Leininger's Culture Care
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5. Classical Theorists And Human Relations Theorists Essay
During the operation of management, structured people in one organisation coordinate with each
other to accomplish common goals. To ensure the process is efficient with scare resources, different
scholars advance different interpretations, such as Classical Theorists and Human Relations
Theorists. The most famous point of view in Classical Theorists is to manage is to forecast and plan,
to organize, to command, to co–ordinate and to control, which is advanced by Fayol. It must be
admitted that an increasing number of people are concerned about the usability of the Classical
Theorists. However, whether it is suitable and widespread in daily management has caused heated
debate. From my perspective, Fayol's standpoint is certainly universal in organisations and
management today and I will discuss this in the following paragraphs.
Firstly, it is obvious that Weber, who is also pioneer of Classical Theory have advanced authority
and organisation is very essential in the society. This had close contribution to the opinion of Fayol
as he classified to organise and to control are two of the five elements of the definition of
management. The managers should build up the structure, material and human with legible control
and inspection so the activities could be operate well by independent staff (Fayol, 1916). Even
managers should be selected and trained to make precise decisions and direct the assignment of
responsibilities. Similarly, Weber (1947) claimed that authority relations
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7. 7 Nursing Theorist
In the book, Nursing Theorists and Their Work, there are several chapters that discuss seven
theorists and their different conceptual models (Alligood, 2014). The conceptual models have been
crucial to the profession of nursing. Nursing conceptual models aid in educated decision making by
providing different applications in regards to individuals, families, and society (Alligood, 2014).
The seven theorists that will be conferred are the following: Myra Levine, Martha Rogers, Dorothea
Orem, Imogene King, Betty Neuman, Sister Callista Roy, and Dorothy Johnson (Alligood, 2014).
Each theorist has their own conceptual model in relation to the nursing profession.
Seven Theorists Myra Estrin Levine was a well–known nurse within the nursing ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
207). Conservation is a way that individuals adapt to challenges that they are faced with. The goal of
conservation within health is for an individual to be able to tackle disability and keep one's
wholeness intact (Schaefer, 2014). There are four conservation principles in which the Conservation
Model goals are met: conservation of energy, conservation of structural integrity, conservation of
personal integrity, and conservation of social integrity (Schaefer, 2014). Conservation of energy is
the idea that people have a steady balance of energy, in order to support them through life's activities
(Schaefer, 2014). In nursing, the conservation of energy is used by performing interventions that
lessen demand on the patient. The conservation of structural integrity is the idea of preserving one's
functionality by early recognition and nursing interventions (Schaefer, 2014). The nursing
intervention would involve assisting the individual in achieving a different level of adaptation.
Conservation of personal integrity includes helping the patient obtain self–worth and privacy, while
they are in such a vulnerable position. The nursing interventions for conservation of personal
integrity would involve respecting the patient's wishes, providing privacy, being a patient advocate,
etc. Lastly, the conservation of social integrity is based on the nurse supporting the patient on a
social level. This consists of the nurse addressing religious needs, providing encouragement and
support to family members, and forming professional, patient–nurse
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9. Nursing Theorists
Running head: Nursing Theorists Nusing theorists Abstract "Nursing theorists are the men and
women in the nursing field who develop models of nursing. Often, they don't set out to develop a
nursing theory, instead, they simply want to help improve nursing care for their patients, and the
theory develops as a result. Once a method is established as a theory or model of nursing, it is
integrated into the practice of nursing, as well as added to the study of nursing." Nursing Theorists
Nursing theory helps beginning and experienced nurses use the best possible methods for their
particular situations. Different theories take different approaches to handling the patients and their
care. For example, the holistic approach to nursing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The conscious, deliberate planning that is characteristic of this skill levels help achieve efficiency
and organization. The competent nurse lacks the speed and flexibility of the proficient nurse but
does have the ability to cope with and manage the many facets of clinical nursing. The competent
person does not yet have enough experience to recognize a situation in terms of an overall picture or
in terms of which aspects are most important. Stage 4 is "proficient". The proficient nurse perceives
situations as whole rather than separate parts. Proficient nurses understand a situation as a whole
because they understand its meaning in terms of long term goals. The proficient nurse learns from
experience what typical events to expect in a given situation and how plans need to be modified in
response to these events. The proficient nurse can now recognize when the expected normal picture
does not materialize. The holistic understanding improves the proficient nurse's decision making.
The nurse can now start picking out important issues in each situation. Stage 5 is the final stage of
the "expert". The expert nurse does not rely on an analytic principle to connect their understanding
of the situation to an appropriate action. The expert nurse, has a large background of experience and
now has an intuitive grasp of each situation. The expert operates from a deep understanding of the
total situation. Once I found information on this theory it made me much more
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11. Theorist Comparison
Theorist Comparison Description of Jean Piaget's Work Jean Piaget researched how the environment
and personal experience plays a role in cognitive development for children (Case–Smith & O'Brien,
2010). Piaget established four concepts: adaptation, schema, assimilation, and accommodation
(Case–Smith & O'Brien, 2010). Adaptation is described as the process of adjusting to one's
surroundings (Case–Smith & O'Brien, 2010). For example, 5–year–old Betty enters a birthday party
full of laughing children. Betty may start smiling and clapping along with her peers. Schema is
defined as the representation of the environment, relationships, and occasions in the child's mind
(Case–Smith & O'Brien, 2010). Betty observes her surroundings and notices ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
(2014) used Maslow's hierarchy of basic needs to improve the quality of care for patients in the
intensive care unit (ICU). To address physiological needs, health care providers can explain the
situation to give knowledge and empower patients to make healthier choices (Jackson et al., 2014).
For some patients, a hospital setting may lead to feelings of fear, mistrust, and anxiety, all of which
compromise the need for safety. Occupational therapists can provide assurance through support and
reality–orienting interventions (Jackson et al., 2014). Patients may also have concerns about the
inability to adjust to normal life upon discharge. To satisfy the need for belonging, occupational
therapists can teach compensatory strategies that enable patients to live as normally as possible
within their new limitations (Jackson et al.,
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13. Sociological Theorists
The "situation" between the individual and society is not as simple as many people believe. There
are three sociological theorists: George Herbert Mead, Karl Marx, and Emile Durkheim; who
analyze the connections between the two. As a warning these theories can be quite confusing at
times, but fear not I will be translating them into Jersey terms for better understanding. That being
said, first we will be discussing Mead's theory on the development of our "self". Mead heavily
focused on social problems and social reform in his research, his most notable work being Mind,
Self, and Society that describes that the "self" is a product of social interaction. He explains that "the
body can be there and can operate in a very intelligent fashion without there being self–involved in
the experience. The self has the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, the social conception of the self does not exist at birth or biologically, it arises
through the process of social experiences and activities. Humans are able to not only be an object
but also be a subject. Being able to see yourself as something, but at the same time you are
something. Therefore, you are subject and object at the same time. The self only comes about
through social experience, without experience in society around others in some ways we do not
really have a sense of self. Thus, Mead believes that awareness is the key element of the self. Part of
how you know people see yourself is based off the interactions. Other than that you kind of don't
have that awareness, Mead states that this self–consciusness comes out of
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15. Essay on Social Theorists
Classical Social Theorists
When trying to compare three social theorists to each other, you must first try to understand the
intricacies that are entangled within each theory itself. Theorists, by nature, create theories that can
be debated from all angles but must be a tight fit in order to be considered applicable to society.
Theology as a single entity is constructed from deep intellectual thought. When social theorist begin
to develop there theoretical perspectives, they seem to have an overwhelming grasp on the concepts
they try to convey to us. Since it is extremely difficult to have such a complete strong hold on social
issues such as family, politics and economics, it is important to know and understand the basic
principles that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He said that competition forces people to establish ties with one another in a web of affiliation, and
in groups, conflict increases the degree of social solidarity within each group and at the same time,
decreases the level of tolerance for deviance.
Aside from seeing conflict as a social form, Simmel also saw money as a social form. Simmel's
Philosophy of Money is a stab at exposing how the forms of interaction affect the basic nature of
social relations independently of their specific content.
Simmel's major contribution to sociology resides in his concern with the basic forms of interaction.
Unlike Mead and Pareto, Simmel is hard to follow because he jumps from topic to topic, from the
micro to the macro and from the historical past to contemporary situations in his time. But in the
end, his goal is similar to all other theorists: to explain many empirical events with a few highly
abstract models and principles. (Turner P. 287)
Although he rejected many of the points of positivist doctrines, Vilfredo Pareto was somewhat of a
positivist whose major contribution to sociology was his Circulation of Elites conspiracy theory
documented in The Rise and Fall of the Elites. Also known as the Father of Mathematics, Pareto
thought that economics limited itself to a single aspect of human action and therefore, devoted his
studies to social theory. Pareto also thought that human affairs were largely guided by non logical,
non traditional actions,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

17. Classical Management Theorists
Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol were both theorists of the classical management movement. The
classical approach was the framework to what management is all about. Therefore it can be said that
they laid the foundation for many theorists. Frederick Taylor was an important theorist of the early
20th century and he made many important contributions to management. He proposed the principles
of scientific management which he believed would improve industrial efficiency. He believed
management could be formulated as a discipline. Taylor's principles of scientific management
focused on cooperation between management and the workers as well as improving the technical
skills of the workers (Hodgetts, 1995). His approach is often referred to ... Show more content on
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There is an almost equal division of work and responsibility between the management and the
workmen. The management takes over all the work they are better fitted than the workmen, while in
the past almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men.
(Hodgetts, 1995).
Taylor's scientific management focused on increasing productivity, whereas Fayol's administrative
management theory focuses on ways to make the organisation more effective and efficient.
Scientific management focused on employees as individuals and their tasks, general administrative
management theory dealt with total management organization. According to Pindur & Rogers, 1995,
General management theory was a much broader theory concerned with administrative management
functions and is considered the forerunner of modern organization theory.
For Henri Fayol, management was not so much as a way of devising systems to increase
productivity but it was concerned with the integration of the different functions of the organisation
such as production, sales, finance and so on (Wren, 1994).
According to Fayol the success of an organization depended more on the administrative skills of the
manager than on
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

19. Sociological Theories and Theorists
"Origins of sociological thinking can be traced to the scientific revolution in the late seventeenth and
early eighteenth century" (Kendall 11). In this time, great store was put on one's possession of
critical reasoning and experiences. In France the Enlightenment was dominated by a group called
philosophes; these men believed that human society could be improved through scientific
discoveries (Kendall 11). In France during this time period women were excluded from public life,
but some women were able to influence the philosophes by participating in a "salon" which is much
like an open house which encouraged discussion and debates. During these salon's the men typically
viewed the women as someone that was a good listener, or maybe even ... Show more content on
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Weber, Max 1864–1920: He was a German social scientist who was also concerned about the
changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution. Max's significance was considerable among
German scientist. Little of his work was published during his lifetime because most of his work was
restricted to scholarly specialist; his work had more of an impact after he died (Biography). He
believed that values could not be separated from the research process; he stressed that sociology
should be value free, that the researcher should not let his/her personal interest influence the
outcome (Kendall 19).
Georg Simmel 1858–1918: Georg Simmel is best known for his contribution to sociology and
philosophy. He thought the main purpose of sociology should be to examine these social interaction
processes within groups (Kendall 20). He concluded that interaction patterns differed between a
dyad a social group with two members and a triad a social group with three members; he developed
an approach that focuses attention on the recurring social forms called "Formal Sociology" (Kendall
21). From 1889 to 1909, Georg Simmel fostered the German Sociological Association into
existence. However, he lamented that he was seen as a sociologist. Simmel considered sociology as
an ancillary field of study to that of philosophy. He became the
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21. A Comparison of Theorists
A Comparison of Theorists
Maliha–Sameen Saeed
ECH–325
December 14, 2014
There are many great theorists for the Early Childhood Education. Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are
two of the many theorists that benefit the teachers and parents to comprehend their children learning
development. The paper will compare the two theorists and their difference of their cognitive
development.
Jean Piaget vs. Lev Vygotsky
Jean Piaget cognitive development theory explained the changes of logical thinking of children and
adolescent. Piaget suggested that children advance four stages based on maturity and experience.
Piaget suggested...
1. Children are active learner who learns from their own environment.
2. Children learn through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
246, 2009).
Applied to the learning environment of an early childhood classroom
Vygotsky and Piaget theories can apply to an Early Childhood classroom simply because most of
their theories will benefit the teachers to use in their classroom. Vygotsky's scaffolding is when
teacher to show guidance towards their students so the students can have the ability to comprehend
and think on their own. Solving problems and solution is a boundless to use in the classroom
especially if the teachers need and want the children to prepare themselves for the real world.
Piaget's theory has the four stages of Cognitive ability. Thus it will benefit the teacher to use when
they are observing the child thinking abilities with proper use of the assessment and difference of
the child's age. For an example if the teacher is teaching two years old she would want to look for
make believe play, when a child likes to pretend they are a character from movie or book this stage
is call Preoperational Stage. Teachers should observe the activities when the child is pretending to
be Queen Elsa or Princess Anna.
"Social–cognitive theories emphasize that teaching and learning are highly social activities and that
interactions with teachers, peers, and instructional materials influence the cognitive and affective
development of learners" (Kim, Baylor, pg. 574, 2006). Teacher should provide a rich variety to
promote exploration and
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23. Management Schools and Theorists:
Management Schools and Theorists: A Look at W.E. Deming and Peter Drucker Abstract W. E.
Deming and Peter F. Drucker are two well–known theorists in the field of management who have
their own beliefs on how businesses (organizations) should and could be managed in order to
maximize productivity to its fullest potential. Summarized biographies and overviews of each
theorists' beliefs and association with a particular school of management is explained. Sources and
references include published literature, articles, and Internet websites. A final look at how each
theorist's view has similarities, yet differ, is detailed in the conclusion. Management Schools and
Theorists: A Look at W.E. Deming and Peter Drucker There are ... Show more content on
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8). The aim of supervision should be to help people and machines and gadgets to do a better job.
Supervision of management is in need of overhaul, as well as supervision of production workers. 8.
Drive out fear, so that everyone may work effectively for the company (see Ch. 3). 9. Break down
barriers between departments. People in research, design, sales, and production must work as a
team, to foresee problems of production and in use that may be encountered with the product or
service. 10. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force asking for zero defects
and new levels of productivity. Such exhortations only create adversarial relationships, as the bulk
of the causes of low quality and low productivity belong to the system and thus lie beyond the
power of the work force. 11a. Eliminate work standards (quotas) on the factory floor. Substitute
leadership. b. Eliminate management by objective. Eliminate management by numbers, numerical
goals. Substitute leadership. 12a. Remove barriers that rob the hourly worker of his right to pride of
workmanship. The responsibility of supervisors must be changed from sheer numbers to quality. b.
Remove barriers that rob people in management and in engineering of their right to pride of
workmanship. This means, inter alia, abolishment of the annual or merit rating and of management
by objective (see Ch. 3). 13. Institute a vigorous program of education and self–improvement. 14.
Put
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25. Nursing Grand Theorists
Grand theories consist of abstract and generalized concepts. These concepts cannot be "generated"
or "tested" "empirically". Grand theories are formulated by going above and beyond current
knowledge and theories to develop new and insightful ones. (Lincoln Memorial University
Carnegie–Vincent Library's website, 2015) McEwen and Wills (2014) categorize grand theories
based on three different schemes: scope, nursing domain, and paradigms. Various theorists
throughout nursing history have chosen different ways to group their theories. McEwen and Wills
(2014) described categorizing based on scope to be the most logical method. Theorist Alligood and
Tomey grouped their theories based on the scope. These scopes include philosophies, nursing
conceptual
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27. Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs Theorists
Maslow (1908–1970)
Abraham Maslow (1943) was a theorist that created the Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs which is a
theory to understand what motivates people and their basic needs. He believed that people crave
basic human needs to survive, and on another level prompted to achieve certain higher needs.
Maslow developed a Hierarchy of Needs that follow the life cycle which includes 5 stages that are
basic needs within a pyramid. These are: Biological and Physiological needs (i.e. air, food & drink,
shelter, warmth, sleep). These are essential human needs to survive. Air to breathe, food and drink to
develope and grow. Warmth and shelter, heat and light. These improve all individuals well being.
Safety needs (i.e. security, law, stability,order, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Concrete operational stage (7–12 years) – This stage is for them to be able to think by being able to
use mental operations.
Formal operational stage (12 years onwards) – At this stage they will be able to reason in abstract
ways.
Piaget created this theory because he was interested and wanted to identify why children gave
incorrect answers that needed logical thinking. He considered that children are active in their
learning. Because babies aren't taught to crawl or walk, Piaget believed that babies are born with the
ability to adapt to and learn from the environment.
Piaget developed the four stages by observing and testing children. He found that children behaved
or seemed to understand things in a particular way at different ages. Piaget didn't want to measure
how well a child can count, spell or solve problems. He was more interested in "the way in which
fundamental concepts like the very idea of 'number', 'time', 'quantity', 'causality', 'justice' and so on
emerged" (Simply Psychology, 2015).
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29. Influential Theorists
It is important for teachers to know about learning theories and influential theorists as it adds to the
quality of their teaching and contributes to their ability to cater to the individual needs of the
children within their classroom. According to Woolfolk & Margetts (2013) the quality of teaching
can make a difference to children's lives therefore it is imperative that teachers develop their
pedagogical knowledge of learning theories and influential theorists so they can become an effective
teacher. Each child is influence by socio–cultural factors and will have their own way of learning. A
teacher with an understanding of learning theories and influential theorists is likely to guide their
teaching methods to cater to the children's individual
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31. Nursing Theorist Grid
Nursing Theorist Grid 1. Theorist Selected: Jean Watson 2. Description of key points of the theory:
In Watson's philosophy of human caring she developed carative factors. She uses the word carative
to classify nursing and medicine. The carative factors aim at the caring process. There are 10
carative factors each one involving a lived experience from all involved in the relationship,
including the nurse. Watson described a need for transpersonal caring relationship. This is defined as
a relationship between the nurse and patient, in which the relationship affects both. The patient and
the nurse are both open and accepting of each other. Watson's theory emphasized on the caring
moment. She describes this as spending ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keeping the environment to a calm atmosphere promotes healing. Educating nurses and nursing
students to be prepared to care for patients as a whole, as well as educating nurses on the importance
of being non–judgmental, will make building a trusting relationship with the patient leisurelier.
Nurses are taught earlier in nursing school the importance of caring for a patient and keeping their
environments comfortable. Students and nurses who are taught to practice Watson's theory, gain
education that is focused on caring as its center. It is not only important for the nurse to practice
what they are taught but to also educate the patient. Watsons theory of caring applies to most
nursing research. Almost all nursing research involves the caring model. A variety of research has
been achieved with its focus on caring and nursing. Caring or not caring can have both positive and
negative consequences. Research has proven that the biogentic level, the deepest level of a caring
relationship, was in connection with true caring. This level of caring is related to the transpersonal
caring theory. Research also shows that the level of non–caring, known as the biocidic level, leads to
annoyance, frustration, and non–healing (Watson 2006). Health The harmony and peace within the
mind, body, and the soul. She defined health as the similarity between the alleged self and the self
that is known. Nursing Nursing Is a caring and meaningful bond that
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33. Nursing Theorist Paper
Nursing Theorist Paper
Velma L Gerlach
Clovis Community College: N111
November 17, 2017
Roy's nursing career
Callista Roy was born in 1939 in Los Angeles, California. In 1962 she got her Bachelor of Arts
Degree in Nursing. Then she got her Master's Degree in Pediatric Nursing. Followed by a Doctoratal
degree in Sociology in 1977. Roy joined the faculty of Mount St. Mary's College in 1996 and
between the years 1972 and 1982 she was a chair. Callista Roy has published many books and in 12
different languages. She was honored with 4 Honorary Doctoral degrees, and she has many teaching
awards, and from Sigma Theta Tau, North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, and National
League for Nursing she has won national awards. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory looks at how nurses will take care of patients as individuals along with the individual
needs for their illness. Using the highest quality while taking care of the patient's individual needs.
When nurses put a care plan together they are saying how they will take care of the patient and what
they will do in order to make sure that the patient gets better. By making the care plan for an
individual the nurse can see that person for themselves and know what helps them or makes them
worse. Not all people are alike, and they need to be treated as an individual. Callista says that by
treating people as individual's nurses are able to take better care of them. If they are treated as a
group of patients, then one of those patients may respond to one medication however the others may
not (Gonzalo,
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35. Classroom Management : A Comparison Of Theorists
Classroom Management: A Comparison of Theorists Sandy Harter Liberty University EDUC 624
04/03/2016 Explanation of Theorists Classroom management is a popular topic in education.
Teachers are always looking for ways to improve their classroom environment, or new ways to deal
with problem behaviors. For every person who has ever worked with children, there is an idea, a
theory, as to how to best meet children's needs. Early theorists provide the basis for many current
behavior management ideas, and often include a combination of ideas. Theorists such as Abraham
Maslow, Rudolf Dreikurs, William Glasser, and Stanley Coppersmith offer insight into the behavior
and motivations of children that help teachers design strategies to prevent disruption and provide a
positive learning environment for all students. Abraham Maslow According to Jones and Jones
(2016), Abraham Maslow believed that when children demonstrated disruptive behavior, it was a
direct result of not having their needs met; and if the needs go unmet, then the child will not be able
to reach their full potential. Maslow offers a specific order of basic needs: (a) physiological needs;
(b) safety and security; (c) belongingness and affections; (d) self–respect; (e) self–actualization; and
(f) knowing and understanding (Jones & Jones, 2016). A seventh level, discussed in Maslow's
original declaration, includes aesthetic needs (Kenyon, 2009). Taormina and Gao (2013) studied the
effects of
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37. Nursing Theorists
MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE NUR–240 Professional Transitions June 7, 2011 Myra Estrin Levine is
known as a Nursing theorist for creating "The Conservation Model". Levine obtained a diploma in
1944 and attained her B.S in 1949 and completed M.S.N in 1962 from Wayne State University. She
served as a consultant to hospitals and schools of nursing. She also provided a teaching structure for
medical–surgical nursing and established "The Four Conservation Principles". "She explicitly linked
health to the process of conservation model views health as one of its essential components"
(Levine, 1991). The three major concepts of the Conservation Model are 1) wholeness, 2) adaption,
and 3) conservation. "Whole, health, hale all are derivations of the ... Show more content on
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According to Levine "conservation describes the way complex systems are able to continue to
function even when severely challenged" (Levine, 1990, p. 192). She stresses the fact that many
nursing interventions can help in promoting the adaption and thus keeping the wholeness of the
individual. There are many areas where Levine's concepts are still used in the nursing practices
today. First being, the primary care given to the patient by the nurse can change their view on the
hospitalization as well as the administrative style. Thus providing them with more attention and care
they want while satisfying their needs. Secondly, if a patient is familiar and adapted with the
hospital environment, he/she will be comfortable in talking with the doctors/nurses with any kind of
pain or their own worries about their diseases. Thereby making sure that the patient is in their
comfort zone for this to happen be one of the major responsibilities of the nurse. For example, a
patient found with cancer in the primary stage, the approach of wholeness include professionally
prepared to mentally, physically fit to receive the care and treatment for complete healing and cure
thus preventing the metastatic disease. Last but not least, the most important concept of Levine still
used in today's society world of nursing practice is conservation to keep the identity of the person
private, to give them and their family member knowledge about the
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39. Nurse Practitioner As Theorist
Pamela Reed's Practitioner as Theorist describes the Nurse Practitioner as an "untapped resource"
(Reed, 2008) in the development of unequivocal nursing theories. Reed believes "theories and
theorizing" (Reed, 2008) are integral to clinical practice, but nurses fail to see commonality between
concepts and patient outcomes (Reed, 2008) hindering knowledge advancement.
Nursing theory development is a direct reflection of changing philosophies within science (Reed,
2008), allowing for explanation of abstract concepts of health as technological advances occur.
Florence Nightingale, the first nursing theorist (Peterson & Bredow, 2004), used British empiricism
(Reed, 2008), knowledge based on observable phenomenon (Peterson & Bredow, 2004), to ... Show
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Reed believes practiced–based nursing, or "theories developed in action" (Reed, 2008), are capable
of adapting to the complex exchanges between the environment and the health status of patients
(Reed, 2008). Guerilla–based theories are "unconventional, culturally–sensitive" (Reed, 2008) and
"dedicated to a human cause" (Reed, 2008). Guerilla Theorizing utilizes the abilities of nurses to use
abductive reasoning and to act as a "bricoleur" (Reed, 2008), a French term describing a person who
works with available resources to correct problems, to develop new theories within nursing practice
(Reed, 2008).
Guerilla theorizing is logical as a foundation for nursing practice because it incorporates the
ingenuity of improvisation (Reed, 2008), "nursing and contemporary science" (Reed, 2008) and
input from both patients and health–care employees (Reed, 2008) to develop clinically relevant
theories. Guerilla Theorizing embodies the dynamic and humanistic nature of nursing practice,
allowing for theory adjustment upon the discovery of new information or when the context of a
situation
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41. The Nursing Theory And Theorist
D. Nursing Theory and Theorist "From Novice to Expert", the nursing theory by Patricia Benner, is
probably the easiest theory of all to understand. One of Benner's messages is that a well–rounded
professional does not miss out on opportunities to learn from life as well as in nursing school and in
the nursing practice. In her theory Benner describes the 5 stages of nursing experience beginning
with novice and moving up to the final stage of expert. She describes how every stage builds on and
is dependent on the previous stage(s), and how one can learn from all of his or her experiences and
builds on those experiences (Benner, 1982). According to Benner, a nurse could gain knowledge and
skills without actually learning a theory. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are all good examples of the multiple hats we as nurses must wear throughout caring for our
patients. They are not complicated to follow, and yet they make the patient feel like a real person
rather than just another patient in a bed, whereas their absence can hurt and demean them. As a
novice nurse, I am particularly concerned about the physical aspects of different patient situations.
For instance, I rely on patients ' objective data such as temperature and pulse to make nursing care
decisions. I am still a hundred miles away from having that advanced nursing intuition that expert
nurses have. Every day I enhance my professional competencies in order to move up the novice–to–
expert ladder and become an expert professional. As I practice nursing on an almost daily basis, I
utilize the different roles and adapt to the needs of my patients based on their needs. Every patient
you come across has a different perspective on the care they are to receive, or have already received.
These beliefs are informed by one's individual experiences, education, cultural norms, and even his
or her personality. Not only am I as a nurse adapting to the patients' most prominent needs – I am
also adapting to the patient's family with their needs as well. Caring goes beyond just the
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43. Grand Nursing Theorist
Grand Nursing Theorist Assignment # 2 Grand Nursing Theorist Assignment # 2 Descriptive
Analysis For this assignment, I chose to study grand nursing theorist Dorothy Orem and the nursing
concept she introduced, the self–care deficit theory (also known as the Orem model of nursing). I
chose to study Dorothy Orem because she is well known in Indiana, the state in which I reside.
Orem's grand nursing theory "was developed between 1959 and 2001...[and] is particularly used in
rehabilitation and primary care settings where the patient is encouraged to be as independent as
possible" (Orem & Taylor, 2011). Background of Theorist "Dorothy Orem was born in
Baltimore, Maryland in 1914. She received her diploma in nursing in 1934 from ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The self–care deficit theory works toward Orem's goal of improving the quality of nursing in
general hospitals in her state. The model interrelates concepts in such a way as to create a different
way of looking at a particular phenomenon. The theory is relatively simple, but generalizable to
apply to a wide variety of patents. It can be used by nurses to guide and improve practice" (Dennis,
1997). Testability In testing Orem's theory, other nurses have asked, "Is this theory compatible with
standards of nursing care and nursing practice today?" Orem's theory has been applied and tested in
many clinical areas of nursing. "Nursing Care plans are created from key parts of the theory and
identify patient goals and the nursing interventions to achieve those goals. Orem's self–care deficit
theory uses three systems to show how nursing care can be implemented to meet self–care needs of
patients: wholly compensatory, partial compensatory, and health education" (McEwen, &
Wills,2011). "Futher–more, there is supportive evidence that the theory has been used to develop
nursing research and education. Orem's model of theory is used to develop nursing curriculum in
numerous universities, colleges, and schools of nursing all over the country. It has also added to
nursing knowledge, has created new hypothesis in nursing through research, and Orem's self–care
theory has had numerous research studies conducted on her
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45. Types of Grand Nursing Theorists
There are a multitude of grand nursing theorists and theories available to nurses for the
use of knowledge and adaptation into practice. The four categories of grand theory include
needs, interaction, outcomes, and caring. Each type of grand nursing theory has its own unique
concepts, definitions, and proposition, with the purpose of assisting and bettering a patient's
well–being. Even with the same focus, each theory and corresponding theorist is much different
in regards to the approach in which the theory plans to achieve that goal. The following text will
discuss four particular grand theorists and their theories, as well as a synopsis of which which
theorist is most congruent with my personal philosophy of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Through this process, human beings, both patients and nurses can
find their own meaning. The nurse must accept the patient as they are currently, but also as what
they have the potential in becoming. (Meleis, 2012, p. 173) The concept of caring is central
within the nursing profession and practice. Without thinking about it, nurses care deeply for their
patients, and in return, find meaning every day.
After reviewing the four previously mentioned grand nursing theorists, I believe Imogene
King's views and philosophy of nursing is most congruent with my personal ideas regarding nursing.
Without the process of setting goals, a nurse is unable to gauge or know where their
patients care is headed. When nurses, such as myself, set mutually agreed upon goals for their
patients, they can evaluate progress, as well as plan ahead in the patient's care. I make a personal

46. point to make at least one obtainable goal with the help of my patient or their family to work
towards during my twelve–hour shift. I also use my employer's care planning tool to judge the
patient's progress towards that goal. Without goals, the nurse–patient relationship runs the risk of
becoming stagnant, resulting in a decrease of independence and the possibility of longer hospital
stay.
References
American Nurses Association. (2014). Martha Elizabeth Rogers Inductee. Retrieved from http://
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48. Natural Law Theorists And Positivist Theorists
To what degree are natural law theorists and positivist theorists accurate in terms of the idea that 'an
unjust law cannot be a valid law'? In this essay i will assess the accuracy of this statement and
attempt to define the concept of the validity of law in relation to both natural law theorists and
positivist theorists. For the purpose of this essay I will define validity of a law as "Having legal
force; effective or binding" (The Free Dictionary). The main reason for the continual debate between
both theories is that they are both very similar although they may appear to be at contrary ends of
each spectrum. Natural law theorists believe that in order for a law to be valid it must have some
moral principle therefore if laws which are enacted in statues have no authority, they are not moral.
Whereas positivists support and emphasise the importance of a division between morality and law. I
will begin by outlining both theories. I will then move onto asses the accuracy of the following
statement, 'An unjust law cannot be a valid law' this includes establishing the similarities and
differences of both theories; in order to do this effectively it is essential that a thorough
understanding of both theories has been developed. Finally I will summarise my findings, An unjust
law cannot be a valid law – true or false? The first question we need to address in order to be able to
assess this statement is – what is natural law? The basic concept of natural law is that in order for a
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50. Functionalist Theory And Conflict Theorists
This essay explores the sociological key concepts of conflict theorists and functionalist theorists.
Conflict theory was introduced by Karl Marx and is defined as a society that involves groups of
people that are in a struggle for power with one another (Henslin, Possamai and Possamai–Inesedy
2013). Functionalism theory was founded by Emile Durkheim and is defined as a society with many
different institutions with its own function that works together to maintain balance and social
stability (Henslin, Possamai and Possamai–Inesedy 2013). The main differences between a
functionalist theorist and a conflict theorist in class inequality is that functionalist theorists consider
that class inequality tends to be natural and it is unavoidable for ... Show more content on
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For example, in Australia, the bourgeoisies are the factory owners and the proletariat are the people
that do the manual labour. Social stratification is defined as a society that ranks individuals in a
hierarchy. Conflict theorists believe that social stratification is not functional for society, since it
creates a conflict of interest, such as discrimination towards the poor, women and people of colour.
For example, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2017) found that Australia's households wealthiest
top 20% owned 63% of the total households' wealth in 2015–16, compared to the lowest 20% of
households owned less than 1% of all household wealth. These statistics mean that wealth is
unequally distributed in Australia and it is a class inequality, especially for the poor. In addition,
women also experience economic differences in Australia, since women are still earning less for the
same job as men, Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016) stated that in 2014 women average wage
was 87% of the male average wage and the median female wage was 90% of the median male wage.
Therefore, conflict theorist explains the idea of class inequality with two social classes opposing
each other and it is a negative
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52. The Two Theorists Of Working With Others
Learning as a group consisted of working with others but also figuring out how to work with others.
A person needs to figure out the strengths and weaknesses of their group to properly understand how
to function efficiently in a group. If the members in the group are not able to work together and
argue for the majority of the time, no work will get done. I had the luxury of having to deal with this
task of having to discover which methods would work in order to work with others well and
efficiently make a quality film. From past experiences, I have learned that groups work together well
when everyone is on the same page. No one is confused and rarely questioning other people's ideas.
Also when communicating ideas, it is helpful to have everyone brainstorm. With everyone
brainstorming about possible themes or ideas directed towards the project, it makes everyone feel
involved in the process of completing the project and no one is left out. In reading different
theorists, my ideas about how to work in groups was altered. The two theorists in which I studied
and learned from were Knud Illeris and Etienne Wenger. Illeris' theory emphasized that people that
were learning had different backgrounds that affected their ability to learn. Illeris developed a chart
in which the Basis, Internal Conditions, External Conditions all determined how people learned and
how they applied the knowledge that they had. The Basis consists of the biology, psychology, and
social science of the
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54. Essay about A Summary of Introduction to the New Edition...
Summary of Introduction to the New Edition
In Stuart Ewen's All Consuming Images, the preface "Introduction to the New Edition" opens by
giving the audience varying progressing images, from break dance to Madonna to Windows 95. This
demonstrates a fast change in society: what matters in the history may not be an important issue
now. Ewen then questions how a book written earlier still remains important and deserves
republication. The book is durable because of the fact that it was written when the idea "images are
everywhere" begins to develop. From political stand point, all the images, or specifically
propaganda, that people see are to manipulate people's emotions. In economic sphere, due to the
ubiquitous advertising, marketing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
is not so lucky facing the same situation. She lost her identity and become an "OREO", black on the
outside and white on the inside. Many of these standards of style have been heavily influenced by
the media, where the progressing visual–study of culture has developed throughout the years. Yet,
these images can be a kind of "false reality", where people cannot explicitly see the reality beneath
those pictures, thus question the "visual pretenses of the world". Ewen analyzes these students'
stories in order to understand those challenges they faced and how they struggle to discover
themselves in this "marketplace of style." Gustave Le Bon's book The Crowd provides ideas of the
public mind and discusses how the "mass mind" can take over individuality. This means that in a
group of people, the popular mind will replace one's thought. Like Thomas Hobbes, Le Bon believes
that people are irrational, and everything has to be in order or else there will be social instability.
To know the art of impressing the imagination of crowds is to know at the same time the art of
governing them...Crowds have always undergone the influence of illusions. Whoever can supply
them with illusions is easily their master. When studying the imagination of crowds, we [see] that it
is particularly open to the impressions produced by images. A crowd thinks in images, and the image
itself immediately calls up a series of other images, having no logical connection with
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56. Essay on John Stuart Mill’s Education
John Stuart Mill's Education
John Stuart Mill's education was intense at all times, but at different stages in his life he learned
different things and in different ways. Though his education was unique by all accounts, it embodied
many virtues that modern educational systems strive to include. These include: close parent
involvement and one–on–one work between students and teachers; exposure to intellectual role
models; emphasis on independent thought, logic, and pursuing curiosities; being held to high
standards for achievement; being free from invidious comparisons to peers; and learning the value
of seeking out peers for intellectual support and stimulation. He also learned, during personal
struggles to understand his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the start his energies were funneled into academic learning, and since he associated studies
with his attention from his father, and since he had no other frame of reference to which to compare
his childhood as he lived it, he reports being reasonably happy and engaged in his early educational
training.
As he got a bit older, Mill's father extended his studies to include political and economic theory and
logic and pushed Mill to think critically, make analytical arguments, and pursue his curiosities and
write on his own. Mill's daily walks with his father, during which he recounted everything he
learned the previous day, reinforced the association between familial relationships and academic
achievement. Though he thought of himself as much his father's subordinate, he was taught the
analytical tools that allowed him to evaluate the things his father taught him as well as the opinions
he himself formed and had to substantiate. Inspired by his love of reading histories, he wrote several
of his own, which practice his father approved of but did not interfere in by asking or insisting on
reading his son's histories. The creation of a private sphere within his education separate from the
part of it that he shared with his father allowed Mill to appropriate learning as his own. By applying
the tools and resources of his training under his father to enjoyable hobbies of his own, he reinforced
his skills
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58. Theorist, Theories And Theorizing
Handbooks, by their very nature, serve to define a field of study, to map out, at least for a time and
for at least some scholars, the analytic parameters, key figures, perspectives, concerns associated
with the field (Ritzer, G., & Smart, B. (Eds.). (2008).
In part one of the Theorist, Theories and Theorizing by George Ritzer and Barry Smart shows how
the Handbook of Social Theory utilized in the field that it is exhibit correspondingly to different
situation. As for my own analysis, theory and theorizing goes hand in hand together that gives more
interesting elements on the field of assorted studies. As well as we give credits to various gifted
Theorist mentioned in introductory part that their works, contributions, analysis, superb intelligence
and good studies are very useful. However, utilization of many Theories encountered conflict and in
contrast manner that societies changing overtime, the world from nineteenth–century to twenty
first–century is very much different, very demanding especially in cross–cultural differences and the
existence of network society . Therefore, the brilliant works of multiple theorist might not applicable
from one situation to another on the course of the field though it serves as background knowledge
and the role of theory is always symbolic. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Identifying the theorists, theoretical approaches and examples of thematic forms of theorizing for
inclusion of daunting process, a process of selection and judgment which, while it does not court
controversy, is likely encounter to it (Ritzer, G., & Smart, B. (Eds.). (2008). Theorizing practical
kind of theory, people nowadays applying the theories by performing in practical way such as
subjectively, clear perception of something, come up with explanation not just by simply applying
certain theory in the field. It became more reflexive, what is good and bad, then learn from failing
situation and learn from
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60. Interview With The Personality Theorist
Mocked Interviews
The purpose of this assignment is to prepare a transcript for a mocked interview with four
personality theorist. The four personality theorists included in this interview are; Horney, Erikson,
Jung, and Adler. In this mocked interview, one will pretend to ask each theorist a combination of
questions about the viewpoints of Sigmund Freud, and his daughter, Anna Freud. In addition, each
theorist will explain what impact they believe their work has had on psychology as they see it today.
Outline of Interview
Interviewer: Kathleen Johnson (Student)
Interviewees: Horney, Erikson, Jung, and Adler (Personality Theorists)
Interview Setting: Interview was conducted in North Central University Psychology Lab at 3:30 PM
on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were ecstatic and they all agreed to it.
Starting Interview (1)
Interviewer: What do you think Freud "just didn 't get" about the psychology of women?
Horney: In my opinion, I don't believe that Freud had a good understanding about the psychology of
women, nor did he know what they wanted. His theory of feminine psychology was unreasonable
because he based most of his theories on gender and sexuality.
Interviewer: How did you try to overcome that gap?
Horney: To overcome the gap of Freud's gender theory, I developed my own personality theory and
one that I believed gave more clarification of the psychology of women and their experience. In
addition, I focused on the strategy of moving toward, against, and away from Freud's demeaning
views.
Interviewer: What impact do you believe your work has had on psychology as you see it today?
Horney: As the first psychoanalytic feminist (1967), I believe that my work has had a most positive
impact on today's psychology. I have contributed my time and work to helping individual's
understand the women of psychology. I have rejected Freud's penis envy theory and I developed the
neurosis theory. The neurosis theory is still prominent today and has helped me to show the
relationship between personality and relationship.
Interviewer: Do you think that Freud provided enough evidence to back his theories?
Horney:
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62. Effective Communication Theorists
Effective communication skills are incredibly important to all professionals in order to develop
successful workplace relationships and promote appropriate, respectful client care and professional
client relationships. Using the 4Rs framework to structure this essay, this documentation is a
reflection of the discussed communication skills from the conducted interview with a high school
teacher to inform whether effective communication skills are crucial to develop successful
relationships within the workplace and professional client relationships. Relevant themes that arose
out of the interview material were identified and are going to be discussed and analysed. In addition,
ideas from the interview and scholarly research are developed to describe how optometrists, the
future professional work role I am intending to work in, may require effective communication skills
and describe my ability to apply these skills.
Report and Responding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the interview, the interviewee stated, "as far as a teacher is concerned, really, it's all about
communication (A. Redman, personal communication, August 28, 2015)". This suggests that
communication is an incredibly vital component in her profession. She stated what she has to do to
communicate with students, her colleagues, and parents in a professional manner. In addition, the
interviewee agreed that she has to talk to different types of people in different ways. This was
proven when she quoted, "to begin with, it's communication in the classroom at all levels of ability
of students so that you need to be able to re–explain things in a different way for the person who
didn't understand the way you explained it the first time (A. Redman, personal communication,
August 28,
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64. Operant Learning Theorists
Part 1
Behavior is explained as a response to a given stimulus. There are two theories which explain how
we learn. These are classical conditioning and operant learning as explained by B.F Skinner and.
Ivan Pavlov .In classical conditioning, there are responses, usually involuntary which are as a result
of experiences which occur before the response in question. This conditioning occurs when one
learns to associate two different stimuli. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, changes in
behavior which result from experiences which occur after the said response result in learning. This
involves changes in voluntary behaviours.
These two theories share many procedures and basic principles. The basic principles of extinction,
spontaneous recovery, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such a schedule causes a high and steady rate of responding. Examples of reward based on variable
ratio schedules are gambling and lottery . A fixed–ratio schedule , on the other hand, refers to a
reinforcement schedule where a response is only reinforced after a specified number of responses.
These schedules produce a high and steady rate of responding but with a brief pause after the
delivery of the given reinforcer.
An experiment to show the application of reinforcement can be given as follows. A rat is placed in a
skinner box. The Skinner box is such that it has a bar or lever which the rat can press or manipulate
in a given way when it wants to obtain either food or water from the reinforcer. In the experiment,
the box provides also a means of recording the various responses of the animal. In the experiment,
various schedules of reinforcement will be applied and the responses of the rat recorded.
The rat then will receive a food pellet whenever they manipulate the lever. Some rats will receive a
food pellet each time they peck the lever and others receive food pellets after manipulating the lever
for a given number of times say
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66. Francois Quesnay
Alexis Parker
Miss Umpleby
West. Civ. – Pd. 6
1 December 2015
Francois Quesnay
Francois Quesnay was the founder of the economic system that eventually was called the
physiocratic system. He was born on June 4, 1694 in Paris, France. His father was a country lawyer
that didn 't get payed very much money. Francois didn 't receive any financial aid from his family to
get an education. In result of no education, he didn 't learn how to read until he was twelve years
old. However, he was able to gain some knowledge of medicine as a young adult. In 1718, at the age
of only 24, he started practicing medicine in the village of Mantes. Between 1730 and 1758, he
began to write several medical papers that contained very original contributions from well–known
people.
Francois didn 't obtain a formal medical degree until 1744. However, in 1735, his reputation was so
good that he had gotten a position in Paris as a physician to the Duke of Villeroy. After that position,
he decide to move to Versailles, having a new boss named Madame de Pompadour. When he got
there, he became a consulting physician to Louis XV and got to meet many popular economists at
the time. After realizing moving to Versailles was an excellent decision, he decided to live there for
the rest of his life.
Francois had written many things on medicine for awhile, but he didn 't publish his first writing on
economics until 1756, which was in his early sixties. Realizing how much he liked writing about
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68. C112 Theorist Critique Assignment
C112 Theorist Critique Assignment Name: ___________________________________ Date:
______________________________ You will select one of the four International Security
Environment (ISE) theorists presented in lesson C112 (Kaplan, Friedman, Huntington, or Barnett),
and answer the five requirements beginning on page two of this document. This assignment is worth
25% of the C100 grade. The four readings from which to choose are listed below. Barnett The
Pentagon's New Map: It Explains why We're Going to War and why We'll Keep Going to War
Friedman National Strategies and Capabilities for a Changing World: Globalization and National
Security Huntington The Clash of Civilizations Kaplan The Coming ... Show more content on
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Huntington's essay on the Clash of Civilizations is persuasive in historical anecdotes and real world
current events. Most of Huntington's essay need not say anything more then what is already repeated
on major media outlets around the world. The essay states what has long been opposed by the far
left; namely, that people choose to interact, trade and form alliances with "like peoples". It then,
shouldn't come as a surprise that the author needs to say little in order to sway an audience to his
hypothesis by simply relating real world events such as rising nationalism in Russia2, Greece3 and
France. One only has to look at the Anglo sphere of alliances in areas of conflict in the Middle East
to find that Huntington's persuasive argument is a narrative of real world events4. Non–Western
nations that hope to transition into modern nations form alliances with Western nations but such
alliances only serve to further destroy the credibility of the elites within those non–western
countries. The elites are viewed simply as "puppets" of foreign interest. The rise of extremist
organizations such as Hezbollah5 that have successfully achieved legitimacy through the democratic
process of their respective nation states further proves that the will of the people in non–western
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70. Conflict Theorists
Marvin Carlson's article argues about whether plays are better experienced purely through text or
through performance. He discusses the conflict theorists dealt with when they wanted to perform
Shakespeare's plays. Some theorists believed that Shakespeare's texts were a magnificent work on
their own and that any performance needed to be as close to the text as possible. This caused
theorists to regard performance as unnecessary since it had the potential to ruin the text. This type of
theory carried on past the romantic period and some theorist continue to believe that plays should
keep to the original script as much as possible. Carlson cites Charles Lamb commenting on how
performances of Hamlet diminish the quality of Shakespeare's work. Marvin then explains how ...
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Edward Gordon Craig is cited saying that if the a play is pure and performance has a tendency to
dilute a playwrights work then performance should not attempt to strictly recreate the script. Craig
believe that theatre should create its own type of art. Marvin then goes on to discuss theorists that
take a middle–ground approach to text and performance. These types of theorist try to treat both the
written and performance portion of plays equally. However, Marvin argues that is not necessarily
what happens. He states that some theorists tend to view performance as a "translation" because it is
not equal to the original. Marvin argues that valuing either the written play or the performance
causes the other to have less value. He believes that both the text and performance have value. The
two concepts also compliment each other. Marvin comments that performance can provide a visual
element that the script lacks, which results in several different types of performances. According to
Marvin, performances allow for different interpretations of the text, which allows people to return to
the same play in order to get a different
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72. Nursing Theorists
Nursing Theorist Timothy Mack University of Phoenix Theories and Models of Nursing Practice
NUR/403 Judith Mc Leod July 25, 2010 Nursing Theorist The theorist that I have chosen is
Dorothea Orem. This theory describes the role of nursing in helping a patient's who can no longer
care for themselves (Mosby, 2009). The theory is divided into three parts; universal, developmental,
and health deviation. Orem's Theory The universal portion of Orem's theory consists of the self care
that a patient needs to meet their physiologic and psychosocial need. The developmental portion of
the theory covers the care when coping through developmental stages, and the health deviation,
which cover the care a patient need when theory health has ... Show more content on
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Orem believed that the individual would in good health when they are functionally or structurally
sound or whole. The belief that a sound or while person is free from signs and symptoms of disease,
Orem believed that a person's physical, physiological, interpersonal, and social aspects of health are
inseparable, Orem believed that a person's health is what makes them a human and that health
operates with the psycho physiological, and physiological mechanisms in the relation to other
human beings. Orem believed that it is the responsibility of society to promote health for its
members (Hanucharunkul, 1989). | For nursing practice our goal is to help to promote health for the
whole patient. We must remember that our goal is to get them back to a level where they are
functional in the environment. Not all patient will get to the point that they are free from disease but
we must help them get back to the level in which they can care for themselves and be as sound as
possible for them. Our practice would involve teaching in this aspect in order to help the patient
maximize the health that they either have or to help them reach the level that they want to achieve. |
In the nursing education the student should be helped to appreciate that not all patients are going to
leave the hospital disease free, and that as nurses there is a need to learn that we need to help them
in any way we can to achieve their maximum amount
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74. Grand Theorist
Application of Grand Theory to Nursing Practice In today's world there are many nursing theories
and theorists that not only define the nursing profession, but also are used as the basis to guide a
nurse in his or her current practice. Meleis defines nursing theory "as a conceptualization of some
aspect of nursing reality communicated for the purpose of describing phenomena, explaining
relationships between phenomena, predicting consequences or prescribing nursing care. Nursing
theories are reservoirs in which are stored those findings that are related to nursing concepts such as
comfort, healing, recovering, mobility, rest, caring, enabling, fatigue, and family care"(Meleis,
2012). Meleis describes that the term ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These theorists include Dorthea Orem and Needs School of Thought, Imogene King from the
Interaction School of Thought, Dorothy Johnson from the Outcomes School of thought, and
Rosemarie Parse from the Caring/Becoming School of Thought. Information obtained for this table
is listed on the reference page following the narrative. Theorist School of Thought Educational
Background Philosophy of Nursing Definition of Nursing Goal/Purpose of Theory Dorthea Orem
The First School of Thought: Needs Catholic University of America Nursing is an art–form, helping
service, and technology(Orem, 1991). "Self–care agency to meet individual's needs for self–care
action in order to sustain life and health, recover from disease or injury, and cope with effects"
(Meleis, 2012) "Eliminate deficit between self–capabilities and demand"(Meleis, 2012) "There is a
deficit between self–care capabilities and self–care demands of patients"(Meleis, 2012) Imogene
King The Second School of Thought: Interaction Columbia University Teacher's College St. Louis
Univeristy Idea that nurse and client communicate information, set goal mutually and then act to
attain those goals, is what Imogene King believes the nursing process to be. Therefore Interactions
must be made for goals to be reached(Wills, 2002). "A process of action, reaction, and interaction
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76. Psychodynamic Theorists
Selective Mutism in Adolescents As the makeup of students in classrooms change and general
education teachers are educating a range of students with diverse needs, new learning barriers are
becoming prominent in American classrooms. One of these learning disabilities that is emerging is a
language disorder called selective mutism. Selective mutism is defined as a language disorder in
which individuals who exhibit normal language skills with no delays in daily home situations are
unwilling or unable to speak when confronted with novel situations or people. This disorder, when
presented in classrooms, can affect both the social and the academic progress of the student. When
considering students who exhibit symptoms of selective mutism, ... Show more content on
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Psychodynamic theorists believe that selective mutism is a choice made by the child to have power
over a certain part of their life. This could be a way for the child to assert control in response to a
fight with a parent. These theorists believe that children with selective mutism chose not to speak in
public to maintain their power, despite having the ability to speak. Researches emphasize the idea
that children often continue this relationship with new individuals who can remove this power, such
as a new teacher. Differing from psychodynamic theorists, behaviorists believe that children have
been taught to use silence to help control the anxiety that they might feel. For example, if a child is
uncomfortable in a certain situation, chooses not to speak, and has reduced anxiety, they have
learned that silence is an effective tool (Busse & Downey, 2011). . Selective mutism was first
diagnosed by Adolf Kussmaul in the 1800s. The named it aphasia voluntaria to emphasize the idea
that individuals made a voluntary decision to maintain silence (Busse & Downey, 2011). In time,
this original name became "elective mutism". This new name reflected that the individual chose the
environment in which they would speak. Once again, the name of the disorder was changed to
become "selective mutism". The current name of the disorder shows that the individual's ability to
speak is not about choice, but about
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78. Watercolor Theorists
mystery Brush Skills for Watercolor Painters:
Groups of Color:
This activity is intended to sharpen your wash laying aptitudes as single strokes of shading set
drawback by side in whatever example your first stroke takes. The article is to focus on the white
line you are shaping between every stroke. Do whatever it takes not to touch any
past strokes, keep the white lines of unpainted paper unbroken.
Blend a few puddles of various hues on your watercolor palette. I utilized a round #10 red sable for
the vast majority of this activity. A round #4 red sable was utilized to include littler varieties in the
crevices.
A bigger brush that holds more paint will permit you to make longer consistent brush strokes.
Completely load or "charge" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The "Cut" strategy works best in conjunction with other brush strokes unless all you need is
composition for your artistic creation.
Front lines
This activity uses your abilities in drawing and your brush control in painting edges of washes in
different shapes. Use geometric shapes in an assortment of sizes, and hues utilizing the biggest brush
feasible for every size. You need to know how to paint the shapes you see before you. Since we as a
whole know how a circle, square, triangle, rectangle, or star, looks you'll know instantly on the off
chance that you've succeeded. Painting shapes requires the utilization of a few brush strategies you
can grow basically by rehearsing them.
Begin by stirring up a few pools of essential hues to work with.
From my experience "cutting an edge" is a sign painter's term for pulling a perfect line of paint with
your brush. A spotless line being a line that is smooth and streaming without any anomalies.

79. Notice the winding movement controlling the upstroke of the circle shape.
Consider every shape before you begin to paint. What is the base measure of brush strokes expected
to make the edge of the
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