This document discusses the effects of deforestation on the global hydrological cycle. It begins by defining deforestation and describing the main regions where it occurs. It then outlines several negative impacts of deforestation, such as soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, increased flooding and droughts, and climate change. Statistical data is presented showing the contribution of trees to the hydrological cycle through transpiration and groundwater. The document concludes by providing calculations about water usage by trees and outlining solutions to curb deforestation such as banning clear cutting and replacing cut trees.

1. SUPERVISED BY ENGR. DR. MUHAMMAD SHOAIB
PRESENTED BY ENGR. ALI RAZA
DEFORESTATION AND ITS IMPACT ON
GLOBAL HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION OF DEFORESTATION
REGION OF DEFORESTATION
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
GLOBAL HYDROLOGICAL CYLCE
CALCULATIONS AND STATISTICALANALYSIS
PROBLEM SOLUTION

3. DEFORESTATION
REMOVAL OF TREES FROM THE
LAND SURFACE
THE PROCESS OF CLEARING AN
AREA OF TREES

4. REGION OF DEFORESTATION
99%
0.1%
0.03%
0.001%
EARTH
GEOSPHERE BIOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE ATMOSPHERE

5. REGION OF DEFORESTATION
GEOSPHERE
CONTAINS SOLID,
SEMI-SOLID AND
LIQUID LANDS
HYDROSPHERE
CONTAINS SOLID,
LIQUID, AND
GASEOUS WATER
BIOSPHERE
INCLUDES
MICROORGANISMS,
PLANTS, AND LIVING
THINGS
ATMOSPHERE
CONTAINS ALL THE
AIR IN EARTH'S
SYSTEM

6. EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
EROSION OF SOIL
 ALMOST 7.3 MILLION HECTARES OF LAND IS AFFECTED BY SOIL EROSION GLOBALLY
 AROUND 16 MILLION HECTARES OF LAND IS AFFECTED BY SOIL EROSION IN PAKISTAN
 MUZAFFARGARH, KOT ADDU AND ALIPUR AREAS ARE MUCH AFFECTED BY SOIL EROSION
 CHENAB RIVER HAS ERODED OVER 12,000 ACRES LAND (WWF REPORT )

7. EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
LOSS OF BIODIVERISTY
 ABOUT 75 PER CENT OF THE WORLD’S
FOOD IS GENERATED FROM ONLY 12
PLANTS.
HABITAT DESTRUCTION
 ONLY 5 ANIMAL SPECIES ARE
CONTRIBUTING IN 75 PER CENT
OF THE WORLD'S FOOD GENERATION

8. FLOODS
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
DROUGHTS
 SINDH (2003, 2011)
 KPK (2007)
 PAKISTAN (2010, 2012)
 AFGHANISTAN (2013)
 PUNJAB (2014)
 THE DROUGHT OF 1998–2002 IS
CONSIDERED WORST IN 50
YEARS
 PAKISTAN LOST 24.7% OF ITS
FOREST COVER (1990-2005)

9. CLIMATE CHANGE
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
 (IPCC) ESTIMATES GLOBAL AVERAGED SURFACE
TEMPERATURE WILL INCREASE BY 1 TO 3.5°C
 PAKISTAN IS AMONG 10 COUNTRIES AFFECTED MOST BY
CLIMATE CHANGE (GCRI 2018)
 MAX TEMP. RECORDED IN SOUTHERN CITIES Of PAKISTAN
(2017)
 GLACIER MELT IN THE HIMALAYAS IS PROJECTED TO
INCREASE FLOODING IN PAKSITAN
 FRESHWATER AVAILABILITY IS ALSO PROJECTED TO
DECREASE IN PAKSITAN
 CLIMATE CHANGE IS ESTIMATED TO DECREASE CROP YIELDS

10. RISK OF COUNTRIES DUE TO DEFORESTRATION
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Source: http://www.lead.org.pk/cc/basicguide_climate_change.html

11. EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION

13. 71 MILLION KM3 IS CONTRIBUTING THROUGH TRANSPIRATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
ABOUT 30.8% IS CONTRIBUTING THROUGH GROUND WATER
THE SURFACE WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN IS ABOUT 138 MAF ANNUALLY
PRECIPITATION IN PAKISTAN IS DECREASED TO 6.35 mm FROM 8.79 mm AS SHOWING IN TABLE
Actual Previous Highest Lowest Dates Unit Frequency
6.35 8.79 170.66 0.15 1901 - 2015 mm Monthly
DISRUPTION IN WATER

14. CALCULATIONS
A TREE IS LIKE
FOUNTAIN
AIR CONDITIONER
HEAT ABSORBER
PURIFIER
TRANSFER WATER
PRODUCING COOLING
ABSORB ENERGY
CLEAN UP WATER

15. CHARACTERISTIC EXPLANATION VALUES
FOUNTAIN TRANSFER WATER FROM GROUND TO ATMOSPHER 100 GALLONS/DAY
AIR CONDITIONER PROVIDE COOLING IN THE ENVIRONEMNT
Drop (30 to 40)o
TEMP
HEAT ABSORBER ABSOB HEAT COMING FROM SUNLIGHT 50% HEAT
PURIFIER
PURIFY WASTE WATER USING BIOLOGICAL
TREAMENT
SECONDARY
TREAMENT
CALCULATIONS

16. WORLD-WIDE
• TOTAL TREES 3 TRILLION
• 23,000 KINDS OF TREES
• 15 BILLION REMOVED YEARLY
COUNTRY-WIDE
• TOTAL TRESS 1 BILLION
• 436 KINDS OF TREES
• 21 MILLION REMOVED YEARLY
STATISTICALANALYSIS
FAO
RECOMMENDATION
25%
OF COUNTRY’S LAND

17. CALCULATIONS
 MORE THAN 50 PERCENT OF A TREE IS MADE UP OF
WATER (JUST LIKE ALL LIVING THINGS)
 1 TREE= 100 GALLONS WATER/DAY
 ONE ACRE =20050 GALLONS OF WATER
 21 MILLION X 100 GALLONS = ?
2 BILLION 1OO MILLION AMOUNT OF WATER IS
WASTED

18. SOLUTIONS
CURB THE FELLING OF TREES
CLEAR CUTTING MUST BE BANNED
CUTTING MUST BE REPLACED
BY PLANTING YOUNG TREES