INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
1. 1
KMJ26403
HYDROLOGY AND WATER
RESOURCES ENGINEERING
MRS SITI KAMARIAH BT MD SA’AT
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, UNIMAP
sitikamariah@unimap.edu.my
2. 2
Course synopsis
This course introduces principles of surface water hydrology and their applications in water
resources engineering. These include descriptive and quantitative applications of the hydrologic
cycle, weather system, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, surface and subsurface waters,
stream flow hydrographs and flood routing.
The course also covers applications of hydrologic and frequency analysis with respect to basic
water management design procedure with emphases on earth embankments, reservoir and flood
design. The use of water in agriculture especially in irrigation and water quality management are
also introduces in this course.
3. 3
Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, students are expected to have:
Course Outcome
Level of
Complexity
Program
Outcomes
CO1
Ability to analyse the components of hydrologic cycle
and concept of watershed in solving problem in
agricultural engineering.
C4 PO1
CO2
Ability to assess hydrological data to solve problems in
water budget and hydrological gain and loss.
C5
PO2
CO3
Ability to design solution on problem based on
hydrology for unit hydrograph, frequency analysis, flood
routing, and flood management and irrigation.
C6 PO11
CO4
Ability to use the hydrologic analyses techniques in
hydrological components measurement
P4 PO5
4. 4
Text/Reference Books
Subramaya K.(2008),Engineering Hydrology, 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill,New York,N.Y (Textbook)
Bedient B. P; Huber W.C and Vieux B.E,. (2008) Hydrology & Floodplain Analysis, 4th Ed.
Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
DID. (2000), Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia, DID, Malaysia
V.T. Chow, D.R. Maidment and L.W. Mays (1988,) Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill
5. 5
Laboratory
42 hours lecture- 2 + 1
8 hours laboratory – Start week 6 (after hari raya)
Conducted by En Mohd Sani Jamailudin
No. Title / Topic
1 Measurement and analysis of Evaporation
2 Measurement and analysis of Evapotranspiration, ET
3 Measurement and determination of rainfall – runoff relationship
4
Stream gauging by area-velocity method using current meter/or float device (Open
ended lab)
8. 8
What is hydrology?
From Greek word “hudor” means water and “logy” means research.
The science dealing with all aspects of the waters of the Earth.
Water is essential for all living things. It also participates in the physical and
geochemical evolution of most nonliving matter on Earth
Its adequate supply is a key factor for urban, agricultural, and industrial
development
9. 9
What is hydrology?
Deals with occurence,circulation, storange and distribution of surface and
ground water on earth
Relates to water quality and quantity
Hydrologic cycle and process
Water resources management
To solve human problem related to water such as flood, water supply
10. 10
Application of hydrology
Study the water balance of a region & the agricultural water balance
Predicting flood, landslide and drought risk
Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning
Designing irrigation schemes & managing agricultural productivity
Providing drinking water
Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation
Designing bridges
Designing sewers and urban drainage system
Predicting of erosion or sedimentation.
Assessing the impacts of natural & environmental change on water resources
Assessing contaminant transport risk
16. 16
Problems in Hydrology
Extreme weather and rainfall variation
Streamflow and major flood devastation
River routing and hydraulic conditions
Overall water supply - local and global scales
Flow and hydraulics in pipes, streams and channels
Flood control and drought measures
Watershed management for urban development
17. 17
Importance of water
The most important resources after oxygen.
Minimum requirement for human= 1.5L/d
Household usage. Average usage 225 L/d/person
Agriculture application- Mostly for irrigation
Plants also need water for photosynthesis and nutrient transport
Human civilization such as Nile River, Hwang Ho River, Klang River
Recreation
Industrial applications
18. 18
What percent of the Earth’s total volume of
water is stored in the atmosphere?
0.001%
Water vapor
Clouds
(water vapor condensed on
particulate)
20. 20
The global water inventory
The United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) estimates the global,
accessible freshwater supply to be about 200 000 km3 (Marshall, 2013)
22. 22
Seasonal variability in available water supply
Source: WRI (2019).
Note: Seasonal variability measures the average within-year variability of available water supply, including
both renewable surface and groundwater supplies. Higher values indicate wider variations of available
supply within a year.
Global Water Availability
23. 23
Available water resource: Malaysia
Total available water: 630 km3/year
Surface water: 566 bil. m3/year (90%)
Groundwater: 64 bil. m/3year (10%)
Major water uses: irrigation, domestic & industrial water supplies.
Irrigation: consumes 70% of the total surface water used.
25. 25
Water Use by sector
Consumptive use
Potable water
Domestic
Industrial
Commercial
Institutional
Agricultural Water
Irrigated paddy
Non-paddy crops (oil palm, rubber,
fruits, flowers, vegetables)
Livestock
Fisheries/Aquacultures
Non-consumptive use
Hydropower
Recreation
Eco-tourism
26. 26
Global Water Supply/ Withdrawal
Agriculture currently accounts for 69% of global water withdrawals, which are mainly used for irrigation but also
include water used for livestock and aquaculture. This ratio can reach up to 95% in some developing countries
(FAO, 2011).
Industry (including energy and power generation) accounts for 19%, while municipalities are responsible for the
remaining 12%.
Source: AQUASTAT (2010)
27. 27
Groundwater Resources
Ground water occurs only close to the surface (a few miles down)
Density of soil/rock increases with depth
The weight of the rocks above condense the rocks below and squeeze out the open pore spaces deeper in the
Earth
33. a- Evaporation due to the heat energy provided by solar radiation.
b- Water vapor moves upward and forms clouds.
c- Clouds condense and fall back to the oceans as a rain
d- Part of cloud is driven to the land
e- Cloud condense and precipitate to the land as a rain
f- Part of the precipitation may evaporate back to the atmosphere.
g- Another part of the precipitation may be intercepted by vegetation.
h- The remaining part may be evaporate it back to the atmosphere or move down to the ground
surface.
i- A portion of the water that reaches the ground enters the earths surface through infiltration,
enhancing the moisture content of the soil.
J- Vegetation sends a portion of the water from under the ground surface back to the
atmosphere through the process of transpiration.
K- Portion of the precipitation by different paths above and below the surface of the earth
reaches the stream channel is called runoff
Once it enters the stream channel , runoff becomes stream flow.
34.
35.
36. 36
Precipitation
The vapor that accumulates or freezes on condensation nuclei is acted on
by gravity and falls to Earth’s surface.
rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail
Primary connection in the water cycle that
provides for the delivery of atmospheric water
to the Earth
37. 37
What two processes change liquid water into
vapor that can ascend into the atmosphere?
•Evaporation
•Transpiration
90%
10%
What percent of the water in the
atmosphere comes from evaporation?
38. 38
Evaporation
•The process by which liquid water is transformed into a
gaseous state
•Evaporation into a gas
ceases when the gas
reaches saturation
39. 39
Evaporation v. Precipitation
About equal on a global scale
Evaporation more prevalent over the oceans than precipitation
Over land, precipitation exceeds evaporation
Most water evaporated from the oceans falls back into the ocean as
precipitation
10% of water evaporated from the ocean is transported over land and falls as
precipitation
Once evaporated, a water molecule spends ~ 10 days airborne
40. 40
(Stomata are small openings found on the underside of leaves that are connected to vascular plant
tissues.)
•passive process that depends on:
~humidity of the atmosphere
~the moisture content of the soil
•only 1 % of the water transpired used for growth
•transports nutrients from the soil into the roots
and carries them to the various cells of the plant
•keeps tissues from becoming overheated
Transpiration
The process of water loss from plants through stomata.
41. 41
Surface runoff
Surface runoff
Drains to a creek
To a stream
To a river
To an ocean
Rarely runoff drains to a closed lake
May be diverted for human uses
42. 42
Meteorological factors affecting surface runoff
Type of precipitation
Rainfall intensity
Rainfall amount
Rainfall duration
Distribution of rainfall over the drainage basin
Direction of storm movement
Precipitation that occurred earlier and resulting soil moisture
Meteorological conditions that affect evapotranspiration
43. 43
Physical characteristics affecting surface runoff
Land use
Vegetation
Soil type
Drainage area
Basin shape
Elevation
Topography, especially the slope of the land
Drainage network patterns
Ponds, lakes, reservoirs, sinks, etc. in the basin, which prevent or delay
runoff from continuing downstream
44. 44
Human factors affecting surface runoff
Urbanization -- more impervious surfaces reduce infiltration
and accelerate water motion
Removal of vegetation and soil -- surface grading, artificial
drainage networks increases volume of runoff and shortens
runoff time to streams from rainfall and snowmelt
45. 45
Groundwater begins as INFILTRATION
Precipitation falls and
infiltrates into the
subsurface soil and rock
•Can remain in shallow soil layer
•Might seep into a stream bank
•May infiltrate deeper, recharging an aquifer
•May travel long distances
•May stay in storage as ground water
