2. 4G Definition
4G is not one defined technology or
standard, but rather a collection of
technologies at creating fully packet-
switched networks optimized for data.
4G Networks are projected to provide
speed of 100Mbps while moving and
1Gbps while stationary.
3. 0G (Zero Generation Mobile System)
At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone
service was introduced, and was designed to
users in cars to the public land-line based
telephone network.
In the 1960’s, a system launched by Bell
Systems, called, Improved Mobile Telephone
Service (IMTS), brought quite a few improvements
such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The
very first analog systems were based upon IMTS
and were created in the late 60s and early 70s.
4. 1G Technology
1G refers to the first-generation of
wireless telephone technology was
developed in 1970’s.
1G had two major improvements:
the invention of the microprocessor
the digital transform of the control link
between the phone and the cell site.
Analog signal
5. 2G Technology
Around 1980’s
Better quality & capacity - More people
could use their phones at the same
time
Digital Signals – consist of 0’s & 1’s
6. Previous Technology - 2G
Digital – consist of 0’s and 1’s
Digital signal:
1.Low level, 2.High level, 3.Rising edge
and 4.Falling edge
7. Previous Technology - 2G
Digital data can be compressed and
multiplexed much more effectively than analog
voice encodings
Multiplexing -multiple analog message signals
or digital data streams are combined into one
signal
For 1 and 2G standards, bandwidth maximum
is 9.6 Kbit/sec, (I.E) approximately 6 times
slower than an ISDN
8. Previous Technology - 2G
Allows for lower powered radio signals that
require less battery
Power–CODEC introduction -program that
encodes and decodes digital data stream or
signal
Translates data from digital to analog and
vice versa
10. Advantages in Previous
Technology - 2G
The digital voice encoding allows digital
error checking
increase sound quality
lowers the noise level
Going all-digital allowed for the
introduction of digital data transfer
SMS –“short message service”
E-mail
11. Disadvantages in Previous
Technology - 2G
Cell towers had a limited coverage
area
Jagged Decay curve
Abrupt dropped calls
Analog –gradual sound reduction
“Spotty” coverage
12. 3G Technology
Large capacity and broadband capabilities
Allows the transmission of 384kbps for
mobile systems and up to 2Mbps
Increased spectrum efficiency –5Mhz
A greater number of users that can be
simultaneously supported by a radio frequency
bandwidth
High data rates at lower incremental cost than
2G–Global roaming
13. Previous Technology - 3G
CDMA –Code Division Multiple Access
Form of multiplexing
Does not divide up the channel by time or
frequency
Encodes data with a special code
associated with each channel
15. Types of Multiplexing
FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple
Access
Each phone call is allocated one
frequency for the entire duration of the
call
16. Types of Multiplexing
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
Each phone call is allocated a spot in the
frequency for a small amount of time, and
"takes turns" being transmitted
17. Types of Multiplexing
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
Each phone call is uniquely encoded and
transmitted across the entire spectrum, in
a manner known as spread spectrum
transmission
18. Reasons for New Research
Even though 3G has successfully been
introduced to mobile users, there are some
issues that are debated by 3G providers and
users.
High input fees for the 3G service licenses
Great differences in the licensing terms
3G phones are expensive
20. What is 4G?
Fourth Generation Technology
Faster and more reliable
100 Mb/s
Lower cost than previous generations
Multi-standard wireless system
Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless
Ad Hoc Networking
IPv6 Core
OFDM used instead of CDMA
Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n
Most information is proprietary
21. Communications Architecture
Broadcast layer:
fix access points, (i.e.) cell tower
connected by fiber, microwave, or
satellite (ISP)
Ad-hoc/hot-spot layer:
wireless LANs (i.e. internet at Starbuck’s)
22. Communications Architecture
Personal Layer Gateway:
devices that connect to upper layers; cell phone,
fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs
Info-Sensor layer:
environmental sensors
Fiber-optic wire layer:
high speed subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic
cables and repeaters
23. Ad Hoc Networks
Spontaneous self
organization of networks
of devices
Not necessarily connected
to internet
4G will create hybrid
wireless networks using
Ad Hoc networks
Form of mesh
networking–Very reliable
24. Enhance Mobile Gaming
Experience enhance wireless capabilities
that deliver mobile gaming interaction
with less than five seconds
Play online multi player games while
traveling at high speeds or sitting outside
25. Broadband access in Remote
location
4G will provide a wireless alternative
for broadband access
I will provide first opportunity for
broadband access in remote locations
without an infrastructure to support
cable or DSL access.