Digital Governance: Shaping Government for Global Trends

The Dynamics of Governing in the Era of Digital
Governance
Tomy V. Bawulang, Ph.D.
Flinders University
Knowledge Exchange International
AZA Institute

© 2007 Center for Creative Leadership. All rights reserved.
Guiding Questions:
• What are the global trends that shape governments around the
world?
• What kind of paradigm shift we need to address the global
trends?
• Digital Governance? What, Why, and How?
Center for Creative Leadership
P. 2

Global Megatrends
P. 3

Q#2: What are the global trends that shape governments around
the world?
P. 4(World Government Summit, 2017)

Q#1: Global Mega Trend #1 Growing
Demographics
P. 5

Global Mega Trend #1 Growing Demographics
P. 6

Quiz .
How many Babies were born in the world while we were singing the
“Mars Revolusi Mental?”
P. 7

Global Birth Rate
P. 8
• The UNICEF estimates that an
average of 353,000 babies are
born each day around the
world. The crude birth rate is
18.9 births per 1,000
population or 255 births
globally per minute or 4.3
births every second (as of Dec.
Jun 13, 2014)

Answer to Quiz 1:
The duration of Song “Mars Revolusi Mental” is 1.37” (1 minutes and
37 seconds = 97 seconds in total)
If the estimated birth rate is 4.3 every second, that means:
417
Babies are just born while we are singing the song
P. 9

© 2007 Center for Creative Leadership. All rights reserved.Center for Creative Leadership
P. 10

P. 11
Demands
To Bridge Gap and Increase
Capability
Global IT Industry ‘giant system
integrator’ such as Electronic Data
System (EDS), IBM-Accenture, Cap
Gemini-Ernst and Young, Lockheed
Martin, etc.

P. 12
Demands

Global Mega Trend #2 Empowered Individual
P. 13

Global Mega Trend #2 Empowered Individual
P. 14
Ensure all strata of society
are

Global Mega Trend #3 Advancement of
Technology
P. 15

Global Mega Trend #4 Interconnected Global
Economy
P. 16

Economy
P. 17

Economy
P. 18
Highly
Skilled
Labor
Global
Capital
Flows
Innovation

Global Mega Trend #5 Increasing Public Debt
P. 19

Global Mega Trend #5 Increasing Public Debt
P. 20

Global Mega Trend #6 Emerging Economies
P. 21

Global Mega Trend #6 Emerging Economies
P. 22

Global Mega Trend #7 The Impact Climate
Change
P. 23

Global Mega Trend # 7 The Impact Climate
Change
P. 24

Global Mega Trend #8 Resources Scarcity
P. 25

P. 26

P. 27

Global Mega Trend #9 Urbanization
P. 28

Global Mega Trend #9 Urbanization
P. 29

P. 30

P. 31
1. Are We Ready to Face these
Global Pressures on
Government?
1. Do We Have System in Place
to Overcome the Challenges?
1. Do we have the Right
“Mentality” to Perceive these
Global Challenges as
Inevitable Practices of Global
Governance?
Reflective Questions:

Q#2: What kind of paradigm shift we need to address
the global trends?
From “Silo-Closed Govt” To “Open Government”
P. 32

Q#3a: Digital Government/e-government?
What? (Terminologies)
• The terminologies used in the field could be different across the
globe (i.e. Context of Governance System and focuses)
• OECD: The term "e-government" focuses on the use of new
information and communication technologies (ICTs) by
governments as applied to the full range of government functions.
In particular, the networking potential offered by the Internet and
related technologies has the potential to transform the structures
and operation of government.
• USA: E-Government refers to the delivery of government
information and services online through the Internet and other
digital means

Terminologies: e-government (cont’d)
• New Zealand: E-Government is a way for government to
use the new technology to provide people with more
convenient access to government information and
services, to improve the quality of the services and to
provide greater opportunities to participate in our
democratic institutions and processes.
• Malaysia: E-Government offers a collaborative and
integrated environment not just for enhanced internal
operations but more significantly for a heightened level of
government services through a variety of electronic
delivery channels thereby providing convenience to
citizens and business.
• Australia: E-Government refers to the delivery of
government information and services through the ICT

• Indonesia: ?
“E-Government adalah aplikasi teknologi informasi yang berbasis
internet dan perangkat digital lainnya yang dikelola oleh pemerintah
untuk keperluan penyampaian informasi dari pemerintah ke
masyarakat, mitra bisnis, pegawai, badan usaha, dan lembaga-lembaga
lainnya secara online.”

Summary of e- govt terminology
• New interaction mechanism between the
government and stake holders
• It aims to improve the quality of government
service
• It involves the use of IT
P. 36

Q#3b: Digital Governance?: Why?
• The environment in which governments operate has
become increasingly unstable, calling for flexibility and
adaptation skills on the part of bureaucrats and
administrators in the public sector. The “stable and slow
changing environment” that suited traditional public
bureaucracies has been subjected to huge
transformations.
• These turbulent changes have influenced bureaucracies
in different ways, such that they now appear to be
characterized by the increasing need for information
about the environment. They need to gather such
information and respond on the basis of it.
P. 37

• The globalization and internationalization of business
require public agencies to redefine their boundaries and
cooperate across boundaries. Organizations must cope
with uncertainty and manage it well if they want to be
“effective, efficient, inclusive, accountable, and
sustainable service”
• Uncertainty increases the risk of failure of an
organization’s response and makes it difficult to
compute the costs and probabilities associated with
alternative decisions.
P. 38

• The globalization and internationalization of business
require public agencies to redefine their boundaries and
cooperate across boundaries. Organizations must cope
with uncertainty and manage it well if they want to be
“effective, efficient, inclusive, accountable, and
sustainable service”
• Uncertainty increases the risk of failure of an
organization’s response and makes it difficult to
compute the costs and probabilities associated with
alternative decisions.
P. 39

• There is a growing shortage of public resources, which is
leading to the rethinking of service delivery, the ways
organizations function, and the degree of efficiency of
the whole system. Organizations are preoccupied with
the lack of material and financial resources and with the
need to ensure the availability of these resources.
• Pressure from citizens is growing regarding the quality
of services provided, combined with the widespread
perception of inefficiency and backwardness of the
public sector as a whole
P. 40

Q#3c: Digital Governance?: How?
• Supra-structure
• Infrastructure
• Implementation

Supra-structure
• What system (Law, Regulations, Policies) do we have in place that
enforces e-govt?
- Inpres nomor 3 Tahun 2003 (Kebijakan & Stra.Nas e-govt)
- UU No.11 Th.2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU
ITE)
- UU No.14 Th.2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik (UU KIP)
- What else?
• Are they enough? Implementable?
• What else do we need?
• What we need to learn from Australian Government ?

Infrastructure
• What facilities do we need to implement e-govt?
• What do we have in place today?
• What strategies do we have to advocate budgeting for the
infrastructure? (Data-driven Strategies?)
• Timeline? (Strategic Planning that requires multi year budgeting?)
• What we need to learn from other countries?

Implementation
Types:
• Government to Citizens (G2C)
• Government to Business (G2B)
• Government to Government (G2G)
• Government to Employee (G2E)

Type 1: Government to Citizen (G2C)
• Connecting the government with citizens
• Aims at improving the quality of interaction between the
government and the citizens
• Example: Government, SIMTAP*
(see the example)
P. 45

Type 2: Government to Business (G2B)
• Connecting Government to business, aims at improving
the quality of business relation between government and
the private/business sectors (e-procurement, investment
services)
P. 46

Type 3: Government to Government (G2G)
• Horizontal connection among government institutions
(inter-connected govt Institutions); Aims at accelerating
transaction of data between govt. (e.g. sistem cekal
depkumham, Interpol System, LAN intra- connection in
one organisation)
P. 47

Type 4: Government to Employee (G2E)
• Vertical connection between the organisation and the
employees; aims at speeding up the spread of
information in organisation. (e.g. Employment system,
payroll system, etc)
P. 48

Phases of Implementation
• Emerging:
• Government has its website but has no integration system among its
sub organisations.
• Very basic data and limited information available (e.g. Kab
Sangihe)
Enhanced:
• At this phase, more data is available on the web, more integrated system
• The content is frequently up dated (regular based)
• Interactive:
• Public/citizens are able to download/upload files
• Public are able to have direct interaction with govt.
(e.g…….)
P. 49

Phases of Implementation
• Transactional:
• The users can do business/ financial transaction on line (e.g. ezyreg)
Seamless:
Integration of all electronic services among administrative boundaries
and departments (centerlink SA)
P. 50

Implementation Strategies
• Develop a high quality, reliable, affordable and readily accessible
government service system
• Develop a holistic management system and business process from
central government to local government (in all layers)
• Optimum use of IT
• Enhance the roles of private/business sectors through Public Private
Partnership in order to improve the IT Industry development.
P. 51

Implementation Strategies
• Develop and improve the quality of Human Resources in
Government Institutions (ICT Workforces Planning? ICT
Capabilities or ICT Skills Framework? Skill Assessment?
• Educate public/citizen and improve public
• Implement a systematic development through realistic and
measurable process/phases (Strategic Planning (ICT Strategy, e-govt
Strategic Planning)
P. 52

Reflective Q:
• Can we Map out the current e-Govt practices based on the types?
• What are the challenges do we face in the implementation phase?
• What are the opportunities that can be used to facilitate better
implementation?
• What we need to learn from other countries?
P. 53

P. 54
Further Discussion: bawulang.tomy@gmail.com

Digital Governance: Shaping Government for Global Trends

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Digital Governance: Shaping Government for Global Trends