1. Main Headquarters: 120 Water Street, Suite 350, North Andover, MA 01845 With offices in: NY, ME, TX, CA, OR www.ers-inc.com
TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENABLING DEMAND
RESPONSE OR KW REDUCTION
Gary Epstein
ENERGY & RESOURCE SOLUTIONS

2.  Participant Facility Needs
 Technology Options
 Efficiency vs. Demand Control Technologies
 Permanent vs. Short Duration kW Reductions
 What Can and Can’t Be Done
 Determination of kW and Facility Impacts
DEMAND RESPONSE CONSIDERATIONS

3.  Energy Efficiency Technologies
 Information and Reporting Systems
 Metering Systems
 Direct Load Control
 Backup Generation
 Distributed Generation
 Energy Management System Load Control
 Smart Load Control Systems
 Lighting Technology Options
 Load Shifting Technologies
ENABLING TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGIES
 Many (Most) Energy Efficiency Technologies
Also Have Demand Reductions
 Permanent Demand Reductions
 Measures Observed Through DR Programs
 Lighting Efficiency and Control
 Chiller Plant Upgrades
 EMS or BAS System Installation
 Process Measures
 Compressed Air Measures
 VFD for Short Duration Curtailment

5. INFORMATION AND REPORTING TECHNOLOGIES
 Real-Time and Day-After Access to Load
Data
 Online Access is Increasingly Popular –
Customers report that they find the data
useful for achieving load reduction and
educating senior management.
 Baseline Data
 Aggregation Data for Multiple Sites
 Load Curtailment Notification
 Phone, Fax, Pager, Email

6. DIRECT LOAD CONTROL
 Traditionally Focused on Residential Sector
 DHW, Pool Pumps, AC
 Many New Approaches for C&I Sector
 Central Control of Multi-Facility Customers
 Remote EMS Control of Sites
 Programmable, Direct Load Control
Thermostats
 Direct Load Control Switches: AC, Electric
Heat, Etc.

7. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
 Backup Generation Systems
 Assessment of Load Applicability During
Curtailment is Critical
 Environmental Requirements are Similarly
Critical
 Diesel Generators
 Steam Turbine DG
 MicroTurbine Systems
 Renewable Technologies
 Fuel Cells
 Photovoltaics

8.  Local Scheduling Controllers
 Typically Address HVAC and Lighting
 Many Energy Management Systems have Demand Control Features
 Programmed Scheduling
 Demand Limiting
 Duty Cycling
 Generally, EMS Systems Schedule (Turn Off) Predetermined Groups
of Equipment
 Challenges or Limitations
 Demand Control Can Conflict with Control Rules
 Rules Based Logic Can Limit Certain Demand Control
Effectiveness
CENTRAL AND FOCUSED ENERGY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS FOR DEMAND CONTROL

9.  Systems are Dedicated to Demand Control
 Do Not Have Standard BAS or EMS Functionality
 Continually Monitor Facility kW
 Single or Multiple Meters
 Smart Algorithm Continually Forecasts Average kW
During Specified Period (e.g.: 15 or 30 minute period)
 Smart Duty Cycling Routine is Used to Modulate or
Turn Off End Use Equipment to Avoid Reaching
Threshold kW Levels
SMART DEMAND CONTROL WITH KW FORECASTING

10.  Effectively, a Smart Building Automation
System that Progressively Learns Best
Operation of Building Systems
 Use Neural Net (Adaptive Learning)
Computational Methodologies
 Ideally Suited for Full BAS System Operation
 Excellent Demand Control Features
 But: Control Functionality Seems Like a Black
Box to Many Facility Managers, Who Have
Been Slow to Adopt this Technology
SMART DEMAND CONTROL: NEURAL NET
TECHNOLOGY (AI)

11.  kW Impacts with Lighting Efficiency Technologies and
Occupancy Sensors
 Scheduling with Lighting Control Panels
 Direct Addressable Lighting Systems (DALI, etc.)
 Multi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
 Load Shedding Ballasts
 Power Reducing or Current Limiting Devices ???
DEMAND CONTROL WITH LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES

12.  Load Shifting
 Thermal Storage
 Off-Peak Operations for Industrial Facilities
 Fuel Switching Technologies
 Absorption Chillers
 Steam Turbine Chillers
 Engine-Driven Chillers
 Engine-Driven Compressors
LOAD SHIFTING/FUEL SWITCHING TECHNOLOGIES

13.  Turning Off or Scheduling Certain
Systems Can Have Effects on Other
Building Systems
 Particularly True of HVAC Equipment
 Approaches for Determining kW Impact
 Spreadsheet Modeling
 Addressing Interactive Effects May Require
Building Simulation or Other Complex
Analysis
DETERMINATION OF KW IMPACTS

14.  Does DR Approach Have an Impact on Space Conditions
 Space Temperatures and Humidity
 Ventilation
 Illumination Levels
 Safety Issues
 Approaches for Estimating Impact
 Duration of Impact and Recovery Period
 Communications with Customer
UNDERSTANDING IMPACTS ON SPACE CONDITIONS