The document discusses chemical reactors and their key qualities. Reactors are vessels where biotechnological processes occur and are important industrial components. Good reactors have high productive capacity through increased size but also face challenges at large sizes. They are more efficient with high operation intensity, minimum power consumption, easy control, and low production costs. Reactors can be batch, continuous, mixed-flow, or plug-flow. Continuous reactors allow constant addition/removal of materials and cells for long-term operation. Enzymes can be immobilized using adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, or membrane confinement to facilitate reuse and control.

1. REACTORS
Lecture

2. Introduction
Almost all industrial processes contain three
operation levels.
What does chemical reactor design means ?
Unit
operation
(cleaning )
Chemical
reactor
Unit
operation
(separation)
Raw
material
Product

3. Reactors
• Vessels in which the biotechnological
processes are conducted
• The most important component in the
industrial
• There are the upstream units
• There are also the downstream units

4. Quality of good Reactors
• High productive capacity
– Depends on output which is expressed
by quantity of raw material consumed
per unit time or the quantity of product
obtained per unit time.
– Output can be increased by increasing
the size of the reactor,

5. Quality of good Reactors
• There are problems associated with the big
size
– Stress on the material of the reactor or
strength of the material
– Mixing of raw material
– Space to place it

6. Quality of good Reactors
• However, the big size reactor has some
advantages
– Reduces cost of production
– Reduces time
– Reduces labour of production

7. Quality of good Reactors
• High operation intensity
– Is the ratio of production capacity to a
production parameter (time or quantity)
– Entails
– High product yield
– Maximum selectivity in multiple product
so that the condition will favour the
desired product

8. Quality of good Reactors
• Minimum power consumption
– As low as possible
– Power is used for mixing, maintaining
temperature, refrigeration, etc.

9. Quality of good Reactors
• Easy to control
– To reduce accidents
– Should be automated
– Reduces personnel number

10. Quality of good Reactors
• Cheap or low cost of production
– Material of the reactor should be cheap
– Running cost should be low

11. • Batch reactor
• Continuous reactor
Types of reactors

12. Types of reactors
1.Batch- uniform
composition
everywhere in
reactor but changes
with time
Semi batch- in semi-
batch one reactant
will be added when
reaction will proceed

13. Types of reactors
2. Continuous reactor
a. Mixed flow- this is
uniformly mixed ,
same composition
everywhere, within
the reactor and at exit
b.Plug flow- flow of fluid
through reactor with
order so that only
lateral mixing is
possible.

14. • Continuous reactors,
• Fresh media is continuously added and
bioreactor fluid is continuously removed.
• Cells continuously receive fresh medium and
products and waste products and cells are
continuously removed for processing.
• The reactor can thus be operated for long periods
of time without having to be shut down.
• Many times more productive than batch
reactors.
Types of reactors

15. • Continuous reactors,
• the growth rate of the bacteria in the reactor
can be more easily controlled and optimized
• cells can also be immobilized in continuous
reactors, to prevent their removal.
Types of reactors

16. A continuous-culture
laboratory setup
medium
Products,
cells

17. IMMOBILISING ENZYMES

18. Immobilized enzyme
• enzyme attached to an inert, insoluble
material such as calcium alginate
• provides increased resistance to changes in
conditions such as pH or temperature
• allows enzymes to be held in place throughout
the reaction,

19. Immobilized enzyme
• easily separated from the products and may
be used again
• a very efficient process
• widely used in industry for enzyme catalysed
reactions
• An alternative to enzyme immobilization is
whole cell immobilization

20. • There are four principal methods available
for immobilising enzymes:
• adsorption
• covalent binding
• entrapment
• membrane confinement
Methods of immobilization

21. Methods of immobilization
a. E non-covalently
adsorbed to an
insoluble particle

22. Methods of immobilization
b. E covalently attached
to an insoluble particle

23. Methods of immobilization
c. E entrapped within an
insoluble particle
(cross-linked polymer)

24. Methods of immobilization
d. E confined within a
semipermeable
membrane