STPM Form 6 Biology Animal Organs and Tissues

3. Epithelial Nerve Muscle Connective
• Protective • Coordination of • Body motility • Tissue
barrier body functions • Contract and adhesion
• Skin • Transmit nerve Relaxes to • Organ
• Alimentary impulse allow attachment
canals movements • Extracellular
• Blood vessels matrix
• Ducts • Fill spaces
• Protect and
Cushion organs
• Mechanical
support

7. a) Form external surfaces of the body
b) Closely packed – Adhesion Junctions, Tight
Junctions, Gap Junctions
c) Apical surface – exposed to external environment
d) Basolateral surface – exposed to internal environment
e) Attached to basement membrane – Matrix of
Glycoprotein and Collagen Fibres (Connective Tissues)

11. Thin
Flat
Attached to
basement
membrane
Blood capillary
Alveoli walls
Mouth cavity

16. Lining kidney tubules, salivary ducts, pancreatic
ducts
Secretion, excretion, and absorption
Associated with goblet cells for secretion

22. This is a respiratory epithelium being found in
such places as the nasal septum, trachea, and
bronchi.
Trap and move "pollutants" to the mouth where
they are swallowed.
Single layered, appreared to be multi-layered
due to arrangement of nuclei

25. Protective.
The multiple layers are too thick for efficient
transport of materials (neither secretory or
absorptive).
The innermost layer continually produces cells
(via mitosis) to replace those lost from the outer
surface.

28. Sweat ducts

29. Salivary glands
Eye
Pharynx
Uterus
Urethra
Vas deferens

30. Layered cells
Able to modify shapes under different
conditions
Ureters and Bladders
Allow stretching
Prevent urine from flowing out to surrounding
tissues

44. • Nucleus plus cytoplasm
Cell body • Mitochondria
• Nissls’s granules – ER and polyribosomes for Protein synthesis
Dendrons • Branches - dendrites
• Conduct impulses towards cell body
Axon • Conduct impulses away from cell body
Neuroglia • Supporting cells which provide nutrients and oxygen
• Schwann cells – Form myelin sheath

51. i. Antagonistic pairs
ii. Attached to bones by tendons
iii. Multinucleated (syncytium)
iv. Striated
v. Form Muscle Bundles
vi. Each muscle fibre is surrounded by
connective tissue called
endomysium

56. •Uninucleated
•Striated
•Branched
•Have intercalary
disc

63. Support and protection as internal framework.
Provides system of levers with which the
skeletal muscles work to move the body.
Bones store lipids and minerals (Ca & P).
Muscle attachment for motility
Site for hematopoiesis (blood cell formation).

64. 206 bones in the adult skeleton

66. Living tissue
Hard
Rigid
Strong
Light

67. • Relatively heavy
Compact • Dense
bone • Strong
• Long bone
• Less dense
Spongy • Much lighter
bone • Growing bone
• Ends of long bone

68. 30% Collagen and
Glycoprotein fibers
70% inorganic –
Calcium
hydroxyapatite
crystals
Magnesium
Sodium
Hydrogen carbonate
Chloride ions

69. Cylindrical structure of the bone
Called osteon
Secrete bone matrix and ground substances

70. Haversian Canal
1 artery
1 vein
1 lymph vessel
Nerve fibres
Lamellae
Concentric circles
surrounding
Haversian Canal

74. Bone lamellae
Surrounding Haversian
canal
Lacunae
Fluid filling spaces
between lamellae
Bone cells –
osteoblasts are found
here

75. Canaliculi
Fine vessels of
cytoplasmic strains
connecting lacunae
and Haversian canal
Connecting each
other
Supply lacunae with
blood
Volkman canal
Connects 2 Haversian
canal together

82. • Mature lacunae Osteoblast • Stimulated when
• Produce cytoplasmic excessive bone
extension into canaliculi
• Stimulated substances present
• Interconnected with other
osteocytes when extra • Reabsorb bone
• Allow for exchange of
bone substances matrix
materials • Digest old bone
is needed
cells
Osteocytes • Form new bones
Osteoclast

84. Hyaline Yellow Elastic White Fibrous
• Trachea • Pinna • Ligamentous
• Bronchi • Epiglottis capsules
• Skeleton of surrounding
cartilageous joints
fish – shark • Intervertebral
and ray discs
• Symphysis
pubis

86. Cartilage matrix
Chondroitin
sulphate
Secreted by
chondroblasts
Protein-
carbohydrate
conjugated with
sulphur
No blood vessels
Diffusion of
nutrients and
gases

87. Chondrocytes
Formed from
chondroblasts
Submerged in
small spaces filled
with fluid matrix
Enclosed in
lacunae
surrounded by
capsule

88. Perichondrion
Fibrous membrane
surrounding cartilage
Supply new chondroblasts
for maintenance of
torn/damaged cartilage
Contain blood vessels
Allow diffusion of oxygen
and nutrients to
chondrocytes

90. Clear
Smooth
Glassy
Hard
Collagen fibre
network
meshwork
Strong but elastic

91. Liquid connective tissue
About 5 L in adults

92. 90% water Buffer
6 – 8 % plasma protein Clotting (Fibrinogen & Protrombin)
Transport proteins –
55% Plasma 1% Food
cholesterol, Vitamins, Hormones, Iron, Antibodies
Variable enzymes and Hormones
Blood
Variable excretory products
RBC
45% Blood cells
WBC

93. Biconcave
No nucleus
Erythrocytes
Destroyed in
spleen
4 months
Bone Marrow
Granulocyte
Leucocytes
Agranulocytes
Platelets