Unraveling Hypertext_ Analyzing Postmodern Elements in Literature.pptx
Biology sol review 2014
1. Biology SOL Review
A General Overview
Created by Rhonda Taylor,
Menchville High School
2014
2.
3. Water: Polarity
• Caused by unequal sharing
of electrons
• H end is more positively
charged & O end is more
negatively charged
• Causes water to be a good
solvent (dissolver)
• Creates Hydrogen bonds
4. Water: Hydrogen Bonds
• Attraction between the
positive H of one water
molecules & the
negative O of another
water molecule
• Weak bond
• Breaks & reforms easily
5. Other Water Properties
• Cohesion – water bonds to water
• Adhesion – water bonds to other
• Neutral – pH of 7
• Surface Tension – cohesion, adhesion &
H bonds resistance to breakage
• High Heat Capacity – absorbs a lot of
heat before getting hot & takes a long
time to lose heat
6. pH Scale
• Shows how Acidic or Basic (Alkaline) something is
• Acids: pH 0 – 6.9
• Bases: pH 7.1 – 14
• Neutral: pH 7
7. Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
• Builds carb molecules
• Used by cells for energy
• C-H-O in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Ex: Glucose C6H12O6
Disaccharides
• 2 Monosaccharides
bonded together
• Ex:
Sucrose (table sugar)
(glucose + fructose)
Polysaccharides
• 3+ monosaccharides bonded together
• Used for long term storage of carbs
• Ex: Starch (plants) & Glycogen
(animals)
8. Lipids
• Fatty Acids are the
building blocks • Examples:
Phospholipids, Cholesterol,
Fats, Waxes & Oils
• Used by the body
for:
Long Term Energy
Storage
Building Cell Membrane
Insulation Lubrication
9. Proteins
• Made from 20 different Amino Acids
• Functions:
- Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions
- Fight Disease (antibodies)
- Build Structures (muscles, hemoglobin)
• Polypeptides – many amino acids bonded
together = a Protein Molecule
10. Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides are the
building blocks
• Examples include:
DNA & RNA
• Carry genetic code and
code for building
proteins
12. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Pro no!
(Prokaryotic Cells do NOT have a nucleus)
Smaller in size, more primitive,
EX: Bacteria
• Eu do!
(Eukaryotic Cells DO have a nucleus)
Generally larger in size, & contain
complex membrane bound organelles,
EX: Plant, Animal, Fungi & Protist Cells
13. Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
PlantCells
• Eukaryotic
• Boxy Shape
• Have a Cell Wall
• Have Chloroplasts
• Have Chlorophyll
• 1 Large Vacuole
• NO Centrioles
Animal Cells
• Eukaryotic
• Rounder Shape
• NO Cell Wall
• NO Chloroplasts
• NO Chlorophyll
• 1 or more smaller Vacuoles
• Have Centrioles
14. Cell Organelles
Cell Organelle Function
Nucleus (like the Brain) Controls Functions; DNA is
here
Cytoplasm (Jelly Like Fluid) Organelles found floating
around in this; Chemical
Reactions happen here
Mitochondria (Powerhouse) Creates ATP; Site of Cell
Respiration
Ribsomes (Little Dots) Site of Protein Synthesis;
Made of rRNA
Chloroplast (Green) Site of Photosynthesis
Cell Membrane Regulates what enters &
leaves
Cell Wall Rigid outer structure for
support & protection
15. Cell Membrane
• Semi-permeable
• Phospholipid Bilayer
• Protein Channels
• Regulates the materials
that enter and exit the
cell
• Diffusion
and
Osmosis
occur thru
16. Diffusion
• Movement of substances (sugar, salt, ions,
oxygen, amino acids, wastes, etc) through the cell
membrane from higher to lower concentration
17. Osmosis
• The movement of water through a semi-permeable
membrane from higher water concentration to lower
water concentration.
Importance to Living Things:
• Carries nutrient rich liquid into cells
• Balances pressure & concentration
• Helps expel wastes
• Needed by plants to absorb water from soil
18. Photosynthesis
• Carried out by
plants, some
varieties of
protists and some
types of bacteria
• Occurs in the
chloroplasts
• Chlorophyll is
green pigment
that traps light
energy
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight C6H12O6 + O2
19. Cellular Respiration
• Carried out by all
living things
• Occurs in the
Mitochondria
• ATP is created
which is the energy
molecule used by
cells to do work
O2 + C6H12O6 H2O + CO2 + ATP (energy)
21. DNA vs RNA
• Deoxyribose
sugar
• Thymine
• Double Strand
• Double Helix
• Contains code
for building
Proteins
• Found in the
nucleus
• Ribose sugar
• Uracil
• Single Strand
• 3 Types:
mRNA,
rRNA, tRNA
• Makes
copies of
proteins
22. DNA Technology
• Human Genome Project – mapping all human
genes on each of our 46 chromosomes
• Detection & prevention of genetic disorders &
diseases
• Advances in Genetic Engineering (insulin, disease
resistant fruits & vegetables, medicine)
• Eugenics – the practice of improving the genetics
of the human race
• Cloning – producing genetically identical
individuals
• Forensics – using DNA evidence for identification
purposes
24. Genes: Dominant vs Recessive
Dominant Genes
• Produces the Dominant
Phenotype whether it’s
allele is identical or not.
Recessive Genes
• Will only produce the
Recessive Phenotype if both
alleles are Recessive.
28. Transcription
• RNA Polymerase enzyme unzips DNA
• mRNA makes a copy of the DNA code for
building a protein
Inside the
Nucleus of
the cell
where
DNA is
located
29. Translation
• mRNA takes the DNA’s protein code to the
Ribosome in the cytoplasm
• tRNA brings in the Amino Acids to build the
Protein
Start codons &
Stop codons
tell the RNA
where to begin
& end when
building a
Protein
30. Protein Structure & Function in the Body
• Involved in virtually all cell functions
• Each protein has a specific role.
• Constructed from 20 types of amino acids
• Have a distinct 3-D shape (Lock & Key Model)
• If shape is altered (Denatured), it won’t
function
Proteins build many structures
in our bodies…
33. Darwin
• Developed the
Theory of Evolution
• Traveled to
Galapagos Islands
on HMS Beagle
• Wrote book: On the
Origin of the
Species
• Found evidence for
Evolution with
Finches/Beaks
34. Natural vs Artificial Selection
Natural Selection
• Gradual process where
traits become more or less
common in a population
based on their usefulness to
survival
• A basic mechanism of
evolution, along with
mutation, migration and
genetic drift
Artificial Selection
• Process where humans
purposely breed or
engineer certain traits into
populations
35. Common Ancestry
• Common
descent could
provide a logical
basis for
classification
• Common
ancestry
between
organisms of
different species
arises during
speciation
38. Taxa
Taxonomy is the science of
defining groups of biological
organisms on the basis of shared
characteristics and giving names
to those groups.
There are 7 groups or
Taxa for classifying
organisms.
42. Viruses
• Nonliving particles
• Made of a protein coat that surrounds DNA or
RNA (nucleic acid)
• Can only reproduce within Host Cells
• Lytic Cycle- kills host cell
• Lysogenic Cycle – creates a Prophage by
putting viral DNA into the Host cell’s DNA;
Virus stays dormant for years eventually
causing disease later
43. Example of a Bacteriophage Virus attacking a Bacteria
Cell…
44. Bacteria
Eubacteria
• Cell wall with Peptidoglycan
• Found everywhere – very
common
• Examples: E.Coli,
Salmonella, Staphylococcus
aureus
Archaebacteria
• Cell wall NO Peptidoglycan
• Live in extreme or harsh
environments (high
temperatures, sulfur,
volcanoes, no oxygen, salt)
• Examples: Methanogens,
Halophiles, Thermophiles
Both share common
shapes: Coccus, Bacillus,
Spirillus
Both share common arrangements: diplo, staphylo, strepto
45. Protists
• Plant-Like, Animal-Like & Fungus-Like
• Move using pseudopods, flagella or cilia
• Some don’t move at all
• Some are autotrophs & other heterotrophs
• Examples: Algae, Amoebas, Diatoms,
Dinoflagellates
• Can cause disease and red tides
46. Fungi
• Some unicellular = yeast = used in baking
• Some multicellular = mushroom, mold
• Decomposers
• Can cause disease – athletes foot, jock itch,
ringworm
• Reproduce Asexually (budding & spores) or
Sexually (Gametangium)
• Mutualistic Symbiotic Relationship with plant
roots = Mycorrhiza Fungi
48. General Plant Characteristics
• All Multicellular
• Autotrophs (producers)
• Have Roots, Stems & Leaves
• Cell Walls made of Cellulose
49. Non-Vascular vs Vascular
Non-Vascular
• No veins (Phloem & Zylem)
• Low growing plants
• Likes shady, moist areas
• Ex: Mosses
Vascular
• Have Veins (Phloem & Xylem)
• Includes Gymnosperms &
Angiosperms
• Ex: Trees, Grass
50. Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms
Angiosperms
• Cone bearing plants
• Seeds produced in cones
• Ex: Pine Tree, Fir Tree
Gymnosperms
• Flower producing plants
• Seeds produced in a fruit or
nut
• Can be Monocot or Dicot
• Ex: Squash, Grass, Peanuts
51. 1. Photosynthesis
2. Transpiration: Loss of water through leaves
3. Gas Exchange: take in carbon dioxide and
release oxygen through the stomata
Processes of a Leaf
52. • Chloroplasts contain Chlorophyll, the green
pigment that traps light energy
Chloroplasts & Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water → sugar + oxygen
light
CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
light
53.
54. Energy Flow
• Energy flows in one direction
• Energy on Earth comes from the sun
• Food Chains & Food Webs show how Energy
Flows in an Ecosystem
Food Chain Example:
55. Food Web: Arrows show the direction of energy flow.
Autotrophs Herbivores Carnivores Top Carnivores
56. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
Both organisms
benefit
1 organism benefits
but 1 organism is
neither harmed nor
benefits
1 organism benefits
but 1 organism is
harmed
57. Succession
Predictable changes to a community over time.
Primary Succession: Brand
new community forms – EX:
new land created from a lava
flow or earthquake
Secondary Succession:
Community starts over after a
natural disaster destroys an
existing community
58. Other Ecological Concepts
Niche
• The role an organism plays
in its community
• No two organisms can
occupy the same niche
• Examples:
- Oak tree provides habitat
- Honey Bees pollinate
flowers
- Worms provide food for
Robins
- Termite Queen lays eggs for
hive
Limiting Factors
• Controls the growth of
organisms
• Can be Biotic, such as:
Predation, Disease, Starvation,
Competition
• Can be Abiotic, such as:
• Habitat loss, Natural
Disasters, Temperature,
Drought
59. Populations
• Carrying Capacity (K) –
represents the
population number of
individuals the
environment can
support
• J-Curve & S-Curve
Graphs
• Initial Growth,
Exponential Growth,
Steady State, Decline,
Extinction or Absence
60.
61. Determining Variables
Independent Variable –
The condition you have control
over changing – you decide the
conditions
Dependent Variable –
The condition that changes as a
result of the Independent
variable
In a data table, the Independent
Variable is usually the first column!
In a data table, the Dependent Variable
is usually the second column!
On a graph, the Dependent Variable
is on the Y-Axis!
On a graph, the Independent
Variable is on the X-Axis!
63. General Animal
Characteristics
• All Multicellular
• All Heterotrophic
• All are capable of movement at some point
• Reproduce: Sperm + Egg = Zygote
• Zygote grows into Blastula & Gastrula
• Gastrula produces layers: Ectoderm,
Mesoderm & Endoderm
• Layers develop into organ systems
66. Adaptations
• Ectothermic – must get heat from environment
• Endothermic – can produce their own body heat
• Mammary Glands - milk for babies
• Amniotic Egg – has a protective shell
