Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs demonstrated a conditioned reflex. He found that dogs would salivate when they heard a bell, even if no food was present, because Pavlov had previously rung a bell each time he fed them. A reflex arc involves a receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, and effector organ.

1. All reflexes are characterized by a reflex arc, which includes the following five things: i.
Receptor - detects stimulus and initiates transduction to action potentials ii. Afferent pathway - a
specific sensory neuron from the receptor to the CNS iii. Integrating center in specific part(s) of
CNS I Spinal cord or brain stem for simple (basic) reflexes II Brain, including specifically the
cortex, for conditioned reflexes iv. Efferent pathway - somatic or autonomic NS v. Effector
organ A famous example of a conditioned reflex is that of the scientist Ivan Pavlov and his dogs.
He noticed that dogs tended to salivate upon the sight of food, before they actually had the food
in their mouths. He termed this phenomenon "psychic secretion". He carried out a long series of
experiments in which he manipulated the stimuli occurring before the presentation of food and
observed the salivary output. When he simultaneously rang a bell and presented the food, the
dogs learned to associate the ringing of the bell with the presentation of food. Eventually, the
dogs salivated when the bell was run even if no food was presented. Thus, Pavlov defined a
"conditioned reflex" as one that occurs conditionally upon specific, repeated previous
experiences of the animal. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system. Identify with as much specificity as you can
the five parts of the reflex arc for the example of the conditioned reflex in Pavlov's dogs.