Running head ASSIGNMENT TITLE HERE 12ASSI.docx

Running head: ASSIGNMENT TITLE HERE
1
2
ASSIGNMENT TITLE HERE
Classroom Management Strategies
Student A. Sample
Grand Canyon University: <Course>
<Date>
<Note: Even though APA does not require the
date on a title page, it is a requirement for GCU papers.>
Part 1: Classroom Management Matrix
Disability Category
Strategies to Motivate and Engage Students
Learning Disability (LD)
Emotional Behavioral Disability (EBD)
Intellectual Disability (ID)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Physical Disability (PD)
Other Health Impairment (OHI)
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)
Orthopedic Impairment (OI)
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Part 2: Strategies Rationale
References
© 2019. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
1
Assessing the Relationship Between Illegal Immigration, Drug
Trafficking, and an Open Border.
Dissertation Proposal
Submitted to Northcentral University

School of Business
in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
by
HIBA AL MEHDI
San Deigo, California
September 2022
Acknowledgments Comment by Northcentral University: You
may include an optional acknowledgements page in normal
paragraph format in the dissertation manuscript. Do not include

such a page in the dissertation proposal.
The word Acknowledgements should be centered, bolded, and
begin on its own page.
Begin writing here…
Table of Contents Comment by Northcentral University: Use
the Table of Contents feature in Word. For additional
information on creating a table of contents, click here.
For information on updating the table of contents, click here,
and for video resources from the Academic Success Center on
formatting the table of contents, click here.
Do not manually add headings into the Table of Contents. The
headings in the table of contents are populated from the Styles
gallery using the APA Level 1 and Heading 2 styles.
Only include APA heading levels 1 and 2 in the table of
contents. Use the Heading 2 style from the Styles gallery to add
level two headings in the document. Update the table of
contents to reflect any new level 2 headings added to document.
Comment by Northcentral University: For Academic
Success Center resources on formatting the table of contents,
click here. For assistance, use the videos in the Tables and
Headers tab and handouts in the Format tab. Comment by
Northcentral University: Ensure the headings in the table of
contents match those in the document. Please note the place
holders are included in this table of contents:
“XXX” under Chapter 2 must be replaced with the themes
generated from the integrative critical review of the literature.
If your study is qualitative, “Operational Definitions of
Variables” under Chapter 3 must be deleted.

“XXX” under Chapter 4 must be replaced with
“Trustworthiness” for a qualitative study, “Validity and
Reliability” for a quantitative study, and
“Trustworthiness/Validity and Reliability” for a mixed methods
study.
The number of research questions listed under Chapter 4
must align with the number of research questions in your study.
Under Appendices, each “XXX” must be replaced with the
titles of the appendix.
Chapter 1: Introduction1
Statement of the Problem3
Purpose of the Study4
Introduction to Theoretical Framework 5
Introduction to Research Methodology and Design6
Research Questions9
Significance of the Study10
Definitions of Key Terms10
Summary11
Chapter 2: Literature Review12
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework 12
Subtopic 13
Summary13
Chapter 3: Research Method15
Research Methodology and Design15
Population and Sample15
Materials or Instrumentation16
Operational Definitions of Variables 17
Study Procedures18
Data Analysis18
Assumptions19
Limitations19
Delimitations19
Ethical Assurances20

Summary20
Chapter 4: Findings21
XXX of the Data21
Results22
Evaluation of the Findings23
Summary23
Chapter 5: Implications, Recommendations, and Conclusions24
Implications24
Recommendations for Practice25
Recommendations for Future Research25
Conclusions25
References27
Appendix A Cross-border drug trafficking cases nearly doubled
in four years -E.U. Agency.31
Appendix B Biden's Open Border Is Fueling the 'Deadliest Drug
Epidemic in U.S. History.32
Appendix C32
Cross-border drug trafficking cases nearly doubled in four years
-E.U. Agency……………….31
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a video from the Academic Success Center on creating the List
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Begin list of tables here…
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Use the Table of Figures feature in Word and select “Figure” as
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a video on creating the List of Figures.
Begin a list of figures here…
1
vChapter 1: Introduction Comment by Northcentral
University: When preparing pagination, lowercase Roman
numerals are used for the front matter pages prior to the first
page of Chapter 1.
The Roman numerals need to be centered and placed in the
footer of each front matter page.
Starting in Chapter 1, page numbers need to be placed at the
upper right of each page header.

Chapter headings are formatted as Level 1. Review a formatting
APA headings video in the Academic Success Center here.
APA Style recommends one space between sentences.
It is no secret that the United States shares a long and complex
history with Mexico, particularly regarding immigration. In
recent years, the issue of illegal immigration has again come to
the forefront of public debates. Many people argue that the
country's borders should be closed to prevent drug trafficking
and other criminal activity ( Slack, 2019). However, others
argue that an open border is necessary to allow people to seek a
better life for themselves and their families. However, open
borders provide drug traffickers with easy access to bring
illegal drugs into the country. Therefore, it is necessary to
research if there is a relationship between illegal immigration,
drug trafficking, and an open border (Inés, 2019). According to
Finley & Esposito (2020), there is no one answer to the question
of whether the United States should have an open border. The
issue is complex, and the researcher must consider various
factors to allow future debates and discussions on the topic
(Inés, 2019). Comment by Augusto, Daniel: Your last two
statements summarized other people's arguments and then this
seems to be your own argument. I would also present this an the
argument of another (with a reference). That way you are
keeping the same format.
A strong connection between illegal immigration, drug
smuggling, and an open border would only exacerbate this
problem (Finley & Esposito, 2020). Comment by Augusto,
Daniel: This sentence is sitting by itself. I also don't understand
what you are saying. What problem, specifically?
The current debate surrounding illegal immigration in the
United States is highly polarizing and contentious (Inés, 2019).
There is a wide range of opinions and perspectives on the

matter, and the issue is of great importance to the country (Inés,
2019). According to Finley & Esposito (2020), tThere is often
reference to illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and an open
border in the same breath. (Finley & Esposito (2020).
According to Finley & Esposito (2020), and there is a verysome
researchers have found a close relationship between the three. A
study by the University of Arizona found that "a 10 percent
increase in border enforcement is associated with a 9 percent
decrease in the probability of drug trafficking." (Davies, 2011,
p. 12). A study by the RAND Corporation found that "the
relationship between border enforcement and drug trafficking is
small and not statistically significant"( pp. 340–345). In other
words, the study found that drug trafficking is not significantly
impacted by border enforcement. According to the Fiscal Year
by Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the data haves
changed since 2018. There areis more illegal border crossing
and drug trafficking than ever before(reference). In the Fiscal
Year 2018, CBP booked 4,657 pounds of narcotics, while in the
Fiscal year 2021, 4,732 pounds of drugs were booked by CBP.
Also, 11,623 non-documented immigrants entered the borders in
2018, while the number increased in 2021 to 13,883. However,
the available research suggests a strong relationship between
the three (Eshkobilov, 2022). Comment by Augusto, Daniel:
This citation is not needed because of the one above.
According to Bauder (2017), illegal immigration, drug
trafficking, and an open border are all interconnected issues.
Research has shown that illegal immigration and drug
trafficking are strongly linked, with drug trafficking being a
significant reason why people choose to migrate illegally
(multiple refs needed here). Illegal immigration is a significant
and empirical issue since it affects health care, education, and
food needs (Davis, 2011). The issue of drug trafficking is
important since the open border in 2021 increased drug
overdoses, public health, and safety. According to Eshkobilov
(2022), the issue of illegal immigration is important because it
challenges traditional ideas about borders and sovereignty.

Every day, 300 people die from drug overdoses, especially
fentanyl illegally smuggled into the U.S. through the open
border. According to Cha (2020), the issue of an open border is
important because it challenges the idea of the nation-state as a
closed system. Comment by Augusto, Daniel: Not sure if you
are stating this or one of your sources. Either way, this is a
mighty strong statement. I would back off from saying the open
border 'caused' these things. Your wording is also not saying
what I think you intend.
During the Trump administration, illegal immigration and drug
trafficking were critical priorities (ref to Trump’s
priorities/agenda), and the border wall was starting to be built.
Since 2021, the border has been open, and drugs and illegal
immigrants are flowing into the country (ref to a source that
shows an irrefutable increase in these). An estimated 11 million
undocumented immigrants live in the United States (Meade &
Nancy, 2018). Drug trafficking is at its height, resulting in the
highest number of overdoses while the cartels make enormous
profits. An estimated $100 billion of drugs are trafficked
annually through the southern border (Meade & Nancy, 2018).
Comment by Augusto, Daniel: You need sources that back
up your arguments that these things are at their height. Not just
high. You see the difference between those two arguments? You
need a source to back up the specific argument you are
makingStatement of the Problem Comment by Northcentral
University: Tip: Applied dissertations should be practice-based.
The documented problem might be a practical problem or issue
in the profession or study context for which there is not already
an acceptable solution. When defining the problem, a clear
distinction must be drawn between what exists currently and
what is desired. An applied study does not necessarily require
generalizable results beyond the study site; however, it must
address a problem relevant and exists outside of the study site.
Similarly, a PhD dissertation must focus on a problem relevant
and exists outside of the study site. Additionally, the study must

make a substantive, scholarly contribution to both the research
and theory.
Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Review the
limitations and calls for future research in the relevant scholarly
literature for guidance in identifying a problem. Comment by
Northcentral University: Tip: There are a couple of group
sessions in the Academic Success Center per week in which
students can engage with a live academic coach as well as other
students who share the goal of enhancing their problem
statement development skills. Learn more about this session and
find the link to register here.
The problem to be addressed in this study is to research if there
is a relationship between illegal immigration, open border, and
drug trafficking. Illegal activities such as drug trafficking and
illegal immigration occur when there is a lack of border control
(Cha, 2020). Open borders affect society, law enforcement,
public safety, and the government. It also allows people from
any country to enter the United States without background
checks and provides the perfect environment for terrorism
(Choi, 2018). Having an open border will make it easy for
criminals from other nations to enter the United States
(Hikmatullo Ogli, 2020). There is a challenge in controlling
movements on an open border when immigration agencies fail
to regulate people entering the country. According to Molobe &
Odukoya (2021), increased cases of drug trafficking occur when
people smuggle drugs across an open border, like the southern
border between Mexico and the United States. In FY2021, CBP
seized 624,500 pounds of drugs compared to the fiscal year
2020, the cocaine seizures increased by 68%; Methamphetamine
seizures increased by 7%; Heroin seizures decreased by 6%;
Fentanyl seizures increased by 134% (Seagren, 2020).
Comment by Augusto, Daniel: This is not really a problem.
This is more of a purpose or goal. The problem seems to be
either drug trafficking or illegal immigration. Comment by
Augusto, Daniel: If this is the crux of your study and reason,

you will need to provide more support that one thing is
associated with another. This is one reference to research in
Nigeria. I think more is needed to make this argument, given
how pivotal it is to your study and arguments.
The open southern borders are a problem because of the lack of
policies regulating immigrants' entry into the country and
promoting illegal channels and cartels to traffic immigrants. In
2021, 1.6 million immigrants crossed the New Mexico border
(Hikmatullo Ogli, 2020; Gramlich & Scheller, 2021). According
to the 2020 statistics, California recorded 879,064 illegal
immigrants, Arizona 860,100, Texas 2, 434,899, and New
Mexico 11,098 illegal immigrants that were deported (Trac,
2022).Purpose of the Study Comment by Northcentral
University: Tip: The Academic Success Center has a weekly
group session on Purpose Statements. Learn more about this
session and find the link to register here.
The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine the
relationship between open borders, drug trafficking, and illegal
immigration. The methodology will be quantitative with a case
study design. Publicly accessible databases, for example, the
United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the
Department of Homeland Security, and other peer-reviewed
resources will be used to generate data. The independent
variable will be open borders, while the dependent variables are
illegal immigration and drug trafficking. This data will include
information from California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.
The proximity of these states to the border between the United
States and Mexico makes them excellent locations for carrying
out research and gathering data (Goneppanavar et al., 2019).
Comment by Augusto, Daniel: I have never heard of a
quant case study. Make sure you are well versed on this
specifically.
I will ensure that the data is reliable, valid, and free of bias.
The study will use data from publicly accessible resources. The

research will use a theoretical framework and specifically social
theory. Also, some of the publicly accessible resources will be
used, including DHS and CBP databases between 2010 and 2021
from the four states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and
Texas. Prior to data collection, I will obtain IRB approval for
the research. Data will be analyzed using the SPSS software
program. An Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed
to determine the relationship between the dependent and
independent variables. Based on the p-value, the researcher will
determine whether to accept or reject the null hypotheses. The
findings would represent a significant advance in
comprehending the difficulties posed by open borders and the
impact that this has on the illegal trafficking of drugs and
immigration into the United States. Comment by Augusto,
Daniel: I think you are going to have a lot of trouble controlling
for the myriad other potential variables out there that could be
at play. How will you address omitted variable bias?
Introduction to Theoretical Framework Comment by
Northcentral University: Select the heading that reflects
whether you are using a theoretical or conceptual framework,
but do not keep both words in the title. For PhD - Theoretical
Framework, for applied doctorate Conceptual Framework.
I will guide the research using a theoretical framework. In
particular, the social theory. The study of social theory focuses
on societies' origins, structure, and functioning (Macionis,
2018). Social theory is important in this research because it will
help to explain the relationship between open borders, drug
trafficking, and illegal immigration. The key concepts used in
this study are social structure, social change, and social
inequality. Social structure refers to how society is organized
(Macionis, 2018). It includes the institutions and relationships
that makeup society. Social change is how society changes over
time (Macionis, 2018). It can be caused by various factors, such
as technological innovation, economic change, or political
change. Social inequality refers to how some people have more

power, resources, or prestige than others (Macionis, 2018).
It can be caused by class, race, or gender factors. The
propositions relevant to this study are as follows: Comment by
Augusto, Daniel: What can be caused?
Also, are you sure it is 'caused' it is difficult to prove a causal
relationship.
1) Open borders lead to increased drug trafficking.
2) Open borders lead to increased illegal immigration.
3) Social inequality leads to increased drug trafficking.
4) Social inequality leads to increased illegal immigration.
According to the first proposition, open borders increase drug
trafficking. As a result, drug traffickers can transport drugs
more easily across poorly protected borders. It is also stated in
the second proposition that open borders promote illegal
immigration. The reason is that illegal immigrants can more
easily cross poorly protected borders. Drug trafficking is
increased by social inequality, according to the third
proposition. Due to economic disadvantages, people who turn to
drug trafficking to make money are more likely to engage in it.
The fourth proposition states that social inequality leads to
increased illegal immigration. The reason is that economically
disadvantaged people are more likely to migrate illegally to find
work.
The theoretical framework guided the research decisions by
helping to develop the problem statement, purpose statement,
and research questions. The problem statement was developed
by considering how open borders can lead to increased drug
trafficking and illegal immigration. The purpose statement was
developed by considering how the research could help improve
understanding of the problems posed by open borders. The
research questions were developed by considering the key
concepts of social structure, social change, and social
inequality. This research also used the theoretical framework to
guide the data collection and analysis. The data collection
focuses on gathering data on the relationship between open

borders, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration. The data
analysis focused on examining how social inequality can lead to
increased drug trafficking and illegal immigration. Introduction
to Research Methodology and Design
The research method used for the study is the quantitative
research method. The term "quantitative research method"
describes an approach to studying social, economic, and
psychological phenomena (Crowe et al., 2017). Quantitative
research is distinguished by its emphasis on collecting
numerical data and its application to the generalization of
findings across populations or the explanation of a specific
topic. Researchers can perform simple to highly complex
statistical analyses. For instance, it is summarizing the
information, illustrating correlations, or comparing different
sets of summarized data (Kibuacha, 2021). Quantitative
research is known to approve or disapprove a hypothesis,
making it significant to use in this important research study.
Comment by Augusto, Daniel: Usually the method is more
specific. What type of quant research?
The design for this study will be a case study design. A case
study, as opposed to a more general statistical survey,
investigates one specific instance in greater detail (Crowe et al.,
2017). It is a strategy for condensing a vast study domain into a
single subject that can be investigated relatively easily. The
case study approach will incorporate data from databases like
the United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and other scholarly
publications. Data triangulation is a strategy that boosts a
study's credibility, gathering information from separate sources.
This strategy ensures that its findings are reliable (i.e., the
degree to which the method is suitable for answering the
research questions). The underlying assumption is that evidence
gathered using diverse methods should lead to comparable
findings (Crowe et al., 2017). To guarantee external validity,
researchers must use statistically and demographically accurate

data. Therefore, all the data from chosen databases will be
analyzed to ensure that the findings reliably extrapolated to the
population
The quantitative methodology and case study design are
appropriate in addressing the research problem to investigate
whether there is a correlation between illegal immigration, drug
trafficking, and open borders. The quantitative method would
facilitate sourcing numerical data and promote an accurate
generalization of the results. This procedure made significant
inferences about the Department of Homeland Security,
Customs and Border Protection (CBP) data. Generalize it, and
ascertain whether there is any correlation between the variables,
thereby accurately addressing the research problem and purpose.
The research ensures that it is conducted according to the
quantitative technique requirements that guarantee an accurate
outcome that offers a more significant conclusion. The research
would target responding to the research questions and proving
the hypothesis.
The research aims to determine if illegal immigration, drug
trafficking, and open borders are correlated. The case study
approach is the best option for the investigation because it
collects a variety of perspectives, in contrast to the singular
view obtained from an individual respondent in surveys or
interviews. This approach allows for a more comprehensive
understanding of the topic and lessens the likelihood of bias.
The enormous data from numerous databases guarantee
correctness and representativeness, ensuring internal and
external validity. The quantitative research approach ensures
that the study's aim is deducible from the problem statement and
that the research questions contribute to answering the study's
overarching aim (Ratelle et al., 2019). Alignment is crucial to
ensure the research study is well-designed and founded on
sound reasoning.
I will use a purposive sampling method in selecting the
databases containing data on drug trafficking and illegal
immigration in those specific states such as California, Texas,

New Mexico, and Arizona. I will also draw data for the study
from publicly available sources like CBP and DHS databases
and other scholarly works. The data sourced from the
organization was analyzed to get insight specifically on drug
trafficking and illegal immigration, particularly in the states
mentioned above. Kibuacha (2022) suggested that if the target
population is considerably small, it is possible to sample the
entire population to acquire an accurate picture and
significantly lessen the uncertainty involved. This strategy will
also remove the potential for bias in sample selection, which is
a problem with many studies that use random samples. Before
data collection begins, approval from the IRB is required. The
researcher will use the SPSS software to perform the statistical
data analysis. To confirm or refute the existence of a correlation
between the dependent and independent variables, an analysis of
variance (ANOVA) will be performed. The p-value will provide
the basis for the researcher to decide whether accept or reject
the null hypothesis. Comment by Augusto, Daniel: I think more
info is needed here on the years and data specifics. How will
you incorporate open borders? Research Questions Comment by
Northcentral University: Tip: Research questions beginning
with “To what extent…” or “Under what conditions…” yield
more meaningful data than questions that generate yes/no
responses such as “Is Variable 1 significantly related to
Variable 2?”
The research evaluates the relationship between illegal
immigration, the flow of illicit drugs, and open borders.
RQ1 Comment by Augusto, Daniel: I think this is overly
complex. Couldn't you just examine relationship between illegal
immigration and drugs or open borders and drugs?
To what extent, if any, is there a relationship between illegal
immigration, drug trafficking, and open border?
H1o

There is no statistical significant correlation between illegal
immigration, drug trafficking, and an open border.
H1a
There is a statistically significant relationship between illegal
immigration, drug trafficking, and an open border.
RQ2
To what extent, if any, are open borders promoting terrorism
activities? Comment by Augusto, Daniel: I don't think you
established enough of a foundation to go into terrorism. I would
make this an RQ about whichever variable you don't cover in
RQ 1.
H10
There is no significant correlation between open borders and the
promotion of terrorist activities
H1a
There is statistical significance in the correlation between an
open border and the promotion of terrorism
activities.Significance of the Study Comment by Northcentral
University: Tip: Consider the professional and academic
audiences who might be interested in the study results and why.
United States is highly polarizing and contentious (Inés, 2019).
There is a wide range of opinions and perspectives on the
matter, and the issue is of great importance to the country (Inés,
2019).
This research is important, especially for policymakers, to
evaluate current information and the need for immigration
policy changes and enforcing drug trafficking. In addition, it
provides an in-depth analysis of illegal immigration and the
chain of distribution for illegal drugs in the United States due to
the open borders (Izcara Palacios, 2019).

The findings would represent a significant advance in
comprehending the difficulties posed by open borders and the
immigration into the United States. This research is important
for leaders and practitioners in the field because it can help
them evaluate current information and the need for immigration
policy changes and enforcing drug trafficking. The findings
would contribute to the literature by providing a better
understanding of the difficulties posed by open borders and the
immigration into the United States.
This research is also significant because it can help to inform
and shape policy decisions regarding illegal immigration and
drug trafficking. This study's findings may help improve current
policies and procedures related to these issues. In addition, the
research could help to raise awareness of the problem of illegal
immigration and drug trafficking and the need for practical
solutions to address these challenges. Definitions of Key Terms
1.
Drug trafficking: The illegal trade of drugs.
Comment by Augusto, Daniel: Reference needed
2. Illegal immigration: This is Immigration that occurs when
people enter a country without the government’s permission or
stay in a country longer than their visa allows (Gramlich &
Scheller, 2021).
3.Open borders: A policy with no restrictions on the movement
of people between countries (Davis, 2011).
Summary
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship
between open borders, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration.
The study will use data from publicly accessible resources, such
as the United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and

the Department of Homeland Security, to generate data. The
data will be analyzed using the SPSS software program. An
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed to determine
the relationship between the dependent and independent
variables. Based on the p-value, the researcher will determine
whether to accept or reject the null hypotheses. This research is
important, especially for policymakers, to evaluate current
information and the need for immigration policy changes and
enforcing drug trafficking. In addition, it provides an in-depth
analysis of illegal immigration and the chain of distribution for
illegal drugs in the United States due to the open borders
(Izcara Palacios, 2019). The findings would represent a
significant advance in comprehending the difficulties posed by
open borders and the impact that this has on the illegal
trafficking of drugs and immigration into the United
States.Chapter 2: Literature Review Comment by Northcentral
University: Tip: Think of Chapter 2 as a funnel and lead the
reader from the broad context of the study to an explanation of
why this specific study is needed. Comment by Northcentral
University: Tip: To ensureyour study is relevant and current,
continue to expand and update the literature review through the
final dissertation manuscript draft. Comment by Northcentral
University: Tip: For exemplars on what synthesis and critical
analysis look like, try searching for published literature using
the following terms “critical review of the literature [school]”,
inserting the name of your school.
Comment by Northcentral University: The Academic
Success Center has a weekly group session on Synthesis and
Analysis. Learn more about this session and find the link to
register here.
Checklist:
☐Begin with the first sentence of the purpose statement and
problem statement that leads to a brief explanation of the
organization of the literature review. Do

not simply cut and paste the Purpose Statement section
from Chapter 1.
☐ Provide an overview of the sub-headings in the literature that
will be discussed.
☐At the end of this section, indicate the databases accessed and
the search engines used. Discuss all the search parameters,
including the search terms and their combinations (with more
detailed search terms located in an appendix, if appropriate),
years' range, and literature types.
☐Devote approximately
30 to 60 pages to this chapter to include citations to at
least 50 relevant sources. Comment by Northcentral University:
Chapter 2 includes the statement that it is to have 30-60 pages.
Depending on the topic this can be shorter. Refer to your Chair
for guidance.
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework Comment by
Northcentral University: Select the heading that reflects
whether you are using a theoretical or conceptual framework,
but do not keep both words in the title. For PhD - Theoretical
Framework, for applied doctorate Conceptual Framework.
Checklist:
☐Describe the guiding theoretical/conceptual framework of the
study, including the definitions of all the concepts, an
explanation of the relationships among the concepts, and a
presentation of all the assumptions and propositions.
☐Explain the origin and development of the framework.
Demonstrate detailed knowledge of and familiarity with both
the historical and the current literature on the framework.
☐Identify existing research studies that used this framework in
a similar way. Mention alternative frameworks, with a
justification of why the selected framework was chosen.
☐ Describe how and why the selected framework relates to the
present study and how it guided the development of the problem

statement, purpose statement, and research questions. Subtopic
Comment by Northcentral University: Replace “Subtopic”
with an idea from the integrative critical review of the
literature. Repeat this process until each idea is included.
Level 3 Heading Comment by Northcentral University: The
level 3 heading is flush left, bolded, and italicized. The title
should be in tile case, and the text begins as a new paragraph
after the heading. Apply additional level 3 headings using the
Heading 3 style options under the Styles gallery. Use APA’s
Headings guide to assist with proper header formatting.
Comment by Northcentral University: If additional
subheadings are needed, use this format per APA guidelines.
Text...
Level 4 Heading. Text... Comment by Northcentral University:
The level 4 heading is indented and bolded. The title should be
in tile case, and the title ends with a period. The text begins
directly after the heading in normal paragraph format. Apply
additional level 4 headings using the Heading 4 style option in
the Styles gallery. Use APA’s Headings guide to assist with
proper header formatting.
Checklist:
☐Critically analyze (i.e., note the strengths and weaknesses)
and synthesize (i.e., integrate) the existing research. Rather than
reporting on each study independently, describe everything
known on the topic by reviewing the entire body of work.
☐Present a balanced integrative critical review of the literature,
ensuring all points of view are included. Cover all the important
issues with a discussion of areas of convergence (i.e.,
agreement) and divergence (i.e., disagreement). Provide
potential explanations for areas of divergence. Comment by
Northcentral University: Tip: Use the Academic Success
Center’s Synthesis and Analysis guide that has several
resources, including a synthesis matrix to assist with this

section.
☐ Address issues of authority, audience, and/or bias/point of
view in the sources used.
Summary Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: In essence,
the summary is the “take-home” message of the integrative
critical review of the literature with a specific emphasis on how
the literature supports the need for your study.
Checklist:
☐Briefly restate the key points discussed in the chapter. Review
the headings and/or table of contents to ensure all key points are
covered.
☐ Highlight areas of convergence and divergence as well as
gaps in the literature that support the need for the study. This
discussion should logically lead to Chapter 3, where the
research methodology and design will be discussed.
Chapter 3: Research Method
Checklist:
☐ Begin with an introduction and restatement of the problem
and purpose sentences verbatim. Comment by Northcentral
University: You can copy and paste from your Chapter 1.
☐ Provide a brief overview of the contents of this chapter,
including a statement that identifies the research methodology
and design.Research Methodology and Design Comment by
Northcentral University: Tip: The Academic Success Center has
a weekly group session on Writing Research Design. Learn
more about this session and find the link to register here.
Checklist:
☐ Describe the research methodology and design. Elaborate

upon their appropriateness in relation to the study problem,
purpose, and research questions.
☐ Identify alternative methodologies and designs and indicate
why they were determined to be less appropriate than the ones
selected. Do
not simply list and describe research methodologies and
designs in general.
Population and Sample Comment by Northcentral
University: Tip: Depending on the study design, the population
might include but not be limited to a group of people, a set of
organizations, documents, or archived data.
Checklist:
☐ Describe the population, including the estimated size and
relevant characteristics.
☐ Explain why the population is appropriate, given the study
problem, purpose, and research questions.
☐ Describe the sample that will be (proposal) or was
(manuscript) obtained.
☐ Explain why the sample is appropriate, given the study
problem, purpose, and research questions.
☐Explain the type of sampling used and why it is appropriate
for the dissertation proposal methodology and design.For
design. For qualitative studies, evidence must be presented that
saturation will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) reached. For
quantitative studies, a power analysis must be reported to
include the parameters (e.g., effect size, alpha, beta, and
number of groups) included, and evidence must be presented
that the minimum required sample size will be (proposal) or was
(manuscript) reached.
☐ Describe how the participants will be (proposal) or were
(manuscript) recruited (e.g., email lists from professional
organizations, flyers) and/or the data will be (proposal) or were
(manuscript) obtained (e.g., archived data, public records) with
sufficient detail so the study could be replicated.

Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Many
qualitative and mixed methods studies require multiple sources
of data. Describe how the data will be (proposal) or were
(manuscript) obtained from each source.Materials or
Instrumentation Comment by Northcentral University: Tip:
In quantitative studies, the development of a new instrument is
discouraged due to the time and skills required to create a valid
and reliable instrument. A thorough and extensive search of the
literature should be done to locate an appropriate
psychometrically sound instrument. However, if such an
instrument is not located after a thorough search, and you plan
to develop a new instrument, consult survey item and instrument
development resources and plan piloting and validation
procedures. Describe the development process in detail and
provide evidence of the instrument’s validity and reliability.
Include the final instrument developed based on those findings.
The evidence of validity and reliability should be reported in
Chapter 4.
In qualitative studies, using a newly developed interview
protocol based on the literature is more common and acceptable.
Describe the development process in detail followed by the field
testing processes used and subsequent modification made.
Comment by Northcentral University: Select the heading
that reflects which of the two you will be doing.
Checklist:
☐ Describe the instruments (e.g., tests, questionnaires,
observation protocols) that will be(proposal) or were
(manuscript) used, including information on their origin and
evidence of their reliability and validity. OR as applicable,
describe the materials to be used (e.g., lesson plans for
interventions, webinars, or archived data, etc.).
☐ Describe in detail any field testing or pilot testing of
instruments to include their results and any subsequent

modifications. Comment by Northcentral University: Verify
with the IRB whether permission is needed or a pilot
application needs to be completed. Locate IRB resources here.
☐If instruments or materials are used that were developed by
another researcher, include evidence in the appendix that
permission was granted to use the instrument(s) and/or
material(s) and refer to that fact and the appendix in this
section.Operational Definitions of Variables Comment by
Northcentral University: Include this section in
quantitative/mixed methods studies only. Comment by
Northcentral University: Operational definitions are distinct
from the conceptual definitions provided in the Definition of
Terms section. Specifically, operational definitions indicate
how the variables will be (proposal) or were (manuscript)
measured. Comment by Northcentral University: A paragraph is
not required to introduce the operational definitions; a single
sentence introducing this section is sufficient.
Begin writing here...
XXXComment by Northcentral University: Replace “XXX” with
the first study variable. Repeat this process for all the study
variables.
Maintain Level 3 heading formatting for each variable.
Text…
Checklist:
☐ For quantitative and mixed methods studies, identify how
each variable will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) used in the
study. Use terminology appropriate for the selected statistical
test (e.g., independent/dependent, predictor/criterion, mediator,
moderator).
☐ Base the operational definitions on published research and
valid and reliable instruments.
☐ Identify the specific instrument that will be (proposal) or was
(manuscript) used to measure each variable.

☐ Describe the level of measurement of each variable (e.g.,
nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio), potential scores for each
variable (e.g., the range [0–100] or levels [low, medium, high]),
and data sources. If appropriate, identify what specific scores
(e.g., subscale scores, total scores) will be (proposal) or were
(manuscript) included in the analysis and how they will be
(proposal) or were (manuscript) derived (e.g., calculating the
sum, difference, average). Study Procedures
Checklist:
☐ Describe the exact steps that will be (proposal) or were
(manuscript) followed to collect the data, addressing what data
as well as how, when, from where, and from whom those data
will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) collected in enough
detail the study can be replicated. Data Analysis Comment by
Northcentral University: The Academic Success Center has a
weekly group session on both Writing Quantitative and Writing
Qualitative Analysis. Learn more about these sessions and find
the link to register here.
Checklist:
☐ Describe the strategies that will be (proposal) or were
(manuscript) used to code and/or analyze the data, and any
software that will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) used.
☐ Ensure the data that will be (proposal) or were (manuscript)
analyzed can be used to answer the research questions and/or
test the hypotheses with the ultimate goal of addressing the
identified problem.
☐ Use proper terminology in association with each
design/analysis (e.g., independent variable and dependent
variable for an experimental design, predictor and criterion
variables for regression).
☐For quantitative studies, describe the analysis that will be

(proposal) or was (manuscript) used to test each hypothesis.
Provide evidence the statistical test chosen is appropriate to test
the hypotheses and the data meet the assumptions of the
statistical tests.
☐For qualitative studies, describe how the data will be
(proposal) or were (manuscript) processed and analyzed,
including any triangulation efforts. Explain the role of the
researcher.
☐For mixed methods studies, include all of the
above.Assumptions Comment by Northcentral University: Tip:
Assumptions, limitations, and delimitations are related but
distinct concepts. For additional information, click here.
Checklist:
☐ Discuss the assumptions along with the corresponding
rationale underlying them. Limitations Comment by
Northcentral University: Tip: The study limitations will be
revisited in Chapter 5.
Checklist:
☐ Describe the study limitations.
☐ Discuss the measures taken to mitigate these limitations.
Delimitations Comment by Northcentral University: Tip:
Limited time and resources are not considered to be limitations
or delimitations, as all studies are limited by these factors.
Checklist:
☐ Describe the study delimitations along with the corresponding
rationale underlying them. An example of delimitations are the
conditions and parameters set intentionally by the researcher or
by selection of the population and sample.
☐ Explain how these research decisions relate to the existing
literature and theoretical/conceptual framework, problem

statement, purpose statement, and research questions. Ethical
Assurances Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: When
research involves human subjects, certain ethical issues can
occur. They include but are not limited to protection from harm,
informed consent, right to privacy, and honesty with
professional colleagues.
Checklist:
☐ Confirm in a statement the study will (proposal) or did
(manuscript) receive approval from Northcentral University’s
Institutional Review Board (IRB) prior to data collection.
☐If the risk to participants is greater than minimal, discuss the
relevant ethical issues and how they will be (proposal) or were
(manuscript) addressed. Comment by Northcentral University:
Tip: For guidance on ethical considerations in human subjects
research, click here.
☐ Describe how confidentiality or anonymity will be (proposal)
or was (manuscript) achieved.
☐ Identify how the data will be (proposal) or were (manuscript)
securely stored in accordance with IRB requirements.
☐ Describe the role of the researcher in the study. Discuss
relevant issues, including biases as well as personal and
professional experiences with the topic, problem, or context.
Present the strategies that will be (proposal) or were
(manuscript) used to prevent these biases and experiences from
influencing the analysis or findings.
☐ In the dissertation manuscript only, include the IRB approval
letter in an appendix.Summary
Checklist:
☐ Summarize the key points presented in the chapter.
☐ Logically lead the reader to the next chapter on the findings
of the study.
Chapter 4: Findings

Checklist:
☐Begin with an introduction and restatement of the problem and
purpose sentences verbatim and the organization of the chapter.
☐ Organize the entire chapter around the research
questions/hypotheses. Comment by Northcentral University:
Tip: Review peer-reviewed research articles to locate examples
of how to report results generated using the research design
used in your study.XXX of the DataComment by Northcentral
University: Replace “XXX” with “Trustworthiness” for a
qualitative study or “Validity and Reliability” for a quantitative
study. For mixed methods studies, replace “XXX” with
“Trustworthiness/Validity and Reliability.”.
Checklist:
☐ For qualitative studies, clearly identify the means by which
the trustworthiness of the data was established. Discuss
credibility (e.g., triangulation, member checks), transferability
(e.g., the extent to which the findings are generalizable to other
situations), dependability (e.g., an in-depth description of the
methodology and design to allow the study to be repeated), and
confirmability (e.g., the steps to ensure the data and findings
are not due to participant and/or researcher bias).
☐ For quantitative studies, explain the extent to which the data
meet the assumptions of the statistical test and identify any
potential factors that might impact the interpretation of the
findings. Provide evidence of the psychometric soundness (i.e.,
adequate validity and reliability) of the instruments from the
literature as well as in this study (as appropriate). Do
not merely list and describe all the measures of validity
and reliability.
☐ Mixed methods studies should include discussions of the

trustworthiness of the data as well as validity and
reliability.Results Comment by Northcentral University: Tip:
Present sufficient information so the reader can make an
independent judgment regarding the interpretation of the
findings.
Checklist:
☐ Briefly discuss the overall study. Organize the presentation
of the results by the research questions/hypotheses.
☐ Objectively report the results of the analysis without
discussion, interpretation, or speculation.
☐ Provide an overview of the demographic information
collected. It can be presented in a table. Ensure no potentially
identifying information is reported.
Research Question 1/Hypothesis Comment by Northcentral
University: Repeat this process for each research question.
Text…
☐ Report all the results (without discussion) salient to the
research question/hypothesis. Identify common themes or
patterns.
☐Use tables and/or figures to report the results as appropriate.
Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Tables and
figures should not be included on the same page. If you
introduce a table or figure in the middle of the page and there is
not enough room to include the entire table or figure on the
page, it must be placed on the next page. Perform a hard right
return (hold down the shift key while hitting the return key) and
begin the table on the next page. Comment by Northcentral
University: Tip: Tables and figures should be placed with the
corresponding research question. The formatting of tables
varies, depending on the statistical test. Follow APA formatting
requirements for tables, titles, figures, and captions.
Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Tables and
figures must be referenced in the text. Please refer to APA

guidelines regarding when and how to use tables and figures.
Do not fully describe data in the text and also present them in a
table.
☐ For quantitative studies, report any additional descriptive
information as appropriate. Identify the assumptions of the
statistical test and explain how the extent to which the data met
these assumptions was tested. Report any violations and
describe how they were managed as appropriate. Make decisions
based on the results of the statistical analysis. Include relevant
test statistics,
p values, and effect sizes in accordance with APA
requirements.
☐For qualitative studies, describe the steps taken to analyze the
data to explain how the themes and categories were generated.
Include thick descriptions of the participants’ experiences.
Provide a comprehensive and coherent reconstruction of the
information obtained from all the participants.
☐ For mixed methods studies, include all of the
above.Evaluation of the Findings Comment by Northcentral
University: The Academic Success Center has a weekly group
session on both Writing Quantitative and Writing Qualitative
Analysis. Learn more about these sessions and find the link to
register here.
Checklist:
☐ Interpret the results in light of the existing research and
theoretical or conceptual framework (as discussed in Chapters 1
and 2). Briefly indicate the extent to which the results were
consistent with existing research and theory.
☐ Organize this discussion by research question/hypothesis.
☐ Do
not draw conclusions beyond what can be interpreted
directly from the results.

☐ Devote approximately one to two pages to this
section.Summary
Checklist:
☐ Summarize the key points presented in the chapter.
Chapter 5: Implications, Recommendations, and Conclusions
Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: A common
tendency is to rush through Chapter 5 and fail to develop ideas
fully. Take time to remember why the study was important in
the first place and ensure Chapter 5 demonstrates and reflects
the depth and importance of the study. Refer back to the study
problem and significance and consider what professional and
academic organizations might be interested in your research
findings. As you complete Chapter 5, seek out avenues to
present and publish your research.
Checklist:
☐Begin with an introduction and restatement of the problem and
purpose sentences verbatim, and a brief review of methodology,
design, results, and limitations.
☐ Conclude with a brief overview of the chapter.
Implications
Checklist:
☐ Organize the discussion around each research question and
(when appropriate) hypothesis individually. Support all the
conclusions with one or more findings from the study.
☐ Discuss any factors that might have influenced the
interpretation of the results.
☐ Present the results in the context of the study by describing
the extent to which they address the study problem and purpose
and contribute to the existing literature and framework

described in Chapter 2.
☐ Describe the extent to which the results are consistent with
existing research and theory and provide potential explanations
for unexpected or divergent results.
☐Identify the most significant implications and consequences of
the dissertation (whether positive and/or negative) to
society/desired societal outcomes and distinguish probable from
improbable implications.
Research Question 1/Hypothesis Comment by Northcentral
University: Repeat this process for each research question.
Text…Recommendations for Practice
Checklist:
☐ Discuss recommendations for how the findings of the study
can be applied to practice and/or theory. Support all the
recommendations with at least one finding from the study and
frame them in the literature from Chapter 2.
☐ Do
not overstate the applicability of the findings.
Recommendations for Future Research
Checklist:
☐Based on the framework, findings, and implications, explain
what future researchers might do to learn from and build upon
this study. Justify these explanations.
☐ Discuss how future researchers can improve upon this study,
given its limitations.
☐ Explain what the next logical step is in this line of research.
Conclusions
Checklist:
☐ Provide a strong, concise conclusion to include a summary of

the study, the problem addressed, and the importance of the
study.
☐ Present the “take-home message” of the entire study.
☐ Emphasize what the results of the study mean with respect to
previous research and either theory (PhD studies) or practice
(applied studies).
References Comment by Northcentral University: Tip:
Create your reference list as you develop each section. As each
citation is included in the paper, insert the reference in this
section.
Use the level 1 heading for the References title.
If using a citation software, ensure all information is included
and properly formatted. Although such programs can be helpful,
they are not always correct. Comment by Northcentral
University: For each reference listed, there must be at least one
corresponding citation within the body of the text and vice
versa.
The References should be alphabetized by the last name of the
first author.
Note. Academic Writer, an APA Style resource provided to
NCU students, has over 150 sample references. Learn how to
register for an account here.
Bauder, H. (2017). Perspectives of Open Borders and No
Border. Geography Compass, 9(7),395-405.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12224
Brydges, C. (2019). Effect Size Guidelines, Sample Size
Calculations, and Statistical Power in Gerontology.
Innovation In Aging,
3(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz036

Cha, Y. (2020). Rethinking Illegal Immigrants from a Critical
Perspective -Whether or not to Blame Illegal Immigration and
the Government Capability to Manage Illegal Immigration-
. Journal of Multi-Cultural Contents Studies, 35, 293-329.
https://doi.org/10.15400/mccs.2020.12.35.293
Choi, S. W. (2018). Does restrictive immigration policy reduce
terrorism in Western democracies?
Perspectives on terrorism,
12(4), 14-25.
Crowe, S., Creswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., &
Sheikh, A. (2017). The case study approach. BMC Medical
Research Methodology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1771-
2298-11-100
Davis, D. E. (2011). Irregular armed forces, shifting patterns of
commitment, and fragmented sovereignty in the developing
world. In
Contention and trust in cities and states (pp. 249-265).
Springer,
Dordrecht.https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-
007-0756-6_17
Eshkobilov, S. (2022). Criminological description of organized
crime.
The American Journal of Political Science Law and
Criminology,
4(04), 1-
6.https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/tajpslc/article/view/6805
Fazel-Zarandi, M. M., Feinstein, J. S., & Kaplan, E. H. (2018).
The number of undocumented immigrants in the United States:
Estimates based on demographic modeling with data from 1990
to 2016.
PloS one,
13(9), e0201193.

Finley, L., & Esposito, L. (2020). The immigrant as bogeyman:
Examining Donald Trump and the right’s anti-immigrant, anti-
PC rhetoric.
Humanity & Society,
44(2), 178-
197.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/01605976198
32627
Gramlich, J., & Scheller, A. (2021).
What is happening at the U.S.-Mexico border in 7
charts? Pew Research Center. Retrieved 26 August 2022, from
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/11/09/whats-
happening-at-the-u-s-mexico-border-in-7-charts/
Hikmatullo Ogli, S. (2020). Regional Mechanisms against
Illegal Drug Trafficking. The American Journal of Political
Science Law and Criminology, 02(10), 90-95.
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume02issue10-15
Inés Ospina, G. (2019). THE ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION
FLOWS TO THE SOUTHERN BORDER OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA.
UNISCI Discussion Papers,
(50).https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profil
e=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=16962206&AN=1
42449188&h=dZyOMZBjX8SpAZjAfeWwgLvCMNg3Rs1kjYkR
9tNsgHuv55HF1OpvHKxs%2BNadhZRpXIrLzgMjz3Jh%2Fy7b
%2BNveqg%3D%3D&crl=c
Izcara Palacios, S. (2019). Corruption at the Border:
Intersections between U.S. Labour Demands, Border Control,
and Human Smuggling Economies.
Antipode,
51(4), 1210-1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12527
Khullar, D., & Chokshi, D. A. (2019). Challenges for immigrant

health in the USA—the road to crisis.
The Lancet,
393(10186), 2168-2174.
Kibuacha, F. (2021). How to Determine Sample Size for a
Research Study - GeoPoll. GeoPoll. Retrieved August 22, 2022,
from https://www.geopoll.com/blog/sample-size-research/.
Margulies, P. (2019). The Boundaries of Habeas: Due Process,
the Suspension Clause, and Judicial Review of Expedited
Removal Under the Immigration and Nationality Act.
Geo. Immigr. L.J.,
34, 405.
Meade & Nancy (2018). "The Effect of Border Enforcement on
Drug Trafficking into the United States." The Journal of Law
and Economics, vol. 54, no. 2, 2011, pp. 377-
394.https://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1998-01-
01_1.pdf
Miller, R., & Baumeister, S. (2017). Managing Migration: Is
border control fundamental to anti-trafficking and anti-
smuggling interventions? Anti-Trafficking Review, (2).
https://doi.org/10.14297/atr.20171321
Molobe, I., & Odukoya, O. (2021). The prevalence of drug use
and illicit trafficking: A descriptive cross-sectional study of
irregular migrant returnees in Nigeria.
Journal Of Migration And Health,
3, 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100034
OnaTypicalDayinFiscalYear2018,CBP. Retrieved:
https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/cbp-enforcement-statistics
Ratelle, J., Sawatsky, A., & Beckman, T. (2019). Quantitative
Research Methods in Medical
Education. Anesthesiology, 131(1), 23-35.
https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002727
Seagren, C. W. (2020). U.S. Customs and Border Protection

policy routinely violates stated core values.
Available at SSRN 3674321.
https://www.cbp.gov/document/stats/nationwide-drug-seizures
Slack, J. (2019).
Deported to death: How drug violence is changing
migration on the US–Mexico border (Vol. 45). University of
California Press.
Trac. (2022).
Latest Data: Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Removals. Trac.syr.edu. Retrieved 26 August 2022, from
https://trac.syr.edu/phptools/immigration/remove/.
Appendix A
-E.U. Agency. Comment by Northcentral University: Each
appendix referenced in the text should appear in this section at
the end of the manuscript. Appendices should be listed in the
order referenced in the text.
Remember to include each appendix in your Table of Contents.

Apply the level 1 heading for each appendix title and the
appendix name. Replace “XXX” with the appendix name.
Tosh, S. (2021). Drug Prohibition and The Criminalization of
Immigrants: The
compounding of drug war disparities in the United States
deportation regime.
International Journal of Drug Policy,
87, 102846.
Retrieved from: Drug prohibition and the criminalization of
immigrants: The compounding of drug war disparities in the
United States deportation regime.
Deportations due to drug convictions are only one aspect of the
growing "crimmigration nexus" between the criminal justice
system and immigration enforcement agencies. As illustrated by
this article, from 2009-2016, an average of 34,600 noncitizens
have deported annually due to drug charges (U.S. Immigration
and Customs Enforcement, 2017). In 2018, 76,585 noncitizens
were seized by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for
drug crimes, second only to those apprehended for DUI (U.S.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 2018).
There is much proof and backing for the statements made in the
text. There are current examples and references to research that
might help any reader regarding the relationship that exists
between immigration and drug trafficking. The primary sources
for this article come from a year of ethnographic observation of
removal procedures in the New York City immigration court
and 39 interviews with immigration attorneys, criminal lawyers,
and activists. Added are summaries of related policies and
studies on deportation for drug offenses.
Appendix B
Biden's Open Border Is Fueling the 'Deadliest Drug Epidemic in
U.S. History.

PRESTON. B. (2021). Biden's Open Border Is Fueling the
'Deadliest Drug Epidemic in U.S. History. Retrieved from
Biden's Open Border Is Fueling the 'Deadliest Drug Epidemic in
U.S. History' – P.J. Media
This article published on the P.J. media illustrates how the US-
Mexico border worsened after Biden's open border policy. The
author argues that the open border is helping to spread
lawlessness. Now that the border is open, fentanyl, an opioid, is
pouring in. The article vividly illustrated how the highly
addictive and deadly narcotic fentanyl had flooded the southern
border due to the porous border and poor security relations with
Mexico. More than three times as much fentanyl as they did in
the same period the year before was captured by customs
officials between October 2020 and March 2021. Since 2019,
cartel earnings have skyrocketed thanks to rising demand in the
United States. In 2016, illegal narcotics caused the deaths of
more than 90,000.Appendix C
-E.U. Agency.
Reuters (2021). Cross-border drug trafficking cases nearly
doubled in four years -E.U. Agency. Retrieved from Cross-
border drug trafficking cases nearly doubled in four years -E.U.
agency | Reuters
This article published on the Reuters website illustrates how an
open border increases the cases of drug trafficking. According
to the article's author, the number of cases involving
transnational drug trafficking almost quadrupled from 279 in
2016 to 562 in 2020, according to a European prosecutor's
organization study. Nearly a third of them were new and
synthetic medications. This surprising information was
primarily due to the massive growth in the creation of synthetic
substances. Prosecutors in the European Union have a
significant problem responding to the rising volume of synthetic
drug manufacture and sales on the dark web.

The author has clearly illustrated several factors related to the
dramatic increase in illegal immigration. As international
commerce has become more integrated, people have more
freedom to travel. The United States has the proper
infrastructure and rules for immigrant entrepreneurs because of
its advanced economy.
Assessing the Relationship Between Illegal Immigration, Drug
Trafficking, and an Open
Border.
Dissertation Proposal
Submitted to Northcentral University
School of Business
in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
by
HIBA AL MEHDI
San Deigo, California

September 2022
No period after the title.
Check the line spacing in the title against the template. Make
adjustments.
Acknowledgments
i
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:
Introduction............................................................................
........................................1
Statement of the
Problem..................................................................................
...............................3
Purpose of the
Study......................................................................................
..................................4
Introduction to Theoretical Framework
..........................................................................................5
Introduction to Research Methodology and
Design...................................................................... ..6

Research
Questions................................................................................
..........................................9
Significance of the
Study................................................................................... ...
.........................10
Definitions of Key
Terms.....................................................................................
.........................10
Summary............................................................................... ..
.......................................................11
Chapter 2: Literature
Review....................................................................................
.....................12
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
.........................................................................................12
Subtopic
...............................................................................................
.........................................13
Summary.................................................................................
.......................................................13
Chapter 3: Research
Method...................................................................................
......................15
Research Methodology and
Design....................................................................................

...........15
Population and
Sample....................................................................................
..............................15
Materials or
Instrumentation.......................................................................
...................................16
Operational Definitions of Variables
............................................................................................1
7
Study
Procedures..............................................................................
.............................................18
Data
Analysis..................................................................................
...............................................18
Assumptions............................................................................
......................................................19
Limitations..............................................................................
.......................................................19
Delimitations...........................................................................
.......................................................19
Ethical
Assurances..............................................................................
...........................................20
ii

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1
Summary.................................................................................
.......................................................20
Chapter 4:
Findings..................................................................................
......................................21
XXX of the
Data........................................................................................
....................................21
Results....................................................................................
........................................................22
Evaluation of the
Findings..................................................................................
...........................23
Summary.................................................................................
.......................................................23
Chapter 5: Implications, Recommendations, and
Conclusions.....................................................24
Implications............................................................................
.......................................................24

Recommendations for
Practice...................................................................................
...................25
Recommendations for Future
Research.................................................................................
........25
Conclusions.............................................................................
.......................................................25
References..............................................................................
........................................................27
Appendix A Cross-border drug trafficking cases nearly doubled
in four years -E.U. Agency.....31
Appendix B Biden's Open Border Is Fueling the 'Deadliest Drug
Epidemic in U.S. History.......32
Appendix
C............................................................................................
........................................32
-E.U. Agency……………….31
iii
List of Tables
Begin list of tables here…

iv
List of Figures
Begin list of figures here…
v
1
Chapter 1: Introduction
It is no secret that the United States shares a long and complex
history with Mexico,
particularly regarding immigration. In recent years, the issue of
illegal immigration has again
come to the forefront of public debates. Many people argue that
the country's borders should be
closed to prevent drug trafficking and other criminal activity (
Slack, 2019). However, others
argue that an open border is necessary to allow people to seek a
better life for themselves and
their families. However, open borders provide drug traffickers
with easy access to bring illegal
drugs into the country. Therefore, it is necessary to research if
there is a relationship between

illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and an open border (Inés,
2019). According to Finley &
Esposito (2020), there is no one answer to the question of
whether the United States should have
an open border. The issue is complex, and the researcher must
consider various factors to allow
future debates and discussions on the topic (Inés, 2019).
A strong connection between illegal immigration, drug
smuggling, and an open border
would only exacerbate this problem (Finley & Esposito, 2020).
United States is highly
polarizing and contentious (Inés, 2019). There is a wide range
of opinions and perspectives on
the matter, and the issue is of great importance to the country
(Inés, 2019). There is often
reference to illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and an open
border in the same breath (Finley
& Esposito (2020). According to Finley & Esposito (2020),
there is a very close relationship
between the three. A study by the University of Arizona found
that "a 10 percent increase in
border enforcement is associated with a 9 percent decrease in

the probability of drug trafficking."
(Davies, 2011, p. 12). A study by the RAND Corporation found
that "the relationship between
iIf this is a fact, a citation is needed. The term“it is no secret”
is not appropriate for scholarly writing. Contact the ASC
coaches and set up some sessions to get help with writing.
Use clear language only.
aA citation is missing here also.
cCheck spacing here. Use APA citations correctly.
hI have highlighted 3 transitions in this paragraph. Typically
there is only one transition word per paragraph. Edit for these
errors.
tThere is a formatting error here with this particular citation.
APA seven allows the use of first person. review the resources
on how to refer to yourself as the researcher
aA single sentence cannot sit by itself. Please use appropriate
paragraph formatting.
Relying on quotations in a dissertation is not a good idea.
Consider paraphrasing here.
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
2
border enforcement and drug trafficking is small and not
statistically significant"( pp. 340–345).
In other words, the study found that drug trafficking is not
significantly impacted by border
enforcement. According to the Fiscal Year by Customs and
Border Protection (CBP), the data
has changed since 2018. There is more illegal border crossing
and drug trafficking than ever
before. In the Fiscal Year 2018, CBP booked 4,657 pounds of
narcotics, while in the Fiscal year
2021, 4,732 pounds of drugs were booked by CBP. Also, 11,623
non-documented immigrants
entered the borders in 2018, while the number increased in 2021
to 13,883. However, the
available research suggests a strong relationship between the

three (Eshkobilov, 2022).
According to Bauder (2017), illegal immigration, drug
trafficking, and an open border are
all interconnected issues. Research has shown that illegal
immigration and drug trafficking are
strongly linked, with drug trafficking being a significant reason
why people choose to migrate
illegally. Illegal immigration is a significant and empirical issue
since it affects health care,
education, and food needs (Davis, 2011). The issue of drug
trafficking is important since the
open border in 2021 increased drug overdoses, public health,
and safety. According to
Eshkobilov (2022), the issue of illegal immigration is important
because it challenges traditional
ideas about borders and sovereignty. Every day, 300 people die
from drug overdoses, especially
fentanyl illegally smuggled into the U.S. through the open
border. According to Cha (2020), the
issue of an open border is important because it challenges the
idea of the nation-state as a closed
system.
During the Trump administration, illegal immigration and drug
trafficking were critical

priorities, and the border wall was starting to be built. Since
2021, the border has been open, and
drugs and illegal immigrants are flowing into the country. An
estimated 11 million
3
undocumented immigrants live in the United States (Meade &
Nancy, 2018). Drug trafficking is
at its height, resulting in the highest number of overdoses while
the cartels make enormous
profits. An estimated $100 billion of drugs are trafficked
annually through the southern border
(Meade & Nancy, 2018).
Statement of the Problem
The problem to be addressed in this study is to research if there
is a relationship between
illegal immigration, open border, and drug trafficking. Illegal
activities such as drug trafficking
and illegal immigration occur when there is a lack of border
control (Cha, 2020). Open borders
affect society, law enforcement, public safety, and the
government. It also allows people from

any country to enter the United States without background
checks and provides the perfect
environment for terrorism (Choi, 2018). Having an open border
will make it easy for criminals
from other nations to enter the United States (Hikmatullo Ogli,
2020). There is a challenge in
controlling movements on an open border when immigration
agencies fail to regulate people
entering the country. According to Molobe & Odukoya (2021),
increased cases of drug
trafficking occur when people smuggle drugs across an open
border, like the southern border
between Mexico and the United States. In FY2021, CBP seized
624,500 pounds of drugs
compared to the fiscal year 2020, the cocaine seizures increased
by 68%; Methamphetamine
seizures increased by 7%; Heroin seizures decreased by 6%;
Fentanyl seizures increased by
134% (Seagren, 2020).
The open southern borders are a problem because of the lack of
policies regulating
immigrants' entry into the country and promoting illegal
channels and cartels to traffic
immigrants. In 2021, 1.6 million immigrants crossed the New

Mexico border (Hikmatullo Ogli,
4
2020; Gramlich & Scheller, 2021). According to the 2020
statistics, California recorded 879,064
illegal immigrants, Arizona 860,100, Texas 2, 434,899, and
New Mexico 11,098 illegal
immigrants that were deported (Trac, 2022).
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine the
relationship between open
borders, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration. The
methodology will be quantitative with a
case study design. Publicly accessible databases, for example,
the United States Customs and
Border Protection (CBP), the Department of Homeland Security,
and other peer-reviewed
resources, will be used to generate data. The independent
variable will be open borders, while the
dependent variables are illegal immigration and drug
trafficking. This data will include
information from California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.
The proximity of these states to

the border between the United States and Mexico makes them
excellent locations for carrying
out research and gathering data (Goneppanavar et al., 2019).
I will ensure that the data is reliable, valid, and free of bias.
The study will use data from
publicly accessible resources. The research will use a
theoretical framework and specifically
social theory. Also, some of the publicly accessible resources
will be used, including DHS and
CBP databases between 2010 and 2021 from the four states of
California, Arizona, New Mexico,
and Texas. Prior to data collection, I will obtain IRB approval
for the research. Data will be
analyzed using the SPSS software program. An Analysis of
variance (ANOVA) will be
performed to determine the relationship between the dependent
and independent variables. Based
on the p-value, the researcher will determine whether to accept
or reject the null hypotheses. The
findings would represent a significant advance in
comprehending the difficulties posed by open
wWhat are the dependent and independent variables. So far you
have not identified those. Without identifying the variables, it is

not possible to determine what is the best test for you to use.
10
5
borders and the impact that this has on the illegal trafficking of
drugs and immigration into the
United States.
Introduction to Theoretical Framework
I will guide the research using a theoretical framework. In
particular, the social theory.
The study of social theory focuses on societies' origins,
structure, and functioning (Macionis,
2018). Social theory is important in this research because it will
help to explain the relationship
between open borders, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration.
The key concepts used in this
study are social structure, social change, and social inequality.
Social structure refers to how
society is organized (Macionis, 2018). It includes the
institutions and relationships that makeup
society. Social change refers to the ways in which society
changes over time (Macionis, 2018). It
can be caused by various factors, such as technological

innovation, economic change, or political
change. Social inequality refers to the ways in which some
people have more power, resources,
or prestige than others (Macionis, 2018).
It can be caused by class, race, or gender factors. The
propositions relevant to this study are as
follows:
1) Open borders lead to increased drug trafficking.
2) Open borders lead to increased illegal immigration.
3) Social inequality leads to increased drug trafficking.
4) Social inequality leads to increased illegal immigration.
According to the first proposition, open borders increase drug
trafficking. As a result,
drug traffickers can transport drugs more easily across poorly
protected borders. It is also stated
in the second proposition that open borders promote illegal
immigration. The reason is that
tThese are hypothetical statements, not propositions. Consider
moving this language to the discussion about the research
questions. It is not necessary here in the discussion about the
theory..
tThis information and what follows on the next page are

considered rhetorical statements. Without the inclusion of
citations from high quality sources, this discussion has little
value. In fact, you might consider moving this to the literature
review, says this does not relate directly to a description of
social theory..
6
illegal immigrants can more easily cross poorly protected
borders. Drug trafficking is increased
by social inequality, according to the third proposition. Due to
economic disadvantages, people
who turn to drug trafficking to make money are more likely to
engage in it. The fourth
proposition states that social inequality leads to increased
illegal immigration. The reason is that
economically disadvantaged people are more likely to migrate
illegally to find work.
The theoretical framework guided the research decisions by
helping to develop the
problem statement, purpose statement, and research questions.
The problem statement was
developed by considering the ways in which open borders can
lead to increased drug trafficking
and illegal immigration. The purpose statement was developed
by considering how the research

could help improve understanding of the problems posed by
open borders. The research
questions were developed by considering the key concepts of
social structure, social change, and
social inequality. This research also used the theoretical
framework to guide the data collection
and analysis. The data collection focuses on gathering data on
the relationship between open
borders, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration. The data
analysis focused on examining how
social inequality can lead to increased drug trafficking and
illegal immigration.
Introduction to Research Methodology and Design
The research method used for the study is the quantitative
research method. The term
"quantitative research method" describes an approach to
studying social, economic, and
psychological phenomena (Crowe et al., 2017). Quantitative
research is distinguished by its
emphasis on collecting numerical data and its application to the
generalization of findings across
populations or the explanation of a specific topic. Researchers
can perform simple to highly
complex statistical analyses. For instance, it is summarizing the

information, illustrating
7
correlations, or comparing different sets of summarized data
(Kibuacha, 2021). Quantitative
research is known to approve or disapprove a hypothesis,
making it significant to use in this
important research study.
The design for this study will be a case study design. A case
study, as opposed to a more
general statistical survey, investigates one specific instance in
greater detail (Crowe et al., 2017).
It is a strategy for condensing a vast study domain into a single
subject that can be investigated
relatively easily. The case study approach will incorporate data
from databases like the United
States Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS), and
other scholarly publications. Data triangulation is a strategy
that boosts a study's credibility,
gathering information from separate sources. This strategy
ensures that its findings are reliable
(i.e., the degree to which the method is suitable for answering

the research questions). The
underlying assumption is that evidence gathered using diverse
methods should lead to
comparable findings (Crowe et al., 2017). To guarantee external
validity, researchers must use
statistically and demographically accurate data. Therefore, all
the data from chosen databases
will be analyzed to ensure that the findings reliably extrapolated
to the population
The quantitative methodology and case study design are
appropriate in addressing the
research problem to investigate whether there is a correlation
between illegal immigration, drug
trafficking, and open borders. The quantitative method would
facilitate sourcing numerical data
and promote an accurate generalization of the results. This
procedure made significant inferences
about the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and
Border Protection (CBP) data.
Generalize it, and ascertain whether there is any correlation
between the variables, thereby
accurately addressing the research problem and purpose. The
research ensures that it is

8
conducted according to the quantitative technique requirements
that guarantee an accurate
outcome that offers a more significant conclusion. The research
would target responding to the
research questions and proving the hypothesis.
The research aims to determine if illegal immigration, drug
trafficking, and open borders
are correlated. The case study approach is the best option for
the investigation because it collects
a variety of perspectives, in contrast to the singular view
obtained from an individual respondent
in surveys or interviews. This approach allows for a more
comprehensive understanding of the
topic and lessens the likelihood of bias. The enormous data
from numerous databases guarantee
correctness and representativeness, ensuring internal and
external validity. The quantitative
research approach ensures that the study's aim is deducible from
the problem statement and that
the research questions contribute to answering the study's
overarching aim (Ratelle et al., 2019).
Alignment is crucial to ensure the research study is well-

designed and founded on sound
reasoning.
I will use a purposive sampling method in selecting the
databases containing data on drug
trafficking and illegal immigration in those specific states such
as California, Texas, New
Mexico, and Arizona. I will also draw data for the study from
publicly available sources like
CBP and DHS databases and other scholarly works. The data
sourced from the organization was
analyzed to get insight specifically on drug trafficking and
illegal immigration, particularly in the
states mentioned above. Kibuacha (2022) suggested that if the
target population is considerably
small, it is possible to sample the entire population to acquire
an accurate picture and
significantly lessen the uncertainty involved. This strategy will
also remove the potential for bias
in sample selection, which is a problem with many studies that
use random samples. Before data
9
collection begins, approval from the IRB is required. The

researcher will use the SPSS software
to perform the statistical data analysis. To confirm or refute the
existence of a correlation
between the dependent and independent variables, an analysis of
variance (ANOVA) will be
performed. The p-value will provide the basis for the researcher
to decide whether accept or
reject the null hypothesis.
Research Questions
The research evaluates the relationship between illegal
immigration, the flow of illicit
drugs, and open borders.
RQ1
To what extent, if any, is there a relationship between illegal
immigration, drug
trafficking, and open border?
H1o
There is no statistical significant correlation between illegal
immigration, drug
trafficking, and an open border.
H1a

There is a statistically significant relationship between illegal
immigration, drug
trafficking, and an open border.
RQ2
To what extent, if any, are open borders promoting terrorism
activities?
H10
There is no significant correlation between open borders and the
promotion of terrorist
activities
10
H1a
There is statistical significance in the correlation between an
open border and the
promotion of terrorism activities.
Significance of the Study
United States is highly
polarizing and contentious (Inés, 2019). There is a wide range
of opinions and perspectives on

the matter, and the issue is of great importance to the country
(Inés, 2019).
This research is important, especially for policymakers, to
evaluate current information
and the need for immigration policy changes and enforcing drug
trafficking. In addition, it
provides an in-depth analysis of illegal immigration and the
chain of distribution for illegal drugs
in the United States due to the open borders (Izcara Palacios,
2019).
The findings would represent a significant advance in
comprehending the difficulties
posed by open borders and the impact that this has on the illegal
trafficking of drugs and
immigration into the United States. This research is important
for leaders and practitioners in the
field because it can help them evaluate current information and
the need for immigration policy
changes and enforcing drug trafficking. The findings would
contribute to the literature by
providing a better understanding of the difficulties posed by
open borders and the impact that
this has on the illegal trafficking of drugs and immigration into
the United States.

This research is also significant because it can help to inform
and shape policy decisions
regarding illegal immigration and drug trafficking. This study's
findings may help improve
current policies and procedures related to these issues. In
addition, the research could help to
11
raise awareness of the problem of illegal immigration and drug
trafficking and the need for
practical solutions to address these challenges.
Definitions of Key Terms
1. Drug trafficking: The illegal trade of drugs.
2. Illegal immigration: This is Immigration that occurs when
people enter a country
without the government’s permission or stay in a country longer
than their visa allows (Gramlich
& Scheller, 2021).
3. Open borders: A policy with no restrictions on the movement
of people between
countries (Davis, 2011).
Summary

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship
between open borders, drug
trafficking, and illegal immigration. The study will use data
from publicly accessible resources,
such as the United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
and the Department of
Homeland Security, to generate data. The data will be analyzed
using the SPSS software
program. An Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed
to determine the relationship
between the dependent and independent variables. Based on the
p-value, the researcher will
determine whether to accept or reject the null hypotheses. This
research is important, especially
for policymakers, to evaluate current information and the need
for immigration policy changes
and enforcing drug trafficking. In addition, it provides an in-
depth analysis of illegal immigration
and the chain of distribution for illegal drugs in the United
States due to the open borders (Izcara
Palacios, 2019). The findings would represent a significant
advance in comprehending the

12
difficulties posed by open borders and the impact that this has
on the illegal trafficking of drugs
and immigration into the United States.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Checklist:
☐Begin with the first sentence of the purpose statement and
problem statement that leads
to a brief explanation of the organization of the literature
review. Do not simply cut and
paste the Purpose Statement section from Chapter 1.
☐ Provide an overview of the sub-headings in the literature that
will be discussed.
☐At the end of this section, indicate the databases accessed and
the search engines used.
Discuss all the search parameters, including the search terms
and their combinations
(with more detailed search terms located in an appendix, if
appropriate), years' range, and
literature types.
☐Devote approximately 30 to 60 pages to this chapter to

include citations to at least 50
relevant sources.
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
Checklist:
☐Describe the guiding theoretical/conceptual framework of the
study, including the
definitions of all the concepts, an explanation of the
relationships among the concepts,
and a presentation of all the assumptions and propositions.
13
☐Explain the origin and development of the framework.
Demonstrate detailed
knowledge of and familiarity with both the historical and the
current literature on the
framework.
☐Identify existing research studies that used this framework in
a similar way. Mention
alternative frameworks, with a justification of why the selected
framework was chosen.

☐ Describe how and why the selected framework relates to the
present study and how it
guided the development of the problem statement, purpose
statement, and research
questions.
Subtopic
Level 3 Heading
Text...
Level 4 Heading. Text...
Checklist:
☐Critically analyze (i.e., note the strengths and weaknesses)
and synthesize (i.e.,
integrate) the existing research. Rather than reporting on each
study independently,
describe everything known on the topic by reviewing the entire
body of work.
☐Present a balanced integrative critical review of the literature,
ensuring all points of
view are included. Cover all the important issues with a
discussion of areas of
convergence (i.e., agreement) and divergence (i.e.,

disagreement). Provide potential
explanations for areas of divergence.
☐ Address issues of authority, audience, and/or bias/point of
view in the sources used.
14
Summary
Checklist:
☐Briefly restate the key points discussed in the chapter. Review
the headings and/or
table of contents to ensure all key points are covered.
☐ Highlight areas of convergence and divergence as well as
gaps in the literature that
support the need for the study. This discussion should logically
lead to Chapter 3, where
the research methodology and design will be discussed.
15
Chapter 3: Research Method

Checklist:
☐ Begin with an introduction and restatement of the problem
and purpose sentences
verbatim.
☐ Provide a brief overview of the contents of this chapter,
including a statement that
identifies the research methodology and design.
Research Methodology and Design
Checklist:
☐ Describe the research methodology and design. Elaborate
upon their appropriateness
in relation to the study problem, purpose, and research
questions.
☐ Identify alternative methodologies and designs and indicate
why they were determined
to be less appropriate than the ones selected. Do not simply list
and describe research
methodologies and designs in general.
Population and Sample

Checklist:
☐ Describe the population, including the estimated size and
relevant characteristics.
☐ Explain why the population is appropriate, given the study
problem, purpose, and
research questions.
☐ Describe the sample that will be (proposal) or was
(manuscript) obtained.
16
☐ Explain why the sample is appropriate, given the study
problem, purpose, and research
questions.
☐Explain the type of sampling used and why it is appropriate
for the dissertation
proposal methodology and design.For design. For qualitative
studies, evidence must be
presented that saturation will be (proposal) or was (manuscript)
reached. For quantitative
studies, a power analysis must be reported to include the
parameters (e.g., effect size,

alpha, beta, and number of groups) included, and evidence must
be presented that the
minimum required sample size will be (proposal) or was
(manuscript) reached.
☐ Describe how the participants will be (proposal) or were
(manuscript) recruited (e.g.,
email lists from professional organizations, flyers) and/or the
data will be (proposal) or
were (manuscript) obtained (e.g., archived data, public records)
with sufficient detail so
the study could be replicated.
Materials or Instrumentation
Checklist:
☐ Describe the instruments (e.g., tests, questionnaires,
observation protocols) that will
be(proposal) or were (manuscript) used, including information
on their origin and
evidence of their reliability and validity. OR as applicable,
describe the materials to be
used (e.g., lesson plans for interventions, webinars, or archived
data, etc.).
☐ Describe in detail any field testing or pilot testing of

instruments to include their
results and any subsequent modifications.
17
☐If instruments or materials are used that were developed by
another researcher, include
evidence in the appendix that permission was granted to use the
instrument(s) and/or
material(s) and refer to that fact and the appendix in this
section.
Operational Definitions of Variables
Begin writing here...
XXX
Text…
Checklist:
☐ For quantitative and mixed methods studies, identify how
each variable will be
(proposal) or was (manuscript) used in the study. Use
terminology appropriate for the
selected statistical test (e.g., independent/dependent,
predictor/criterion, mediator,

moderator).
☐ Base the operational definitions on published research and
valid and reliable
instruments.
☐ Identify the specific instrument that will be (proposal) or was
(manuscript) used to
measure each variable.
☐ Describe the level of measurement of each variable (e.g.,
nominal, ordinal, interval,
ratio), potential scores for each variable (e.g., the range [0–100]
or levels [low, medium,
high]), and data sources. If appropriate, identify what specific
scores (e.g., subscale
scores, total scores) will be (proposal) or were (manuscript)
included in the analysis and
how they will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) derived (e.g.,
calculating the sum,
difference, average).
18
Study Procedures

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