4. Dreaming
• It is an abnormal phenomena of mind that does not
occur in waking life
• According to Freud it is the royal road to
unconscious
• Main features are
– Disjointed/ disorganized/ lacking continuity
– Admit impossibilities/ nonsense having no head and tail
– No critical ability/ no means of testing its correctness
5. Cont……
• Show an accelerated flow of ideas, a
shift in the depiction of scenes
• Wish fulfillment i.e., gratification of
unfulfilled wishes/ disguise our desires
• Symbolic in nature
6. Day Dreaming
• It is an altered state of mind / consciousness that
occurs without effort and involve a brief escape
from reality into fantasy
• Can occur anywhere any time
• It source are fantasies that are construct while one
is awake
• It is more controlled so it is closely related to
immediate event in the environment
7. Cont….
• Normal part of waking consciousness
• But frequent day dreaming could lead
to psychological difficulties as when
one is unable to distinguish between
fantasy and reality
8. Realistic Thinking
• Also know as reasoning
• Help us to adjust to real world
• motivated to reach solutions to problems involving
individual livelihood
• Three processes involve in reasoning
– Deductive
– Inductive
– Evaluative
9. Problem Solving
• “Any goal directed activity that must overcome
some type of barrier to accomplish the task”
• Involves development of some mode of responses
to eliminate these barriers
• Depends on previous learning experience and
higher mental processes
• May also lead to the development of new concepts
10. Methods of P.S
• Trial and error
– It is the process of succeeding in an attempt by
repeating it after learning from failures
– Problem is either so difficult to have any clue or
involves illogical relationships that cannot be
discover by thought
– Overt trial and error; i.e. getting solution by
visualizing it
11. Insight
– It is the sudden awareness of the relationship
among various elements that had no connection
before
– It is period of no apparent progress followed by
sudden solution
– Psychologist do not know how insight operates
but the know it is a useful approach to problem
solving
12. Steps of P.S
• Problem; one should show a concern to the
problem i.e. identification of problem
• Data; assembling the material with which to
work
• Hypothesis; driving a number of possible
solutions. While dealing with the above
mentions steps one may develop different
hypotheses
13. • Evaluation; evaluating the suggested
solutions
• Verification; objectively testing and
revising the solution
