Peace in Indian Context

Peace in Indian Context
Gandhian Philosophy of Peace and Non-
Violence - Techniques of Non-Violence
Resistance - India a Peace-Loving Country:
Policy of Panch Sheel and Non-Alignment
By
M.VIJAYALAKSHMI
Assistant Professor

Objectives
At the end of the course the student teacher will
1. Understand the concept of peace education.
2. Understand the dynamics of transformation of
violence into Peace.
3. Understand the nature of conflicts and their
resolution.
4. Imbibe the knowledge, attitudes and skills
needed to achieve and sustain a global culture
of peace.
5. Adopt peace education in the curriculum.

Unit – 5: Peace in Indian Context
5.1 Peace in Ancient Indian Literature –
Thirukkural
5.2 Emperor Asoka’s Kalinga War, Conversion
5.3 Propagation of Peace - Jainism and
Buddhism
5.4 Gandhian Philosophy of Peace and Non-
Violence - Techniques of Non-Violence
Resistance - India a Peace-Loving Country:
Policy of Panch Sheel and Non-Alignment

Unit – 5: Peace in Indian Context
5.4 Gandhian Philosophy of Peace
and Non-Violence - Techniques of
Non-Violence Resistance - India a
Peace-Loving Country: Policy of Panch
Sheel and Non-Alignment

Gandhian Philosophy of Peace
and
Non-Violence

• “It’s the action, not the fruit of the action,
that’s important. You have to do the right
thing... You may never know what results
come from your action. But if you do nothing,
there will be no result”
- Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhian Concept of Peace
• Gandhian principles and the promotion of
peace education through Gandhian studies
are part of the fundamental architecture of
many Indian educational Initiatives, as well
as those in a variety of other countries.
• By nonviolent action, Gandhi meant peaceful,
constructive mass action.

• It is true that Gandhi did not write on peace
education in any specific way, but his whole
philosophy and life have been, of course,
important in peace studies and peace
education not only for India but for other
nations of the world as well (Prasad 1998).
• Gandhi’s concept of peace and non-violence
is integrally related to his world view.
• Gandhiji evolved his world view from a
concept of “self” and human nature.

• Acknowledging the inherent goodness of
human beings, Gandhi emphasized the
capacity of all human beings to develop their
full potential of non-violence.
• He believed that all human beings are part of
divine and they are interdependent and
interrelated. Gandhiji’s concept of peace is
also a board one.
• For him peace emerged from a way of life.
• Therefore peace is intimately linked up with
Justice, development and environment.

Gandhiji’s contributions to peace movement
• Gandhiji’s view on peace emphasizes positive
concepts of peace, the power of nonviolence,
the discovery of one’s own and other’s truths,
empathy, forgiveness and community, and
proactive peacemaking.
• The most fundamental principle and Gandhiji’s
philosophy of peace is “Ahimsa” or nonviolence
which is the law of love, life and creation as
opposed to violence, the cause of hatred, death
and destruction.

• According to him the Universal Human value
of Ahimsa ought to be cultivated not merely
at a personal level, but at social, national and
international levels for avoiding personal,
social, national and international conflicts.
• Gandhi observed “Fasting unto death” is the
last step to oppose injustice.

• Gandhi’s approach is ethical, as he believes
that moral degeneration is the root cause of
all evils including conflicts.
• Mahatma Gandhi lived, worked, fought and
died for peace, equality and respect for all
human beings, tolerance and respect for all
religious faith and ethnic groups and
settlement of difference.
• Nonviolence, as practiced by Gandhi, is a
weapon not of the weak, but of the strong
and fearless.

Role of Academics
• It is very shocking to note that no serious and
sustained consideration is given to human
search for peace or peace studies in academic
institutions and syllabi, while ours is a world
of nuclear giants and moral infants.

• Each and every citizen of the world must be
educated to escape conflict, as ultimately the
person himself is the insurmountable barrier
in conflict resolution. Every educated person
should be made aware of the fact that issues
relating to peaceful co-existence basically
belong to each citizen.

• The foregoing outlines of Gandhi’s
philosophy of peace endorses the j truism
that Gandhi is one of the very relevant
precursors of conflict-resolution movement
with his comprehensible philosophy of peace
based on the psychology of human nature,
awareness of social realities and knowledge
of economic and political systems and
situations.

• If conflict is not properly handled, it may lead
to large-scale war, threatening the very
existence of human survival. At times, the
cooperative behaviour of a particular society
or community may affect the peaceful life of
others in the society. For example, the
extreme form of nationalism of a particular
country affects its relations with its
neighbouring countries.

• In the same way, the conflicting behaviour of
a given society may develop group
cohesiveness and strong identity, (e.g. at the
time of war and emergency, people show
national solidarity).
• Thus dealing with conflict requires enormous
potentiality, skills, strategies etc.
• Normative forms and natural way (leaving it
to its natural course of its end) of dealing
with conflicts very often prove stereotypic,
uncreative and less effective.

• Since the causes for conflicts are multiple due
to changing situations, the methods to deal
with and respond to conflict cannot remain
single and one dimensional.
• Albert Einstein said, “The significant
problems we face today cannot be solved at
the same level of thinking we were at when
we created them.”

• Thus we require multiple and more creative
approaches to respond to conflict.
• This will not happen through repetitive way
of using the normative techniques of conflict
resolution.
• What is required is an in depth study on
various dimensions and dynamics of conflicts
and more effective and creative ways of
coping with them.
• This necessitates the need for education on
conflict resolution.

• To bridge the gap between knowledge and
action in conflict resolution, intensive
training and wider exposure in this field
becomes necessary.
• In order to improve human conditions at the
micro and macro levels, education, research
and training in conflict studies that is now
phrased, as ‘Conflictology’ is needed.
• This comes very much under the purview of
the academic field.

Gandhi and Ahimsa
• Gandhi asserts that besides individual
endeavour corporate, actions are also
needed.
• The most fundamental principle of his
philosophy of peace is “Ahimsa” or
nonviolence which is the law of love, life and
creation as opposed to violence, the cause of
hatred, death and destruction.

• According to Gandhi the universal human value
of Ahimsa ought to be cultivated not merely at a
personal level, but at social, national and
international levels too if we wish to avoid
personal, social, national and international
conflicts.
• It is a very powerful means to avoid conflict,
since it springs from an inner realization of the
equality of all human beings.
• It is absence of intention of injuring, harming,
disturbing and agonizing opponents. It is
goodwill towards all human beings.

• Nonviolence at interpersonal and
international levels can be defined as
altruistic approach.
• As a peaceful technique to resist injustice, it
includes a concrete programme and leads to
self-suffering and sacrifice.

• For Gandhi “Fasting unto death” is the last
step to oppose injustice, Gandhi’s approach is
ethical, as he believes that moral
degeneration is the root cause of all evils
including conflicts.
• So he recommends acquisition of moral
values such as truthfulness, nonviolence or
love, self-control, forgiveness, non-enmity or
friendliness, compassion, mercy etc.

• In fact values are the best equipments
discovered by human beings to escape
various types of conflicts.
• Peace studies also show that the root of all
problems invariably lies in the infringement
of values — moral, religious, spiritual,
economic and political and moral principles.
• Gandhi proposed and adopted “Satyagraha”
as a moral equivalent to war and conflict.

• In education along with spreading ideas of
universal love and tolerance and importance
of maintenance of peace for sustaining
human development, there should be
sufficient provision to make students
conscious about denouncing extreme
inequality in distribution of wealth.
• A mindset will be prepared that will help in
developing a society where equitable
distribution of wealth will be given due
emphasis.

• Proper concept of human welfare should be
cultivated through education.
• A humanistic education covering various
aspects responsible for creating social
discontents giving rise to conflicts and
emphasizing on maintaining peace in
resolution of conflicts, will create a society
worth living as Gandhi envisioned and
worked for.

• Mahatma Gandhi lived, worked, fought and
died for peace, equality and respect for all
human beings, tolerance and respect for all
religious faiths and ethnic groups and
settlement of differences.
• Nonviolence, as practiced by Gandhi, is a
weapon not of the weak, but of the strong
and fearless. It does not consist merely of
abstention from physical injury, but demands
a discipline of not even thinking of hurting
others.

• The mindset of people has to be made more
pro-nonviolence and strong peace
movements need to be created in all
countries.
• The peace movement has struggled for many
years to achieve world peace.
• The movement is aiming at ending violence
and wars in a variety of different situations
through a variety of methods.

• Typically the peace movement advocates
nonviolent means to achieve their goals.
• Through the small efforts of all of these
groups it is possible to achieve world peace.
• When there is an end to all of the small
instances of violence and injustice in the
world, we will be closer to the goal of the
peace movement.

Techniques of Non-Violence Resistance
• In the contemporary world we are witnessing
various conflicts around us.
• Non-violence has proved to be the most
potent weapon to resolve them.
• Though, violence has been resorted on many
occasions, it only leads to more violence.
• Violence is thus, abhorred by all and there is
an urgent need to promote the principles of
Nonviolence.

• Conflict is actual or perceived disagreement
over some issue. It has the potential to
assume bigger proportions.
• Conflict could be social, religious, regional,
national or international.
• Conflicts could be resolved in many ways.
• Violence is the most easy way to solve the
conflict.
• However, Gandhiji remarked – “an eye for an
eye will only make the whole world blind.”

• Non-violence is not a new term, it has
already been used many times to resolve
conflicts the most famous and successful
examples are the movement led by Gandhiji
in both South Africa and India, Martin Luther
king Jr. in USA and Nelson Mandel in South
Africa.
• Non-violence has the potential to solve all
kind of conflicts peacefully.

• May it be racial, casteist, class-oriented,
regional, national or religious.
• As Martin Luther king Jr. once said, “At the
centre of non-violence is the principle of
love.”
• Non-violence, thus, not only resolves the
conflict, but, produce love. It is thus,
definitely superior to violence.

• The world today has lost the message of non-
violence enunciated by great people and as a
result we witness mindless violence with a
fear creeping in our mind and paralysing us
all the time, there is an urgent need to
promote the principle of non-violence to stop
ourselves treading the path of self-
destruction.

• Over periods of time with various
movements (Indian Freedom struggle, Civil
Rights movement in USA etc.), certain
principles of Non-violence have emerged.
• These include peaceful resistance,
spirituality, principle of love, worth of human
being, compassion towards all, even
adversary.

• Specific Gandhian principle include Ahimsa,
Truthfulness, Absorbing suffering, Respecting
others, Understanding reasons of conflict,
appreciating differences and compassion for all.
• According to him, “The only devils in the world
are those running around in our own hearts that
is where the battle should be fought,”
• His version involved the battle within first and
foremost.
• His method showed remarkable results both in
South Africa and India.

• The most important struggles were
Champaran and Kheda-Satyagraha, Non-
cooperation movement, Salt-Satyagraha, and
Quit India movement.
• Through his principle of Nonviolence he
could fight successfully against
untouchability.
• He showed to the world that conflicts could
be resolved peacefully through non-violent
means.

• Eventually, British had to abandon their
pursuit of colonalisation.
• The non-violent technique was superior and
most acceptable. It continues to be so today.
• This is a reason why we still enjoy good
relations with England even after centuries of
subjugation.

• The Martin Luther King Jr’s principle of non-
violence were similar to that of Gandhiji and
included defeat injustice, not people,
suffering for a cause, win friendship and
understanding an so on.
• These principles were also shared by Nelson
Mandela in his non-violent and peaceful
struggle in South Africa against Apartheid.

• The promotion of principles of non-violence
requires some pre-cursor.
• The most important pre-requisite is
TOLERANCE and rejection of hatred.
• As Gandhiji said “Hate the evil not the evil
doer.”
• Tolerance is the virtue of most powerful, it is
strength not weakness.

• Without tolerance, there cannot be
promotion of non-violence.
• We must remember that as a result of
absence of tolerance and ability to suffer,
Gandhiji had to suspend Non-Cooperation
• The agencies to promote principle of non-
violence include school, family, society, work
place and media.

• Love and compassion are few other
important ingredients of non-violence.
• One should continue to love his adversary in
all circumstances.
• Love and compassion was the reason for
Angulimal [the heinous bandit who used to
kill people for their fingers] to leave violence
under the influence of Lord Buddha.

• Family is the place where the initial training
of a child starts. Thus, families should be
motivated to display strong-values of
nonviolence.
• School is the first formal agency to mould the
covert and overt behavior of a child.
• It is here that a child comes under the
influence of many agencies an agent under
one umbrella.

• Thus, it becomes one of the most important
agencies to promote the principles of non-
violence.
• Media of all types has one of the most
important role in promotion and establishing
the principle of non-violence in conflict
resolution.
• Media propagates the message and values
directly.

• It creates big impact among people.
• With the availability of audio-visual, audio
media with print media, the importance of
media has grown many-fold.
• Moreover, media assists indirectly also by
publishing and displaying the stories of
success of non-violent movement and about
the life of leaders.

• Non-violent act produces sympathy, love and
a feeling of guilt in the heart of the person in
question (perpetrator of violence or tyrants).
This helps in softening on his part resulting in
help to resolve conflict.
• Non-violence resolves the conflict in an
integrated manner.

• It helps in taking the best route to resolve
conflict.
• It provides the way for discussion,
negotiation, compromise and integration of
the final goal.
• We had enough of violence and bloodshed.
Now we must make the way for world peace
through the principles of non-violence and
role of national and international
organizations is vital in this regard.

• United Nations Organization should
coordinate and inspire the nations to evolve
the universally acceptable principle of non-
violence for conflict resolution.

India a Peace-Loving Country
• India is a peace loving nation.
• It achieved independence from centuries old
British colonial rule through peaceful
nonviolent movements.
• India has a long tradition of peace and apathy
towards war of any kind.

• Ashoka the Great renounced the use of
weapon and abandoned the principles of
war.
• This is one of the earliest examples of
disarmament.
• Till the arrival of the Europeans in India, the
longs had fought wars and battles.

• But these battles did not affect the lives and
properties of the common citizens.
• Pursuing the tradition of peace, India at the
very dawn of its Independence declared
peace as the cornerstone of its policies.
• In 1954 India took the initiative to ban the
nuclear tests.

• India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru
proposed at the U.N. a standstill agreement
in respect of the atomic tests.
• He knew that the total destruction of the
existing weapons was not possible; so he
wanted to stop the tests so that there might
not be further escalation of nuclear weapons.

• Many countries of the world supported the
view, but the big powers hardly paid any
heed to the proposal.
• However, the proposal set the ball of
disarmament in motion and countries in the
UN became vocal in support of peace and
disarmament.
• Consequently from early 1960s new
initiatives towards the direction of
disarmament started.

• Though the armaments are the cause of
tension and war, the nationstates are
reluctant to disband the arms.
• Both from political and economic points of
view, the states are compelled to pile up the
stock of arms.
• Consequently, disarmament proposals are
being neutralized.

• The efforts for reduction of arms to ensure
peace in the world during the inter-war period
and during the Cold War years have failed to
check the stockpiling and inventions of more
sophisticated and deadly weapons.
• India though the initiator of the disarmament
movement, has refused to sign the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty, Comprehensive Test Ban
Treaty, etc., because 0f their discriminatory
character as these treaties will not deter the
weapon states to sharpen and improve their
technology.

• Because they have reached a stage, now they
can further improve their technology'
through computer and other indoor tests
which have not been banned.
• They are also not willing to destroy the
existing weapons within a time frame.
• These treaties, therefore are not in a position
to eliminate the nuclear weapons leading to
general and complete disarmament.

• CND campaigns nonviolently to rid the world
of nuclear weapons and other weapons of
mass destruction to create genuine security
for future generations.
• CND opposes ail nuclear and other weapons
of mass destruction, their development,
manufacture, testing, deployment and use or
threatened use by any country.
• Hence CND is actively involved in world
peace.

Panchsheel
• Panchsheel was born fifty years ago in
response to a world asking for a new set of
principles for the conduct of international
relations that would reflect the aspirations of
all nations to co-exist and prosper together in
peace and harmony.
• Fifty years later, on the golden anniversary of
Panchsheel, the chord that was struck in
1954 still rings pure and true in a world yet
seeking the lodestar that will guide it into the
harbour of peaceful co-existence.

• Panchsheel, or the Five Principles of Peaceful
Co-existence, were first formally enunciated
in the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse
between the Tibet region of China and India
signed on April 29, 1954, which stated, in its
preamble, that the two Governments “have
resolved to enter into the present Agreement
based on the following principles: -

i. Mutual respect for each other’s
territorial integrity and
sovereignty,
ii. Mutual non-aggression,
iii.Mutual non-interference,
iv.Equality and mutual benefit, and
v. Peaceful co-existence.

• An underlying assumption of the Five
Principles was that newly independent states
after decolonization would be able to develop
a new and more principled approach to
international relations.
• The principles were emphasized by the Prime
Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, in a
broadcast speech made at the time of the
Asian Prime Ministers Conference in Colombo,
Sri Lanka just a few days after the signing of
the Sino-Indian treaty in Beijing.

• Nehru went so far as to say: "If these principles
were recognized in the mutual relations of all
countries, then indeed there would hardly be any
conflict and certainly no war."
• The five principles were subsequently
incorporated in modified form in a statement of
ten principles issued in April 1955 at the historic
Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia,
which did more than any other meeting to form
the idea that post-colonial states had something
special to offer the world.

• It has been suggested that the five principles
had partly originated as the five principles of
the Indonesian state.
• In June 1945 Sukarno, the Indonesian
nationalist leader, had proclaimed five general
principles, or pancasila, on which future
institutions were to be founded. Indonesia
became independent in 1949.

• The Five Principles as they had been adopted
in Colombo and elsewhere formed the basis of
the Non-Aligned Movement, established in
Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961.
• The history of the first major enunciation of
the Five Principles is not wholly encouraging.
• China has often emphasized its close
association with the Five Principles.

• It had put them forward, as the Five Principles
of Peaceful Coexistence, at the start of
negotiations that took place in Delhi from
December 1953 to April 1954 between the
Delegation of the PRC Government and the
Delegation of the Indian Government on the
relations between the two countries with
respect to the disputed territories of Aksai
Chin and what China calls South Tibet and
India Arunachal Pradesh.

• The 29 April 1954 agreement mentioned
above was set to last for eight years.
• When it lapsed, relations were already
souring, the provision for renewal of the
agreement was not taken up, and the Sino-
Indian War broke out between the two sides.
• However, in the 1970s, the Five Principles
again came to be seen as important in Sino-
Indian relations, and more generally as norms
of relations between states.
• They have become widely recognized and
accepted throughout the region.

Non-Aligned Movement
• The term ‘non-alignment’ is used to describe
the foreign policies of those states that
refused to align with either of the two blocs
led by the two Superpowers i.e. the U.S. and
the U.S.S.R., and instead, opted to pursue an
independent course of action in International
politics.
• The Non-Aligned Movement (N.A.M.)
emerged when individual non-aligned states
came together and coordinated their efforts
on a common platform.

• It changed the nature of inter-state relations
by enabling the newly independent
developing countries to play a significant role
in world affairs.
• 'Non- alignment means the refusal of states
to take sides with one or the other of the two
principal opposed groups of powers such as
existed at the time of the Cold War.

• Non-alignmen t can be defined as not
entering into military alliances with any
country, either of the Western bloc led by the
U.S. or the communist bloc led by the
U.S.S.R.
• It is an assertion of independence in foreign
policy.
• Non-aligned nations' continuously opposed
the politics of Cold War confrontations.

• Non-alignment emerged in the context of
two global developments:
• the national liberation struggles of colonies
and the Cold War between the U.S. and
• the U.S.S.R. leading to two military blocs and
alliances

• There is a debate about the relevance of non-
alignment in a world without Cold War or bipolarism.
• But while the context of Cold War may have changed,
the world remains divided into the rich and the poor
nations.
• The developing countries which constitute three-
fourth of the world’s population remain only on the
periphery of the international system.
• The policy of non-aligned will remain valid until the
system operates on the basis of genuine equality and
reciprocity.
• There is an urgent need to reactivate the Non-Aligned
Movement in order to work concertedly for a more
egalitarian world order.

Objectives of Non-Aligned Movement
• To promote and reinforce multilateralism and, in
this regard, strengthen the central' role that the
United Nations must play.
• To serve as a forum of political coordination of
the developing countries to promote and defend
their common interests in the system of
international relations.
• To promote unity, solidarity and cooperation
between developing ' countries’ based on
shared values and priorities agreed upon by
consensus.

• To defend international peace and security)
and settle all international disputes by
peaceful means in accordance with the
principles and the purposes of the UN
Charter and International Law.
• To encourage relations of friendship and
cooperation between all nations based on
the principles of International Law,
particularly those enshrined in the Charter of
the United Nations

• To promote and encourage sustainable
development through international
cooperation and, to that end, jointly
coordinate the implementation of political
strategies which strengthen and ensure the
full participation of all countries, rich and
poor, in the international economic relations,
under equal conditions and opportunities but
with differentiated responsibilities.

• To encourage the respect, enjoyment and
protection of all human rights and
fundamental freedoms for all on the basis of
the principles of universality, objectivity,
impartiality and non-selectivity, avoiding
politicization of human rights issues, thus
ensuring that all human rights of individuals
and peoples, including the right to
development, are promoted and protected in
a balanced manner.

• To promote peaceful coexistence between
nations regardless of their political, social or
economic systems.
• To coordinate actions and strategies in order
to confront jointly the threats to
international peace and security, including
the threats of use of force and the acts of
aggression, colonialism and foreign
occupation, and other breaches of peace
caused by any country or group of countries.

• To promote international cooperation in the
peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to
facilitate access to nuclear technology,
equipment and material for peaceful
purposes required by developing countries.

• To respond to the challenges and to fake
advantage of the opportunities arising from
globalization and interdependence with
creativity and a sense of identity in order to
ensure its benefits to all countries,
particularly those most affected by
underdevelopment and poverty, with a view
to gradually reducing the abysmal gap
between the developed and developing
countries.

Principles of Non-Aligned Movement
• Respect for the principles enshrined in the
Charter of the United Nations and
International Law.
• Respect for sovereignty, sovereign equality
and territorial integrity of all States.
• Recognition of the equality of all races,
religions, cultures and all nations, both big
and small.

• Promotion of a dialogue among peoples,
civilizations, cultures and religions based on
the respect of religions, their symbols and
values, the promotion and the consolidation
of tolerance and freedom of belief.
• Respect for and promotion of all human
rights and fundamental freedoms for all,
including the effective implementation of the
right of peoples to peace and development.

• Respect for the equality of rights of States,
including the inalienable right of each State
to determine freely its political, social,
economic and cultural system, without any
kind of interference whatsoever from any
other State.
• Non-interference in the internal affairs of
States. No State or group of States has the
right to intervene either directly or indirectly
whatever the motive, in the internal affairs of
any other State.

• Rejection of unconstitutional change of
governments.
• Total rejection of aggression as a dangerous
and serious breach of International Law,
which entails international responsibility for
the aggressor.
• Respect for the inherent right of individual or
collective self-defense, in accordance with
the Charter of the United Nations.

• Rejection of and opposition to terrorism in all
its forms and manifestations, committed by
whomever, wherever and for whatever
purposes, as it constitutes one of the most
serious threats to international peace and
security. In this context, terrorism should not
be equated with the legitimate struggle of
peoples under colonial or alien domination
and foreign occupation for self-determination
and national liberation.

• Defense and consolidation of democracy,
reaffirming that democracy is a universal
value based on the freely expressed will of
people to determine their own political,
economic, social, and cultural systems and
their full participation in all aspects of their
life.

• Promotion and defense of multilateralism
and multilateral organizations as the
appropriate frameworks to resolve, through
dialogue and cooperation, the problems
affecting humankind.

• Support to efforts by countries suffering
internal conflicts to achieve peace, justice,
equality and development.
• Peaceful settlement of all international
conflicts in accordance with the Charter of
the United Nations.

Goals and Achievements of the
Non-Aligned Movement
• NAM made a significant contribution to the
preservation of peace and disarmament Its
espousal of peace, of peaceful co-existence
and of human brotherhood, opposition to
wars of any kind contributed to the lowering
of Cold War tensions and expanded areas of
peace in the world with fewer states joining
military blocs.

• It also continuously strove for disarmament
and for an end to the arms race stating that
universal peace and security can be assumed
only by general and complete disarmament,
under effective international control.
• It is no longer possible to ignore this
platform. Thus we see that non- alignment
has facilitated third world’s participation in
world politics and in the process has
democratized the international relations.

• It actively involves in restructuring of
the international economic and
monetary systems on the basis of
equality, non-discrimination and
cooperation.

• Non-aligned Movement’s struggle for
economic justice has demonstrated how
realistic it is to divide the world between the
North and the South rather than between the
East and the West It has proved that what
concerns the majority of humanity is not the
choice between capitalism and communism
but a choice between poverty and prosperity.

• Non-alignment has also succeeded in
legitimizing the interventionist trade policy
that the developing countries want to
pursue. It has successfully turned world
attention to the problem created by the role
as played by multinationals, especially in the
context of transfer of technology.

Sources are taken from
•Slidesharenet.com
•Web sources

Peace in Indian Context

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Peace in Indian Context