TYPES, Extra detail on STOP MOTION, DRAWN/CEL ANIMATION, COMPUTER GENERATED ANIMATION, ROLE OF THE VIEWER, WHEN IS ANIMATION USED?, In ADVERTISTNG, For ENTERTAINMENT, For EDUCATION and TRAINING and What JOBS are there?

1. My Definition of ANIMATION:
Dynamic visual medium generated from static drawings, models, or objects through a
sophisticated computer package. It is created by displaying a series of pictures, or
frames. Difference between video and animation is that video takes continuous motion
and breaks it up into discrete frames, whereas animation starts with independent and
puts them through to form the illusion of continuous motion.
Customarily, each picture is hand drawn or models or puppets are utilized. The models/puppets are located
in a set and moved, and each movement is captured (photographed). Sound effects, including speech, may
likewise be fused into the final film. These days, animation is regularly created a great deal more rapidly
using computer software packages. Images of models or drawings can be examined into a computer and
controlled, or the images can be computer-generated. Computer animation has grown quickly as of late,
aided by advanced digital technology – the films How To Train Your Dragon, Up and Bolt was made in
this way. CGI (computer-generated image) techniques are additionally utilized as a part of a wide range of
movies, including late blockbusters The Twilight Saga: New Moon and Avatar.
In spite of the fact that a great many people connect animation with cartoons, it likewise has applications in
industrial and scientific research. Despite the sort, the viewer’s body assumes a principle part in why people
see continuous movement rather than a series of rapidly evolving pictures.

2. TYPES
Animation can be divided into four broad areas:
 2D Drawn Animation– Using traditional hand-drawn animation
 2D Computer Animation– Creating animations using computer packages
 3D Computer Animation– Generating three-dimensional images
 Stop Motion/Stop Frame Animation– Using models, puppets or clay – as seen in the films Wallace
& Gromit and Coraline, for example.
There are also other less conventional forms, many of which focusing on using an infrequent medium like
sand or glass in order to form the images, as well as combination, of live action and drawings or computer
created images.
There are around 300 animation studios in Britain, many of which are very small. Majority of the studios
specialise in one of the above areas and, within that area, may focus on producing animations for a purpose,
e.g. special effects for computer games, interactive website design or video production. Around 2,000
people work in the industry
Extra detail on STOP MOTION…
The objects can be almost anything, ranging from clay figures to paper cut outs to household objects. Some
stop motion films use actual people, who hold specific poses for individual frames. After photographing the
objects, the photos are then transferred to film and combined with sound, as with the traditional method.
Any film project is basically a series of individual photos moving fast before a viewer’s eye to give the
illusion of motion. One prevalent animation strategy which exploits this illusion is known as stop motion.
Animated cartoons could be considered stop motion and in addition the presence of a giant ape in the film
King Kong or a group of dancing raisins in a popular series of commercials. Rather than filming a real ape
or raisin, a model is filmed frame-by-frame, with the animator making little changes in accordance with each
frame’s exposure. At the point when these individual images are
projected at a rate of 24 frames per second, the animated film ought
to look nearly as natural as live actors performing the same
movements. Stop motion can be a labour-intensive and time-
consuming process, which is the reason a large portion of these
motion pictures are moderately short in duration.
DRAWN/CEL ANIMATION
Usually consists of 24 fps, each frame typically drawn by hand or
animator draws the main frames with another person drawing the
‘in-betweens’. A full-length feature film produced using cel
animation would often require a million or more drawings to
complete. It is not 3D.
E.g.
 Seen in several Disney films for instance, ‘Sleeping Beauty’ and ‘Beauty and The Beast’.
 Non-Disney movies such as ‘An American Tail’.
 Hanna-Barbera cartoons such as, Scooby Doo, The Flintstones, Tom and Jerry etc.
A cel is a sheet of transparent cellulose acetate utilized as a medium for painting animation frames. It is
transparent so that it can be laid over other cels and/or a painted background, then photographed. Cel
animation is extremely time consuming and needs incredible organisation and attention to detail.

3. When all the cels have been inked and painted, they are passed on
to the camera person who photographs the foundations, alongside
their coordinating cels, as per the guidelines on the dope sheet.
The prepared film, vocal tracks, music and soundtracks are then
synchronised and edited together. The last film is sent to the lab to
make a film project print or to be put on video. In the event that
the studio is utilizing digital equipment, every one of these stages
occurs in the computer before the completed film is output.
As should be obvious, each progression en route to making a cel
animation requires a ton of work and time, which is typically why
shows, for example, The Simpsons utilizes teams of individuals to
complete the work. It likewise ought to be noted, in the event that
you haven't speculated, that the more frames you make, the more
cash you spend, either on materials or work hours.
COMPUTER GENERATED ANIMATION
Computer animation is the process used for generating animated images. The more general term computer-
generated imagery (CGI) encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images, while computer animation
only refers to the moving images.
A great example of this would-be Avatar
It is, by and large, speedier than the traditional technique. The characters and articles they make can be
either two-dimensional or three-dimensional, however, the procedure for making each sort is somewhat
different. For 2D CGI, the artist makes a series of pictures with each one somewhat slightly altered from the
last, correspondingly to the conventional strategy. To make 3D images, you have to make a model of the
character or article. This should be possible by making animation variables, which are focuses on a
computer model that can be moved to make an alternate posture or look, or by utilizing motion capture, in
which a live actor acts the role of the character and his or her motions are recorded and connected to the
computer-created model.

4. ROLE OF THE VIEWER
Animated films and models aren't actually moving, people witness illusion of movement due to a
phenomenon referred to as Persistence of Vision. In this phenomenon, the brain and eyes cooperate to store
images for fractions of a second, and the brain smooths out any minor jumps or blips automatically. Since
animated frames are shot at very fast rates, people generally see the movement without stoppages.
WHEN IS ANIMATION USED?
Although a great many people consider animation being utilized principally for entertainment in movies, TV
shows, and video games, it has numerous different employments. It's generally utilized as a part of
educational videos and ads both on TV and on the Internet, and it can likewise be used as a part of the
procedure of research and development to generate simulations of how a machine or process would function.
This can help creators troubleshoot problems without having to really make the physical object. Scientists
utilize animation also to make visualisations of abstract concepts or articles that are small scaled or large to
be seen effectively, which is useful both for research and for examination.
In ADVERTISTNG…
Adverts need to be eye catchy, memorable and appealing, and animation is the perfect element to achieve
this. Consequently, much of the work undertaken by the animation industry is in creating adverts that
promote products or services for client companies. Though several animators are employed in-house by
advertising agencies, experienced animators often work freelance, being contracted to work as and when
required. Animated banners and sequences are commonplace on the internet, not only as adverts but also as
a regular feature of website design.
For ENTERTAINMENT…
 Television conveys an increasing number of animated programmes. For children, animation may be
used for entertainment or to get an educational message across, while animated shows and short
films aimed at older people may have dramatic, comedy or satirical themes.
 Currently, with new digital technology, it has become easier to generate animated feature-length
films and DVDs/videos, and such films even have their own category at the Oscars!
 One of the fastest-growing areas for animators is the field of commercial music video production.
Videos can be entirely animated or moving images can be utilized incorporating cartoon animation
mixed with straight video footage of the band or artist.
 Title sequences for films and programmes and television channel ' idents' (short videos that identify
the channel between programmes) frequently feature animation.
 Animation is used widely in computer and video games.
For EDUCATION and TRAINING…
Animated sequences commonly work well within the field of education and training, when sensitive or
thought provoking treatments of a subject are required. Hair-raising or funny images help send messages
that stick in the memory.
What JOBS are there?
If you look at the credits list at the end of any animated film or video, there are several people involved in its
production. Jobs range from those concerned primarily at the development and pre-production stages,

5. through to jobs that are carried out at the post-production stage. Jobs, and job titles, also vary depending on
the area of animation (computer animation, stop motion etc., as described earlier). They include:
 The director, in overall charge of a production, supported by the assistant director and the
producer and art director;
 The scriptwriter, who works alongside a character designer and the actors who deliver the live
voice dialogues;
 The storyboard and layout artist– aided by the background designer;
 Key animators, who, in 2D animation, provide the first drawings that are filled out and completed
by assistants and inbetweeners and, in 3D animation, work on screen to create and position the
images;
 Modellers, who make the models and puppets
 The special effects animator, who can have an important role in adding a further dimension to the
sound and imagery of the animation;
 The compositor, who brings together all the material, such as computer animation, special effects,
live action etc., to create the final image.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
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http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/animation.html [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].
 Dictionary.com. (2017). the definition of animation.[online] Available at:
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/animation [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].
 Basile, N. (2017). What is cel animation?. [online] ThoughtCo. Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/cel-
animation-on-the-simpsons-137759 [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].
 Animation. (2009). 1st ed. [ebook] Nord Anglia Lifetime Development SW Ltd, pp.1,2. Available at:
https://www.careerswales.com/prof/server_process.php?change=SaveEClipToPDF&Module%5BcurrentCont
ent%5D%5BdisplayLeaflet%5D=387 [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].
 wiseGEEK. (2003). What is Animation? (with pictures). [online] Available at: http://www.wisegeek.org/what-
is-animation.htm [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].