Jharkhand, rainfed agriculture, rainfed agriculture of Jharkhand, conventional food and horticultural cops of Jharkhand, crop diversification, nutritional security, wake of climate change, rice fallow management, horticulture, rain water harvesting, conservation, water use efficiency, fish farming in Jharkhand, steps towards profitable and sustainable agriculture, crop diversification in upland

1. RAINFED AGRICULTURE OF JHARKHAND
AND
MAJOR CROPS, IMPORTANCE OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND FISH FARMING IN STATE
(झारखण्ड की वर्ाा पोषर्त कृ षर् , मुख्य फसलें , वर्ाा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन)
Vijaykumar Shrivastav ( M.Sc.Ag - Agronomy)
G. B. Pant University of Ag & Tech, Pantnagar
Seed Professional – MNC (Seeds & Pesticides)
Mobile & WhatsApp - +919925318391

2. RAINFED AGRICULTURE (वर्ाा पोषर्त कृ षर् )
Rainfed agriculture is defined as farming practices that are dependent on rainfall for water. Rainfed
agriculture indicates rain as source of irrigation for agricultural activities. It constitutes the major poor agro-
ecological zones of the States which are mostly resource constrained. In rainfed areas, farming is a survival
mechanism rather than a growth oriented activity.
Rainfed crops are prone to breaks in the monsoon during the crop growth due to water stress which may be due to
variability of rainfall, delay in sowing, diversity in crop management practices and variability of soil type. The
prolonged breaks can result in partial or complete failure of crops.
Around 55% of India’s gross cropped area is rainfed and in Jharkhand it’s around 59%.
Rainfed Agriculture is characterized by
- undulating topography,
- marginal soils, soil types ranging from shallow red soils to deep black clays,
- uncertainties of rains,
- rainfall conditions varying from 400 mm to 1600 mm
- poor access to credit and markets.
- Rainfed areas have been facing historical neglect and discrimination in terms of public
investments.
It is proposed that re-vitalising of rainfed production can fulfil the food crisis of the growing population.

3. * Rainfed Agriculture - major livelihood source of 59% of the population - residing in the rural areas of
Jharkhand.
* Agricultural production - not able to meet the demand -leading to food and nutritional security as a major
challenge in the state.
* A majority of Jharkhand population is below poverty line.
* Less than 10% of net sown area is under irrigation
* Rice is the major crop in the kharif (monsoon), oilseeds and pulses are cultivated on residual soil moisture
* Increasing trends toward cultivation of vegetables
* Decreasing trend for finger millet with increasing area under vegetables
* Uncertainty of rainfall and un availability of water, community is more dependent on casual un-skilled labor.
* Migration is more prominent in youth and predominant in villages which are well connected to major towns.
* Earlier migration was mainly in non-crop periods, now all migrants return only during peak period of
agriculture
* Because of migration for casual labors the pressure in created on women labors in crop production and
harvesting.
RAINFED AGRICULTURE IN JHARKHAND
(झारखण्ड की वर्ाा पोषर्त कृ षर्)

4. FOOD GRAIN CROPS ARE GROWN ON ABOUT 2.38 MILLION HA AREA; AND THE CURRENT PRODUCTION IS 3.69
MILLION TONNES. ABOUT 91% OF THE CROPPED AREA IS COVERED UNDER FOOD CROPS INCLUDING 84%
UNDER CEREALS AND ONLY 7% UNDER PULSES AND CASH CROPS CONSTITUTE 3%, FOLLOWED BY OILSEEDS
AND SUGARCANE. THE REST 6% OF THE CROPPED AREA IS COVERED UNDER VEGETABLES AND FRUITS. AMONG
CEREALS, RICE, MAIZE, WHEAT AND RAGI CROPS ARE IMPORTANT.
1. RICE : 1ST- MOST IMPORTANT FOOD CROP , AREA OF 1.64 M HA WITH THE PRODUCTION OF 3.32 MILLION TONNES.
2. MAIZE : 2ND IMPORTANT CROP - AREA 0.237 M HA, PRODUCING 0.356 MILLION TONNES -TREMENDOUS PROSPECTS
IN DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE IN TERMS OF FEED FOR DAIRY, POULTRY, PIGGERY AND AGRO-INDUSTRIES.
3. WHEAT – 3RD IMPORTANT CROP - OCCUPYING CROPPED AREA 0.086 M HA WITH 0.12 MILLION TONNES PRODUCTION. IN THE
WAKE OF THE GROWING DEMAND OF WHEAT, THE AREA UNDER WHEAT IS LIKELY TO GROW.
4. COARSE CEREALS- 4TH IMPORTANT CROPS OF THE STATE - OCCUPY 0.29 M HA,
5. PULSES: PIGEON PEA, BLACK GRAM, LENTIL, GRAM, PEA AND OTHER PULSES
6. OIL SEEDS : GROUND NUT, SESAMUM, RAPE SEED AND MUSTARD, LINSEED, SUNFLOWER ETC
7. FRUITS : LITCHI, MANGO, GUAVA, STRAWBERRY, SAPOTA, CUSTARD APPLE
8. VEGETABLES : TOMATO, BRINJAL , CAULIFLOWER
CONVENTIONAL FOOD AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS IN JHARKHAND
(झारखण्ड की पारम्पररक खाद्यान एवं बागानी फसलें )

5. - Rainfed agriculture must play a key role in ensuring food security
- 40% of food grain output in 2020 will have to be produced in rainfed areas
- The cultivated area has remained constant in past 40 years
- This will further go down due to urbanization, industrialization, infrastructure and other land uses
- There is no other option than enhancing productivity and profitability of the rainfed areas.
- Despite larger production contribution rainfed areas do not receive much policy attention
NEED OF CROP DIVERFICATION
(फसलों की ववववधता की आवश्यकता )
With the rapid change in climate it is very hard to predict impact of crops. Thus if crops are diverse
than there are chances of survival of crops all along the climate change. Studies found that climate
change will put much stress on some crops like Rice , wheat etc. While some crops like millets,
sorghum, cotton, pulses etc will survive. Thus the more diverse the crops there are chances that it will
bear the climate change.
FOR NUTRITION SECURITY (पौष्टिकता की सुरक्षा के ललए
)
IN THE WAKE OF CLIMATE CHANGE (बदलते जलवायु के पररपेक्ष में )

6. CROP DIVERSIFICATION (फसलों की ववववधता)
(a) Unbunded uplands constitute about 0.2 mha in the state where Rice was being grown.
With better productivity of Rice in medium and low land with availability of
comparatively more water there paving ways for diversification of upland Rice system.
( b ) Intensification of high yielding varieties of Millet, Pegion pea, Black Gram, Cow pea,
Sorghum, Ground nut and maize as sole crops or intercrops as diversification
( c ) Diversification to vegetables or other Horticultural crops would be best alternate
replacing upland Rice system
( d ) Popularization of intercropping of Rice with pulses and other crops to maintain soil
health would improve overall productivity of this subsystem.
( e ) The upland soils are highly depleted of organic matter and nutrient, hence recycling
of crops residues application of bio-fertilizer and micro nutrient on the basis of soil test
need to be popularized .
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN UPLANDS (ऊपरी भूलम में फसलों की ववववधता )

7. ( a ) Approximately 70% of the area during kharif is covered by Rice . Most of this area remains
fallow during the rabi season , leading to cropping intensity level to 116% only as the irrigation
potentials created so far is only 12% of the cropped area.
( b ) The utilization of vast area under rice fallow is possible to a great extent by a shift to DSR
( Direct Seeded Rice ) with shorter duration varieties in drought prone shallow lowland
( c ) opportunities to grow other crops like short duration oilseeds ( Toria, Mustard, linseed ) ,
pulses ( gram, lentil, pea) and vegetables with residual moistures or with minimal supplemental
irrigation
( d ) There are about 1.0 million ha of rice fallow area, which needs diversification particularly
through pulse production.
( e ) Similarly 0.1 million ha additional area of rice fallow should be brought under oilseeds
production every year to increase the cropping intensity to 150% in rainfed area and 175-200% in
irrigated area
CROP DIVERSIFICATION (फसलों की ववववधता)
Rice Fallow Management (धान परती प्रबंधन)

8. The state has unique advantage for cultivation of a wide range of horticultural crops.
Nearly 29% increase in total area under horticultural crops in the state during last five
years as compared to 15% at national level reveals the importance and potential of
horticultural crops in Jharkhand.
To promote horticulture in the state, the following areas need to be focused:
( a ) High density orcharding and fruit based multitier cropping system
( b ) Scaling up of technologies for rejuvenation of old and senile orchards
( c ) To bring 0.02 million ha additional land under fruit crops in the next three years to
double the production by adopting improved practices.
( d ) Improved packaging and quick transport system with cold chain should be developed
for post-harvest handling of vegetables and value addition of produce.
Horticulture (बागानी फसलें )
CROP DIVERSIFICATION (फसलों की ववववधता)

9. CROP DIVERSIFICATION (फसलों की ववववधता)
SEED SYSTEMS (बीज पद्यतत ): Availability of high yielding varieties and hybrids seeds with good
quality on reasonable price for high yielding and income
CROPPING PATTERN (फसल प्रणाली ): Cropping patter is most important indicator of transformation in
agriculture. As per resources availability crop area increase or decline. Aim to get profitability with
low investments.
AGRONOMIC INNOVATIONS (सस्य ववज्ञानं की नवीनता) : Timely and methods of sowing, efficient irrigation, effective
weeding, optimum fertilizer use, plant protection measures, post harvest operations , adoption of new
technologies
BRINGING GREEN REVOLUTION TO EASTERN STATES (पूवी राज्यों में हररत क्ांतत का उदगमं ) : focus
needs for development of agriculture, increase productivity, reduce cost of cultivation, increase farm
income bring land under cultivation, irrigation development, technology, livestock etc.
CULTIVABLE WASTE LANDS USE (कृ वि योग्य व्यर्थ भूलम का उपयोग) – Bring under cultivation and increase net
sown area
CROP INSURANCE (फसल बीमा ): To encourage farmers for agriculture cultivation to contribute food grain
production by risk minimization

10. It will reduce severe dependency on rainfall and this can be achieved by efficient use of available water, rain water harvesting practices,
micro-irrigation and integrated watershed systems management. The State receives average annual rainfall of 1300 mm which gives
opportunity for efficient water use through water conservation and water use efficiency technologies like :
( a ) construction of small to medium check dams, tanks, Silt Detention Dam ,ponds and small ditches with farmers
participation to develop additional irrigation facilities
( b ) Renovation of Big Tank enhance the rain water reservoir . The accumulated water may be used in irrigation and maintain
the underground water through leaching which caused water development process.
( c ) Rain water may be harvested largely in artificial manner which would be used as to generate power and to promote the
irrigation potential regarding sustainable Agriculture production & productivity.
( d ) Implementation of watershed management program with efficient managerial efforts with work plan in throughout the
state by implementing the treatment of Soil and Conservation with eco-system aspects.
( e ) Soil conditioning to increase soil water holding capacity - organic matter, Compost, Vermi-compost, Amrut Khad and green
manuring
( f ) Adopting water conserving protective irrigation / micro irrigation methods i.e. Drip , sprinkler etc.
( g )The subsidies on irrigation should be linked with sustainability and social equity concern. This will help to avoid further
depletion of ground water resources
( h )The States should work out a comprehensive program on participatory groundwater management and drought- proofing.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING , CONSERVATION AND ENHANCING WATER USE EFFICIENCY
(वर्ाा जल संचयन , संरक्षण एवं षसंचाई जल के उपयोग की दक्षता बढ़ाना )

11. Fisheries is an important economic activity in the state for additional employment and income generation. About
65-70% people in the state consume fish and shellfish products. Against estimated annual demand of 1.15 lakh
metric ton of fish the annual production is only 96000 metric ton. The annual demand of fish seed is 1200 crore and
state is producing only 172 crore.
The state of Jharkhand has already moved in this direction and has made a good beginning in implementation of
the proposed strategy. In Jharkhand reservoirs and tanks are the major source of aquaculture and with 252 big and
small reservoirs total cumulative area is 115000 hectares. Tanks are regarded as major focus resources (85% of tanks
with 72% share in the TSA in private sector) for development. The Department of Fisheries has also started focusing
its attention on the use of abandoned coal pits and stone quarries. The no. of check dams are 1184 having an area of
approx. 4570 hectares.
The main rivers are Swarnrekha , Damodar, Koyal, Sankh , Ajay , Kanchi and Brahmi. Most of the rivers are seasonal
in nature.
There is state level federation of fisheries Co-operative named Jharkhand State Co-operative Fisheries Federation
(JHASCOFISH) and about 352 fishermen co-operative societies are working in Jharkhand.
BLUE REVOLUTION IS RELATES TO FISH PRODUCTION STARTED BY INDIAN GOVERNMENT TO BOOST
UP FISH FARMING AND MEET FISH DEMAND SUPPLY.
FISH FARMING IN JHARKHAND
(झारखण्ड में मत्सस्य पालन)

12. Availability of seeds and feeds
Most of the ponds are rainfed.
Underground water table is very deep.
Most of the districts have hilly terrain.
Farmers are economically weak.
Diesel pump operated hatcheries and farms put extra production cost.
Adjoining districts of Bengal push their early seeds on credit.
Most important ingredient in fish feed is soya beans. Farmers in Jharkhand are
not doing soya bean cultivation. Traditional fish farmers are also utilizing factory
formulated fish feed as they are getting better results.
Motivation of farmers for use of factory formulated fish feed is an another issue which
can be tackled by subsidizing from government support.
KVKs have been requested to prepare special training programmes for farmers
interested in soya cultivation.
FISHERY CONSTRAINTS
(मत्सस्य पालन में अवरोध)

13. .
Therefore, a paradigm shift is required in Agriculture planning if farming has to be made
profitable and sustainable.
- The knowledge driven interventions need to be used in crops and allied.
- The area-focused integrated farming approach incorporating location- specific technological should be
adopted rather than commodity based approach.
- Integrated approach in resource allocation on crops, horticulture and livestock depending upon the resource
endowments and proportionate contribution of these sub sectors in States Agriculture
- Promotion of knowledge based, farmer centric Agriculture to find technological solutions with active
involvement of Government as prime mover and facilitator in the process of technological innovations and
adoption;
- Development of an appropriate, farmer- centric institutional framework such as farmer producer Organization
to support production systems and forward linkages; and Promotion of Agriculture- industry linkages.
- Emphasis and initiatives by government on Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries
STEPS TOWARDS PROFITABLE AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
(लाभदायक एवं संपोिणीय कृ वि की ओर कदम )

14. RESTRICTED
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Youtube Channel Name: “JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV”
published contents :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link :
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi)
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (English)
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
VIJAY KUMAR SHRIVASTAV