5. PAST HISTORY
ปฏิเสธประวัติโรคประจาตัว (ไม่เคยตรวจสุขภาพประจาปี)
ปฏิเสธประวัติได้รับอุบัติเหตุกระทบกระแทกที่บริเวณเข่ามาก่อนหน้านี้
ไม่เคยมีอาการเช่นนี้มาก่อน ไม่เคยมีอาการข้อเข่าหลวม
ปฏิเสธประวัติเลือดออกง่ายหรือหยุดยากก่อนหน้านี้
ปฏิเสธประวัติผ่าตัด
ปฏิเสธประวัติแพ้ยา/แพ้อาหาร
6. PERSONAL HISTORY &
FAMILY HISTORY
Social drinking
ปฏิเสธประวัติสูบบุหรี่
ปฏิเสธประวัติโรคทางพันธุกรรม โดยเฉพาะโรคเลือดออกง่ายใน
ครอบครัว
7. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
V/S : BT 37 c, PR 100 bpm, BP 130/85 mmHg,
RR 18 bpm
GA : good consciousness, well co-operated, not
pale, no jaundice
HEENT : not pale conjunctivae, anicteric sclerae
Heart : pulse full and regular, normal S1S2, no
murmur
Lungs : clear both lungs
Abdomen : soft, not tender
8.
9. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
(Cont.)
Extremities : Right knee-- marked swelling, no
ecchymosis, no erythema, mild tender at lateral
> medial side, Ballottement positive, slightly
limit ROM, neurovascular intact
10. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
(Cont.) Lachmann’s test negative
Pivot shift test negative
Posterior drawer test negative
Valgus stress test negative
Varus stress test negative
McMurray test negative
18. HISTORY TAKING
Machanism of injury
Location of pain
Onset of swelling
Instability
Locking
Felt sound in joint
19. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Inspection and palpitation:
Erythema, swelling, bruising and diiscoloration
Palpating and checking for pain, warmth, and
effusion
Point tenderness
Patella, tibial tubercle, patella tendon,
quadriceps tendons, anterolateral and
anteromedial joint line, medial joint line, and
lateral joint line
Range of motion
Extending and flexing the knee as far as
20. SPECIAL EXAMINATION
Anterior cruciate ligament
Pivot shift
test
Anterior
drawer test
Lachmann’s test
GradingA= firm endpoint,
B= no endpoint
Grade 1: 3-5
mm translation
Grade 2 A/B: 5-10mm
27. MANAGEMENT
ACL injury :
Nonoperative
physical therapy & lifestyle modifications
low demand patients with decreased laxity
increased meniscal/cartilage damage linked to
loss of meniscal integrity
frequency of buckling episodes
level I and II activity (e.g. jumping, cutting, side-
to-side sports, heavy manual labor)
28. MANAGEMENT
Operative
ACL reconstruction
indications
younger, more active patients (reduces incidence
of meniscal or chondral injury)
children (strongly consider operative as activity
limitation is not realistic)
older active patients (age >40 is not
contraindication if high demand athlete)
prior ACL reconstruction failure
associated injuries
MCL injury
meniscal tear
29. MANAGEMENT
ligament repair
traditionally has high failure rate
arthroscopic bridge-enhanced ACL repair
(BEAR) trial with a bridging scaffold is
ongoing
revision ACL reconstruction
indications
failure of prior ACL reconstruction
30. MANAGEMENT
PCL injury : Quadriceps exercise, reconstruction
MCL injury : isolated MCL injury cylindrical cast 2 wks.
then progressive range of motion exercise and
strengthening exercise (return to function in 3-4 wks.)
LCL injury : isolated LCL injury ice pack 1-2 days and
apply knee brace 2-4 weeks to prevent varus stress
32. MANAGEMENT
Operative
partial meniscectomy
indications
tears not amenable to repair (complex,
degenerative, radial tear patterns)
repair failure >2 times
outcomes
>80% satisfactory function at minimum follow-up
predictors of success
age <40yo
normal alignment
minimal or no arthritis
33. MANAGEMENT
meniscal repair
indications
peripheral in the red-red zone (vascularized
region)
rim width is the distance from the tear to the
peripheral meniscocapsular junction (blood
supply).
rim width correlates with the ability of a
meniscal repair to heal (lower rim width has
better blood supply)
vertical and longitudinal tear rather than
radial, horizontal or degenerative tear
1-4 cm in length
acute repair combined with
34. MANAGEMENT
meniscal transplantation
indications : young patients with near-
total meniscectomy, especially lateral
contraindications
inflammatory arthritis
instability
marked obesity
grade IV chondrosis (if not concurrently
addressed)
malalignment (if not concurrently addressed)
diffuse arthritis
35. MANAGEMENT
outcomes
requires 8-12 months for graft to fully heal
return to sports by 6-9 months
10 year follow-up showed:
persistent improvement in subjective pain and
function scores
most had radiographic progression of degenerative
changes
re-tears or extrusion are common
total meniscectomy
outcomes
20% have significant arthritic lesions and 70% have
radiographic changes three years after surgery
100% have arthrosis at 20 years