4. A – airway patent, no C-spine tenderness
B – clear, equal breath sound both lungs
C – BP 123/77 mmHg, HR 89 BPM
D – E4V5M6, pupil 2 mm. RTLBE
E – tenderness at lateral Malleolus and below medial malleolus
PRIMARY SURVEY
5. A – no drug/food allergy
M – no current medication
P – no underlying disease
L – last meal 3 hr. PTA
E – ลื่นล้มในห้องน้า ข้อเท้าซ้ายกระแทกพืน 2 hr PTA
SECONDARY SURVEY
6. Vital sign : Temp 36.2 oC, BP 123/77 mmHg, PR 89 bpm, RR 20 /min
GA : A Thai female, good consciousness, not pale, no jaundice, no cyanosis
HEENT : no pale conjunctivae, anicteric sclera, intact tympanic membrane,
tonsil and pharynx not injected
CVS : Full regular symmetrical pulses all extremities, Normal s1 s2 no murmur
RS : No accessory muscle used, clear, no adventitious sound on both lungs
Abdomen : Soft, not tender , Normoactive bowel sound
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
7. Extremities :
Left Foot - tenderness at bony prominent of lateral Malleolus
and below medial malleolus
- Limit ROM due to pain
- normal pinprick sensation
- Dorsalis Pedis & Posterior Tibial artery : palpable 2+
Neurological : Grossly intact
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
9. INVESTIGATION
- Transverse medial malleolus fracture
- Lateral malleolus fracture - at level
of ankle joint
- Joint widened medially due to lateral
displacement of the talus
21. Ankle is a RING
- Tibial Plafond
- Medial malleolus
- Deltoid ligament
- Calcaneous
- Lateral collateral ligament
- Lateral malleolus
- Syndesmosis
STABLE VS UNSTABLE
Fracture of single part usually stable
Fracture > 1 part = unstable
22. Indications for nonoperative treatment – short leg cast/slap
• Undisplaced and stable fractures
- isolated nondisplaced medial malleolus fracture or tip avulsions
- isolated lateral malleolus fracture with < 3mm displacement and no talar shift
- posterior malleolar fracture with < 25% joint involvement or < 2mm step-off
• Clinically no injury of medial ligament
• Unfit patients or limbs
TREATMENT
23. Indications for operative treatment – open reduction internal fixation
• any talar displacement
• displaced isolated medial or Lateral malleolar fracture
• bimalleolar fracture
• posterior malleolar fracture with > 25% or > 2mm step-off
• open fractures
TREATMENT