2. Within the visual display above we find a ‘man’ the centre of the image this represents the teacher or instructor , which is the
stem of this teaching perspective(Cohen, 1999). Surrounding the man to the right for the viewer is a head embedded with a
question mark this represents logic and reason the main focus perennialism aims to teach that being scientific reasoning. The bird
with the light bulb represents freedom of thought. The words of Past over present represent the view that the past knowledge
has hold over the present by its influence on out thinking, by placing it under the pyramid which represents the everlasting idea .

3. Within this display moving left to right in a logical and observed manner representing the linear thought patterns which behaviourism represents
(Cherry, 2014). The images representing a slate board above a brain illustrating the ‘clean slate’ a child has when born (McLeod, 2013). It is
followed with an addition sign representing adding to the blank slate the tree represents nature while the lips and spoken ideas which influence
and condition the growing mind (Watson, 1913). The present with a positive tick and negative cross represent both classical and operant
conditioning. With the equal sign and woman dressed in graduation robes representing the final outcome.

4. The focus of this visual is a young girl, dressed in a fedora and scout sash with wide opened eyes showing her longing for adventure and
inquisitive nature, a point which progressivism promotes (Education, 2014). The focus is also on the young girl as progressivism is about student
centred learning over teacher centred learning. The words ‘why’ ‘how’ and ‘discovery’ surround the girl this relates to the scientific method
about insight and questioning things to find answers (Kohn, 2008). The beaker and test tube represent experiments which represents
experimental learning while the snake, magnifying glass, pick and bone represent the need to take students out of the ‘classroom’ to learn
about science art and history.

5. Similarly to Perennialism we focus on the ‘teacher’ in the centre of the image but unlike it they are the complete authority in the classroom
(Parkay and Hass, 2000). Essentialism focuses on teaching ‘essential’ subject matter exactly as the curriculum states this is show by the book with
arrows pointing to it (Education, 2014). The Hammer and nail represent hard work and force which this perspective promotes, while the gears
turning in the brain represent learning. The Mule being led by a carrot represents the motivation to learn each subject matter a teacher must
instil in their students. With the Caterpillar metamorphosis into a butterfly with a light bulb adorning its wing stands for the changes in ideas and
perspectives to that which the curriculum instructs.

6. The image shows a child thinking about some aquatic animals, this is shown by the light bulb above her brain with animals and
symbols surrounding it. The image focuses on the girl to show that this perspective is student based (Hein, 1991). The arrows point
to her senses with one coming from an owl representing external knowledge as nothing is learnt in isolation (Thirteen, 2004). The
Lego blocks represent the building of ideas and forming her own from her external experiences.

7. Kaufman Kelley
Gilbert

8.  Cherry, K. (2014). Behavioural Psychology What is Behaviourism? Retrieved
April 2014 from www.psychology.about.com
 Cohen, L.M. (1999). Section III- Philosophical Perspectives in Education.
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 Education. (2014) Student-Centered Philosophies of Education. Retrieved
April 2014 from www.education.com
 Hein, G.E. (1999) Constructivist Learning Theory. Retrieved April 2014 from
www.exploratorium.edu/ifi/resources/constructivistlearning.html
 Kaufman, J. C. (2009). Creativity 101. New York, New York: Springer
Publishing Company.
 Kaufman, J. C. (2013). What is creativity? [website]. Retrieved April 2014
from http://www.jamesckaufman.com/what-is-creativity/
 Kohn, A. (2008) Progressive Education Why It’s Hard to Beat, But Also Hard
to Find. Retrieved April 2014 from www.alfiekohn.org
 McLeod, S. (2013) Behaviourist Approach. Retrieved April 2014 from
www.simplypsychology.org
 Parkay, F. and Hass, G. (2000) The Case for Essentialismin Education.
Retrieved April 2014from
www.spu.edu/online/essentialism_in_education.htm
 TED. (2012, May 16). David Kelley: How to build your creative
confidence [video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16p9YRF0l-g
 TED. (2009, February 9). Elizaber Gilbert: Your elusive creative genius [video
file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86x-u-tz0MA
 Thirteen (2004)Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning.
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 Watson, J.B. (1930). Behaviourism (revised edition). University of Chicago
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