People face many problems while trying to talk and write in their second language, in many cases in English

1. TRANSLATING THOUGHT OF FIRST
LANGUAGE INTO ENGLISH
When English is second language

2. LANGUAGE OF THOUGHT
• Our thoughts can be in any Language.
• Most frequently it is in our most frequently in use
Language.
• Normally our first language
• Exists in deep structure
• noun + verb + noun or in any other form as
per that
language

3. THOUGHT
• Despite being in a certain language it can still be incomplete.
• Thought can be tenseless even while thinking in a language having
tense.
• Syntax would usually be absent.
• May only have nouns and verbs. Or just nouns.

4. ENGLISH

5. BASIC TENSES IN ENGLISH
• There are three basic tenses in English:
• Past
• Present
• Future
• But any peace of writing is written in only two tenses
• Past
• Present
• Future is rarely used in writings

6. HELPING VERBS OF THE TWO TENSES
(PRESENT AND PAST)
• Can
• Could
• May
• Do/does
• Is/am/are
• Has/have
• Could
• Could have
• Might have
• Did
• Was/were
• Had

7. TRANSLATING
• Recognize the time in thought.
• The components of e.g. agent, action, quality etc.
• Understand the category of idea in the thought (sub-category of tense).
• Use the syntax.
• Mind the narration.
• Take care of cohesion (Link between sentences) in a text.

8. PROBLEM CASES
• If an object or an event or a person existed in the past it
should be said or written in past and vice versa
• If present tense is used then all text must be in present and
vice verse
• What is in past in one language can be in present in the
other
• Different words will be used for living and different for
non-living

9. HOW TO INCREASE OUR ABILITY TO
TRANSLATE
• Develop your experience through
• Reading extensive text.
• Watching videos and films; especially those made on literature.
• Write yourself and get it assessed

10. FARE THEE WELL