Science of Biology

1. AP Biology Rapid Learning Tutorial - 02
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Th S i f Bi lThe Science of Biology
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Wayne Huang, PhD
Andrew Graham, PhD
Elizabeth James, PhD
Casandra Rauser, PhD
Jessica Habashi, PhD
Sara Olson, PhD
Jessica Barnes, PhD

2. AP Biology Rapid Learning Tutorial - 02
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Learning Objectives
What biology is.
By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:
Basic theories of biology.
The diversity of life.
Branches of biology.
Scientific methods used to
study biology.
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y gy
Biology Concept Map
Biology
Study of Life
Order
Observations
StructureFunctions
2 Domain
Theory 3 Domain
Theory
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
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Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
Reproduce Respond
to Stimuli
Organized
Homeostasis
Grow
Develop
Require
Energy
Evolutionary Adaptation

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Objectives of Biology
Biology is the study of
life. What are some of
its objectives?
Biology makes
observations about
organisms from tiny
like bacteria to large
like trees.
It includes noncellular
organisms like viruses,
single cell organisms like
bacteria and multi cellular
organisms like humans.
Biology attempts to
understand how
organisms function
on all levels of
order from the
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order from the
molecular level to
organ systems.
Levels of Organization Biology
Studies Life
Biology
Bacteria Amoeba AnimalsPlants
Levels of Organization.
Mushroom
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Molecular level Organism level Multi-organism levelCell level

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Branches of Biology
Biology
Microbiology
Classified
morpholog
Botany
Microbes
Anatomy
Classified by function
Genetics
by
gy
Physiology Anthropology
Zoology
Plants
Animals
Human beings
Structure of living things
H b d f ti
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Ecology
Genetics
Cell Biology
Marine Biology
g
Things living in ocean
Cells
Flow of information
How a body functions
Interaction of living things and the
environment
Life Sciences: Biology
What are the common features of “living” organisms?
Ability to reproduce
Able to respond
to stimuli.
Maintenance of homeostasis,
which is to have a stable internal
environment.
Living organisms
d d l
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Living organisms
requires organization.
Requirement for energy. The
energy can be in different forms
depending on the organism, e.g.
phototroph or chemotroph.
grow and develop.

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Four Basic Theories
What are four of the major
theories that much of modern
biology is based on?
Cell Theory
Living things are made up of cell(s).
Gene Theory: Genes are coded
for inheritable properties.
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Theory of Evolution
Survival of the fittest.
Homeostasis
Organisms have the ability to maintain a
relatively stable internal environment.
Cell Theory
Cell Division
Cell Differentiation
Cell theory states that
all living things are
d f ll
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made up of cells.
All cells come from pre-
existing cells.
The cell is the structural
and functional unit of all
living things.

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Gene Theory
Genes are the unit of inheritance.
All genetic information is stored in DNA as genes.
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Traits are passed from one
generation to the next in
discrete units or genes.
DNA may be transcribed into
RNA and translated into protein.
Theory of Evolution
“Living organisms have descended with
modifications from species that lived
before them.”
Evolution VS. Creation
Natural selection
is the driving
force for
evolution. All living organisms
struggle for existence.
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All organisms can adapt to their environment.
Better adapted individuals or species
survive (survival of the fittest).

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Homeostasis
Homeostasis – Ability of the living
organisms to maintain a constant
(balanced) internal environment.( )
In the human body examples of
homeostasis include: blood glucose
level, body temperature, pH of blood,
ionic strength of body fluids.
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Purpose of homeostasis is to
ensure the proper functioning of
the body.
Loss of homeostasis could
result in illness or even
death.
The Diversity of Life
Classification and nomenclature
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Diversity of Life
Life takes many forms.
Warm
Small and big
and cold
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Warm
Moving Red
And much more……
and cold
and still and Green
Classification Strategies
Two Major Categories
Prokaryote
No membrane bound
nucleus or organelles.
Eukaryotes
Membrane bound
organelles.
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Three Domains of Life
So originally life forms were
categorized into two types, Prokaryotes
and Eukaryotes based primarily on the
presence or absence of membrane
bound organelles within a cell.
Yes! With DNA technology, a
previously classified prokaryote
was found to be genetically different
from both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.g
This required a new category called
Archaea which is thought to be the most
ancient and least evolved life form.
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Archaea look like bacteria but have
some genes found in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes. This lead to the formation
of three domain system: Archaea,
Bacteria, and Eukaryota.
Taxonomy: Science of Classification
Linnaeus System
King Philip Come Over For Good Sports
Kingdom
Phylum
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
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Family
Genus
Species
Species
Genus

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Five Kingdoms
Fungi, e.g. yeast, mushroom
■ single-celled or multi-celled
■ absorbing nutrition from environment
■ eukaryotic
Plantae, e.g. plants
h t th i
Protista: e.g., amoeba, sea weeds
■ single-celled or multi-celled
■ photosynthesis eukaryotic
■ photosynthesis
■ multi-celled autotrophs
Animalia, e.g. animals
■ multi-celled
■ heterotrophs
■ capable of movement
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Monera: e.g., bacteria
■ single-celled
■ prokaryotic
■ Photosynthesis
Classification: Example
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Ch d tPhylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
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Human
Species: Sapiens

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Nomenclature & Taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature
H i
Human
Homo sapiens
Genus SpeciesSpecies
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Helianthus radula
Genus SpeciesSpecies
Sunflower
Branches of Biology
Molecular
Cell
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Cell
Organismal
Populations

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Fields of Biology
Branches of biology are often based
on the type of organisms or groups
of organisms being studied,
although it may also be based on
th ki d f ti b i k d
Example a microbiologist will study
microbes (very small forms of life).
An epidemiologist may study
microbes as well but ask a different
question, like how a microbe spreads
the kinds of questions being asked. or causes disease.
So an area or branch of
biology can be defined by
the kind of question asked as
well as the kind of organism
studied.
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Molecular Level
Molecular Biology
■ Study of how bio-molecules interact with
each other, particularly the molecules involved
in transmission and translation of genetic
information.
Biochemistry
■ Study the chemical basis of life.
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Genetics
■ Study of the inheritance at various levels
(molecular, cellular, individual, population, etc).

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Cell Level
Cell Biology
■ Study of the cell structure, cell cycle, cell
function etc.function etc.
Physiology
■ Study of the mechanical, physical, and
biochemical functions of living organisms.
Anatomy
■ Study of the structure and organization of
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■ Study of the structure and organization of
animals or living organisms.
Histology
■ Study of the microscopic anatomy of the
cells and tissues.
Organism Level
Developmental Biology
■ The study of how an individual
organism grows and develops.
Botany
■ Study of plants.
Zoology
■ Study of animals.
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Microbiology
■ Study of microorganisms such as
virus, bacteria and others.

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Various Levels: Population Level
Population Genetics
■ Study of the distribution and
changes in genes among variouschanges in genes among various
groups.
Ecology
■ Study of a group of organisms
interacting with each other and with
their environment.
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Evolution
■ Study of how organisms acquire
and inherit traits from their ancestors.
Science and Biology
Theory
H th i
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Hypothesis

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Scientific Processes - Map
Observations
Science is not a linear
process…rather it is “loopy”
Questions
Data GatheringHypothesis
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Trend and pattern
recognition
Conclusion
formation
Communication &
Validation
Model Formation
Defining Theory & Law
Do you know what a
theory is?
A theory attempts to explain an
observed behavior.
For instance, DNA transmits or
carries all genetic information.
A law describes or
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What is a law?
A law describes or
categorizes behavior, often
mathematically.

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Comparing Theory & Law
A theory explains WHYy p
A law explains WHAT
A WHY can’t become a what.
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Defining Prediction & Hypothesis
What is a
hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a proposal
to explain certain facts or
observations.
Yes!
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So a useful hypothesis
enables predictions by
deductive reasoning!

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Prediction vs. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is more than “an
educated guess” - it is also an
attempt to explain why.
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Branches of
biology are based
on the organism
Branches of
biology are based
on the organism
Biology is the
science of
Biology is the
science of
Learning Summary
Hypothesis
attempts to
explain “why”
Hypothesis
attempts to
explain “why”
Domains of biology:Domains of biology:
as well as the
questions being
asked.
as well as the
questions being
asked.
life.life.
explain “why”
something
happens.
explain “why”
something
happens.
Branches of biologyBranches of biology
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gy
prokaryote,
eukaryotes and
archaea.
gy
prokaryote,
eukaryotes and
archaea.
Branches of biology
include: molecular,
cell, organism and
population levels.
Branches of biology
include: molecular,
cell, organism and
population levels.

18. AP Biology Rapid Learning Tutorial - 02
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Question: Review
Biology is the science of _____. ___________Life
Th th d i f lif
___________
___________
Archaea
Why
The three domains of life
include: prokaryote, eukaryote
and _________.
A theory attempts to explain
______.
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___________Questions being asked
Branches of biology are
determined by the organism
and the _____.
The taxonomic method of
naming is called? ___________Binomial nomenclature
Congratulations
You have successfully completed
the core tutorial
The Science of Biology
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