Biology Branches Main With zaheer khan

1. Basic concepts of
Biology

2. BIOLOGY???
The word Biology is the combination of two Greek words, ”Bios” and
“logy”.
Bios means life and logy means study thus the study of living
organisms is called biology.
Biology is a way of understanding nature.
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms,
including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular
interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution.
Biology is a subdivision of science.

3. IMPORTANCE OF
BIOLOGY???
It plays an important role in understanding
 complex forms of life involving humans, animals, invertebrates and plants
etc.
 complex relationship between humans, plants, animals and other forms of
life.
 ways in order to care for themselves, animals and plants in the proper
manner.
 the interaction between humanity and the world.
 the importance and uses of resources (renewable and non-renewable) and
potential threats to these resources available in the environment.
 developing interests among humans for the protection and conservation
of biological as well as other resources.

4. FIELDS OF
BIOLOGY
The field of biology is split into three main categories,
each of which focuses on how living systems operate at
a different scale:
1. The Cell and molecular biology, which is focused on .
understanding how processes at the scale of the
smallest biological unit and molecular scale underpin
(carry) biological function in all organisms
2. Physiology, which is focused on examining the
processes and functions within an organism
3. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, which is focused on
examining on how processes operating at large
spatial and temporal scales influence the kinds of
organisms and living systems that exist on earth.

5. BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

6. Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study
of the structure of organisms and their parts.
Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop new
products, methods and organisms intended to improve
human health and society.
Botany is the branch of Biology that deals with the study
of plants.
Ecology is the study of the relationships between living
organisms, including humans, and their physical
environment
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and
heredity in organisms.

7. Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that
covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.
Microbiology is the study of the biology of microscopic
organisms - viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa.
Physiology is the scientific study of functions and
mechanisms in a living system. As a subdiscipline of
biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ
systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry
out chemical and physical functions in a living system.
Zoology is the branch of biology concerned with the study
animals. It is also known as animal biology.
Cytology is the study of cell.

8. Living Things Are Made Up of Cells
• Unicellular organisms are made of 1 cell
• Multicellular organisms are made of more than 1 cell
• Cells are the smallest unit of an organism that can be
considered “alive”
Requirements For Life
Paramecium Dog

9. Living Things Are Based on a Universal Genetic Code
• All organisms store the complex information they
need to live, grow and reproduce.
• All information is written in a molecule called DNA.
Requirements For Life

10. Living Things Grow and Develop
• During development a single egg divides again and
again
• New cells can be created and differentiate to perform
certain functions for the organism as time passes
Requirements For Life
Blue Oak Acorn Blue Oak Tree Sprouting

11. Living Things Obtain and Use
Energy
• Energy is obtained and
used to grow, develop and
reproduce
• Metabolism: The total sum
of all chemical reactions in
the body
Requirements For Life

12. Anabolism (constructive process)
This is a process where by living organisms use
simpler substances to put together, or build complex
substances such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Such an activity is known as an anabolic activity.
Catabolism (destructive process)
This is when the cells in living organisms, breakdown
complex substances and molecules into simpler
substances, often to release energy for use.
Metabolism
This is the sum of all the chemical reactions (anabolic
and catabolic activities) that go on in the cells of living
organisms. It is a continous process because the
moment metabolism stops, the living organism will
die.

14. Requirements For Life
Living Things Respond to Their Environment
• Living things respond to stimuli to improve their
chances for survival
• A stimulus is a signal to which an organism responds

15. 7. Living Things Maintain a Stable Internal Environment
• Organisms need to keep conditions inside their
bodies as constant as possible.
• This process is called homeostasis.
 Sweat to release heat
 Sensations of thirst and hunger
Requirements For Life

16. • The human body, for example, maintains blood pH within
the very narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45.
• A pH below this range is called acidosis and a pH above
this range is alkalosis.
• Either condition can be life threatening. One can live only
a few hours with a blood pH below 7.0 or above 7.7, and a
pH below 6.8 or above 8.0 is quickly fatal.
• Yet the body's metabolism constantly produces a variety
of acidic waste products that challenge its ability to
maintain pH in a safe range.

17. 8. Taken as a Group, Living Things Evolve
• Basic traits individual organisms inherit from their
parents usually do not change.
• Over many generations, groups of organisms typically
evolve or change over time.
Requirements For Life

18. What is Cell?
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable
of performing life functions.

19. Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria

43. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or
parts of this to develop or create different products.
The biological processes of living organisms have been used for more than 6000
years. Early examples of biotechnology include breeding animals and crops, and
using microorganisms to make cheese, yoghurt, bread, beer and wine
Modern biotechnologies involve making useful products from whole organisms or
parts of organisms, such as molecules, cells, tissues and organs.
Genetic engineering, the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination
of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify
an organism or population of organisms.
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44. TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology is divided into the following types:
1. MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Medical biotechnology involves the use of living cells to develop technologies for
the improvement of human health.
• It involves the use of these tools to find more efficient ways of maintaining human
health. It also helps in the study of DNA to identify the causes of genetic
disorders and methods to cure them.
• Vaccines and antibiotics have been developed with the help of medical
biotechnology that is essential for human health. Several plants are genetically
engineered to produce antibodies with the help of biotechnology.
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45. 2. AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• This field deals with the development of genetically modified plants by
introducing the gene of interest in the plant. This, in turn, helps in increasing the
crop yield.
• Various pest-resistant crops such as Bt-cotton and Bt-brinjal are created by
transferring the genes from Bacillus thuringiensis into the plants.
• The animals with the most desirable characteristics are bred together to obtain
the offspring with the desired traits.
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46. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• It is the application of biotechnology principles and techniques to the study and
management of the natural environment.
• It involves the use of microorganisms and other biological agents to perform
various tasks that are beneficial to the environment, such as cleaning up
contaminated sites, enhancing soil health, and reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.
• Environmental biotechnology has the potential to contribute to the development
of sustainable solutions to environmental problems, and it is an area of active
research and development.
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