rs&gis-theena.pptx

5/10/2023 Dr.G.Theenadhayalan, Wollege University. 1

Which are the techniques deals with the Geo-spatial data that is called Geo-Spatial technology
What are the techniques ?
What is the Geo-spatial data ?

What is the Geo- Spatial Data ?
What is the Geo-Spatial ?
What is the Data ?
?

Data with the information of Earth’s location
Data with the Latitude & Longitude – Spatial Data
Latitude & Longitude
?
What is the Geo-Spatial ? Any thing refers to Earth’s location
What is the Geo-Spatial Data ?
What is the Spatial ? Any thing refers to some location
What is the Data ? Collection of any type of meaningful information
Information is not Data

Latitude- angular distance measured from equator to poles
Longitude- angular distance measured from prime meridian to East & West
up to International Date Line

Important of Lat & Long
1 degree = 70 miles
1‘ = 1.2 miles
1" = .02 miles
70 Miles = 112.6300 Kilometers
1.2 Miles = 1.9308 Kilometers
.2 Miles = 0.3218 Kilometers

Which are the techniques deals with the Geo-spatial data that is called Spatial technology.
What are the techniques ?
What is the Geospatial data ?
Data with the information of
Latitude & Longitude – Spatial Data
?

What are the techniques ? deals with the Spatial Data
GPS and RS are sources of input data for GIS.
GIS provides for storing and manipulating GPS and RS data.

“The art and science of obtaining information of an Earth’s object
without being in direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).
Remote Sensing

Eye
Ear
Binoculars
Camera

Concept of Remote Sensing

Energy Source or Illumination (A)
Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)
Interaction with the Target (C)
Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D)
Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E)
Interpretation and Analysis (F)
Application (G)
Remote Sensing Process & Components

Electromagnetic Spectrum

About EMR
Atmospheric Windows:
The atmosphere selectively transmits energy of certain wave lengths.
Since, the gases absorb electromagnetic energy in very specific regions of the spectrum,
Those areas of the spectrum which are not severely influenced by atmospheric absorption
and thus, are useful to remote sensors are called atmospheric windows

Interactions of EMR with matter
(including atmosphere)
• EMR is not affected by
transmission through space
because this is nearly a perfect
vacuum, but transmission through
Earth’s atmosphere is an
interaction of EMR with matter.
Emission due to heating resulting
from absorption of EMR
R.A.S.T.E.R
Reflected Absorbed
ScatteredTransmitted
Emitted Refracted

Modes of EM wave interaction with a surface or media

Atmospheric Windows
 Atmospheric windows define wavelength ranges in which
the atmosphere is particularly transmissive of energy.
 Visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum resides
within an atmospheric window with wavelengths of
about 0.3 to 0.9 µm
 Emitted energy from the earth's surface is sensed
through windows at 3 to 5 µm and 8 to 14 µm.
 Radar and passive microwave systems operate through a
window region of 1 mm to 1 m.

Platforms
Platforms are:
•Ground based
•Airborne
•Spaceborne
Sensing from 1 meter to 36,000 km height
18
5/10/2023 Dr.G.Theenadhayalan, Wollege University.

Sensors
Active Sensors
Emitted from the
flight and get
back the reflected
signals.
•LIDAR
•RADAR
Passive sensors
Natural solar light
emitted from sun
and get back the
reflected signals.
•Landsat
•ASTER
•Quickbard
•Ikonos
19

Scanning approaches for use of point sensor and line array

Platforms Used to
Acquire Remote Sensing Data
• Aircraft
– Low, medium & high altitude
• Satellite
Polar-orbiting or sun-synchronous
700-900 km altitude
Geo-synchronous
36,000 km altitude, 24 hrs/orbit
stationary relative to Earth

GSLV

It rotates from North pole to South pole
at the altitude of 700 to 900 km above
the earth surface
PSLV

Satellite Orbits, Summary
• Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO):
36,000 km above Earth, includes
commercial and military
communications satellites,
• Medium Earth Orbit (MEO):
navigation satellites 22,000 km.
(GPS, Galileo, Glonass).
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO): from 100 to
1000 km above Earth, includes
military intelligence satellites, Earth
Resource satellites.

Gamma Ray <0.03 nanometers
X - Ray 0.03 - 3.0 nanometers
Ultraviolet 3.0 nanometers - 0.4 micrometers
Visible 0.4 - 0.7 micrometers
Near Infrared 0.7 - 1.3 micrometers
Mid-Infrared 1.3 - 3.0 micrometers
Thermal Infrared 3.0 - 5.0 mm + 8.0 - 14.0 mm
Microwave
Radio wave
0.3 - 300.0 cm
>300 cm
Regions of Electromagnetic Spectrum

Resolution
Satellite remote sensing systems have four types of resolution
Spatial
Spectral
Radiometric
Temporal

Smallest area can be detected by the Sensor pixel size of satellite images
High spatial resolution: 0.6 - 4 m
Medium spatial resolution: 4 - 30 m
Low spatial resolution: 30 - > 1000 m
Landsat 7 -30m
IRS-P6 -5.8m
GeoEye1 -1.65m
Spatial Resolution

Spectral Resolution
Which & how many portions of EMR used by the sensor
EO-1 Hyperion - 220 spectral bands .4 – 2.45 um
IRS-P6 - 5.8m 3 spectral bands - .52-.59, .62-.68, .76-.86. um
Cartosat-2 -.8m 1 Band .45 - .85 um
High spectral resolution: - 220 bands
Medium spectral resolution: 3 - 15 bands
Low spectral resolution: - 3 bands

Radiometric Resolution
6-bit range
0 63
8-bit range
0 255
0
10-bit range
1023
Capacity of the sensor to differenceate the Gray values
Landsat-1
Landsat-7
AVHRR
High radiometric resolution: > 8 bit
Medium radiometric Resolution: 6 – 8 bit
Low radiometric resolution: < 6 bit

Temporal Resolution
High temporal resolution: 6 hours <3 days
Medium temporal resolution: 3- 16 days
Low temporal resolution: > 16 days
Revisiting capacity of the sensor for a specific location.
AVHRR -12 hours
Landsat 7 -16 days
IRS P6 – 24 days

Image enhancement
Process of making and image more interpretable for a particular purpose
Spatial enhancement
Spectral enhancement
Radiometric enhancement

DN Values
• Satellite image made up pixels.
• Each pixel have its own DN values.
• That DN values refers “Digital Numbers”
• This Digital Numbers given by the sensor based on reflective
percentage of EMR of the corresponding object or area with
respective spatial , spectral & radiometric resolution of the sensor.
• Based on DN values we can identify and extract the features
information through image classifications by the help of ERDAS &
Arc Gis software.
• DN value is the main differentiation element between satellite image
& aerial photo. Actually Aerial photo’s pixels dosn’t have any DN
values.

Remotely Sensed Data
Aerial Camera Multispectral Satellite Radar Satellite Hyperspectral Sensor
Landsat/Ikonos/Quickbard Hyperion
34
Aerial photo

Satellite Images
Advantages
• Covers large areas
• Cost effective
• Time efficient
• Multi-temporal
• Multi-sensor
• Multi-spectral
• Overcomes inaccessibility
• Faster extraction of GIS-
ready data
Disadvantages
• Needs ground verification
• Doesn’t offer details
• Not the best tool for small areas
• Needs expert system to extract
data
35

Application of Remote sensing
• Urbanization & Transportation
– Updating road maps
– Asphalt conditions
– Wetland delineation
• Agriculture
– Crop health analysis
– Precision agriculture
– Compliance mapping
– Yield estimation
36

• Natural Resource Management
– Habitat analysis
– Environmental assessment
– Pest/disease outbreaks
– Impervious surface mapping
– Lake monitoring
– Hydrology
– Landuse-Landcover monitoring
– Mineral province
– Geomorphology
– Geology
• National Security
-Targeting
- Disaster mapping and monitoring
-Damage assessment
-Weapons monitoring
-Homeland security
-Navigation
-Policy
37

Advantages of remote sensing
• Provides a regional view (large areas)
• Provides repetitive looks at the same area
• Remote sensors "see" over a broader portion of the spectrum than
the human eye
• Sensors can focus in on a very specific bandwidth in an image or a
number of bandwidths simultaneously
• Provides geo-referenced, digital data
• Some remote sensors operate in all seasons, at night, and in bad
weather

Remote sensing applications
• Land-use mapping
• Forest and agriculture applications
• Telecommunication planning
• Environmental applications
• Hydrology and coastal mapping
• Urban planning
• Emergencies and Hazards
• Global change and Meteorology

Different Sensors and Resolutions
Sensor Spatial Spectral Radiometric
Temporal
AVHRR 1.1 KM 2400 Km 5 bands 10 bit
12 hours
.58-.68, .725-1.1, 3.55-3.93 (0-1023)
10.3-11.3, 11.5-12.5 (um
Landsat TM 30 meters 185 Km 7 bands 14 days
.45-.52, .52-.6, .63-.69,
.76-.9, 1.55-1.75, 8 bit
10.4-12.5, 2.08-2.3 um (0-255)
Landsat MSS 80 meters 185 Km 4 bands 6 bit 16 days
.5-.6, .6-.7, .7-.8, .8-1.1 (0-63)
SPOT P 10 meters 60 Km 1 band 8 bit 26 days
.51-.73 um (0-255)
SPOT X 20 meters 60 Km 3 bands 8 bit 26 days
.5-.59, .61-.68, .79-.89 um (0-255)

Name Spatial Spectral Radiometric Temporal Date of Launch
GeoEye-1 0.41 m & 1.65
m
450–800 nm
450–510 nm
(blue)
510–580 nm
(green)
655–690 nm
(red)
780–920 nm
(near IR)
11 bits <3 days September 6,
2008
WorldView-2 0.5 m & 1.8 m 8 11 bits <4 days October 8,
2009
WorldView-1 0.55 m PAN 11 bits <6 days September 18,
2007
QuickBird 0.61 m &
2.44m
Pan: 450-900
nm
Blue: 450-520
nm
Green: 520-
600 nm
Red: 630-690
nm
Near IR: 760-
900 nm
11 bits <4 days October 18,
2001
IKONOS 0.8 m & 3.2 m Panchromatic,
blue, green,
red, near IR
11 bits 3 days 24 September
1999
Commercial Satellite and Resolutions

Resolution (m) Sensor
360 OCM
180 WIFS
72.5 LISS – I
56 AWIFS
36.25 LISS_II
23.5 LISS-III
5 .8 PAN,LISS-IV
2.5 PAN
0.8 PAN
Satellite
IRS-P4
IRS 1C, IRS 1D,IRS P3
IRS 1A, IRS 1B
IRS P6
IRS 1A, IRS 1B
IRS 1C, IRS 1D
IRS P6
IRS P5
CARTOSAT-2
INDIAN SATELLITE

Application of RS in water resource mng’t
• The term Remote Sensing is applied to the study of
earth’s features from images taken from space using
satellites, or from nearer the earth using aircrafts.
• The technique of remote sensing has picked up in the
past half a decade, largely due to the availability of
digital computers, improved communication systems,
digital imaging techniques and space technology.
Remotely sensed data can be said to have its origin in
photography, where the information about a target
area is interpreted from photographs. Later this
technique was extended to aeroplane - borne
cameras giving rise to the science of aerial
photography.

• Earth Observation (EO) or satellite remote sensing offers
unique capabilities: its simultaneous area wide and trans
boundary coverage provides a uniform spatial information
layer to correlate or extrapolate isolated field data. It thus
can be a cost efficient and objective mapping and
monitoring instrument.
• Satellite and airborne remote-sensing technologies have
advanced to become a primary data source for high-
resolution mapping of land characteristics; these apply for
base mapping, in real time, and for assessing changes
over time.
• Repeatability of observations allows the generation of a
time-series of observed parameters and may result in an
improved capability to analyses, monitor and forecast the
evolution of phenomena, facilitating water resources
management

• The interpretation of remotely sensed images
provide valuable information to the Water
Resources Management.
• Earth Observation (EO) data, when used jointly
with in situ data, can provide an essential
contribution for the creation of inventories of
surface water resources, the extraction of
thematic maps relevant for hydrogeological
studies and models (land cover, surface geology,
lineaments, geomorphology…) or for the
retrieval of (bio)geophysical parameters (water
quality and temperature, soil moisture…)

Sl.
No.
Field of application Useful interpreted information Helpful in
1.
Irrigation Engineering Crop area, Crop yield, Crop
growth condition, Crop areas that
are water stressed and are in
need of water
Estimating the amount of
irrigation water that is to be
supplied to an irrigated area over
different seasons
2.
Hydrology Different types of soils, rocks,
forest and vegetation of a water
shed, soil moisture
Estimating runoff from a
watershed, where the land-cover
type and soil moisture would
decide the amount that would
infiltrate
3.
Reservoir sedimentation Plan views of reservoir extent at
different times of the year and
over several years
Estimating the extent of
sedimentation of a reservoir by
comparing the extent of reservoir
surface areas for different storage
heights
4.
Flood monitoring Flood inundated areas Flood plain mapping and zoning
5.
Water Resources Project
Planning
Identification of wasteland (from
MSS images), mapping of
infrastructure features (from PAN
images) like existing roads,
embankments, canals, etc. apart
from plan view of a river
Recent information helpful in
planning and designing of a water
resources project based on the
present conditions of the project
area

• Examples of hydrological applications include:
• wetlands mapping and monitoring,
• soil moisture estimation,
• snow pack monitoring / delineation of extent,
• measuring snow thickness,
• determining snow-water equivalent,
• river and lake ice monitoring,
• flood mapping and monitoring,
• glacier dynamics monitoring
• river /delta change detection
• drainage basin mapping and watershed modeling
• irrigation canal leakage detection
• irrigation scheduling

• Most hydrological processes are dynamic, not only
between years, but also within and between
seasons, and therefore require frequent
observations.
• Remote sensing offers a synoptic view of the
spatial distribution and dynamics of hydrological
phenomena, often unattainable by traditional
ground surveys.
• Remote sensing techniques are used to measure
and monitor the areal extent of the flooded areas,
to efficiently target rescue efforts and to provide
quantifiable estimates of the amount of land and
infrastructure affected.

Geographical Information Systems

GIS (Geographic Information System): computer information system
that can input, store, manipulate, analyze, and display the
geographically referenced (Geo-spatial) data to support better decision
making processes.

Basic Functions of GIS
• Data Acquisition and prepossessing
• Database Management and Retrieval
• Spatial Measurement and Analysis
• Graphic output and Visualization
52

Benefits of GIS
• Geospatial data are better maintained in a standard
format.
• Revision and updating are easier.
• Geospatial data and information are easier to search,
analysis and represent.
• More value added product.
• Geospatial data can be shared and exchanged freely.
• Productivity of the staff improved and more efficient.
• Time and money are saved.
• Better decision can be made.
53

The basic elements of the GIS
• A GIS is a 5-part system:
– People
– Data
– Hardware
– Software
– Procedures
Six Functions of a GIS
Capture data
Store data
Query data
Analyze data
Display data
Produce output
54

Geo-reference
• Geo-reference is the process to give the x, y co-
ordinate to the image that is giving the lat & long
to the image via software.
• Then only that image consider as a geo-spatial
data.
• After that we can extract various thematic layers,
then the software will able to calculate the area
& length of the earth features.

Layers Concept
A GIS can display and work with many different sets of information at a
time (e.g. population, elevation, satellite imagery) – these are usually
called layers or themes.
You could imagine these as transparent maps overlaid on each other
The GIS allows you to see how layers relate, and to make decisions based
on multiple data sets.

 Rivers
 Soils
 Roads
 Elevation
 Land use / land cover
(from satellite imagery or air
photos)
 The landscape (in all its
complexity)
Layers Concept

GIS Data
• Raster Images - grids
– “pixels”
– satellite images
– aerial photos
• Vector - features
– features: points, lines & polygons
– attributes: size, type, length, etc.
Point
Line
Area or Polygon
?

Attributes
• Non-spatial data associated with objects
• Information about the objects in our GIS
– Land cover
– Stream name
– Flow rate
– Land owner
– Address
• Stored in tables that are linked with objects
– Polygon Attribute Table, Arc Attribute Table, Point Attribute Table

Fundamental GIS Operations

Capturing Data
• Databases
• GPS
• Remote Sensing
• Digitizing
• Existing Coverages
• Scanning

Data Storage
• Data store in the form of data base
• Data store in the form of layers

GIS deals with digital
(virtual) maps
 Overlays maps with various
“themes” or “layers”
Unlike paper maps, all of these themes are “transparent”, i.e. you can
see a theme that is covered by another theme
Change map scales easily
Add, remove, hide themes
Copy maps as many times as you want
What Can GIS Do?

GIS Applications
– Business Site Location, Delivery Systems,
Marketing
– Government State, Central, Military
– Economic Development Population Studies, Incomes,
Census and Demographic Studies
– Emergency Services Fire & Police
– Environmental Monitoring & Modeling
– Industry Transportation, Communication,
Mining, Pipelines, Healthcare
– Public Health Epidemiology Studies
– Urban Planning Land Use, Historic studies,
Environmental and Conservation
Studies, Housing Studies, Crime
Analysis
– Politics Elections and Reappointment
– Education Research, Teaching Tool,
Administration
Wherever Spatial Data Analysis is Needed

Software for GIS
V e c t o r G I S
• ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA
– clear market leader
– originated commercial GIS with their ArcInfo product in 1981
– privately owned by Jack Dangermond, a legend in the field
– Strong in gov., education, utilities and business logistics
• MapInfo, Troy N.Y.
– Aggressive newcomer in early 1990s, but now well-established.
– Strong presence in business, especially site selection & marketing, and telecom
• Intergraph (Huntsville, AL)
– origins in proprietary CAD hardware/software
– Older UNIX-based MGE (Modular GIS Environment) evolved from CAD
– Current GeoMedia was the first true MS Windows-based GIS
– strong in design, public works, and FM (facilities management), but weakening
• Bentley Systems (Exton, PA)
– MicroStation GeoGraphics, originally developed with Intergraph, is now their exclusive and
main product..
– Strong in engineering; advertises itself as “geoengineering”
• Autodesk (San Rafael, CA)
– Began as PC-based CAD, but now the dominant CAD supplier
– First GIS product AutoCAD Map introduced in 1996
– Primarily small business/small city customer base

Software for GIS
R a s t e r G I S
• ERDAS/Imagine
– long established leader
– acquired by Leica Geosystems in 2001
• ER MAPPER
– Newcomer, originating in Australia
• Envi,
– relative newcomer, radar specialization
– acquired by Kodak in 2000
• PCI--Geomatica
– long-term Canadian player
• CARIS
– newer Canadian entry
• GRASS (Rutgers Univ.)
– Classic old-timer originally developed by US
Army Construction Engineering Research
Lab(CERL) in Champaign, IL;
– army ended dev. & support in 1996 but
assumed by Baylor University.
• IDRSI (Clark Univ)
– pioneering, university-developed package

G l o b a l P o s i t i o n i n g S y s t e m

GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, is the only system today able to show
you your exact position on the Earth anytime, in any weather, at anywhere.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based
navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites
placed into orbit at an altitude around 22,000 km by the
U.S. Department of Defense.
GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in
the 1980s, the government made the system available for
civilian use.
GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the
world, 24 hours a day. There are no subscription fees or
setup charges to use GPS

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S. space-based global
navigation satellite system.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is the standard generic term for satellite
navigation systems (Sat Nav) that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with
global coverage. GNSS allows small electronic receivers to determine their location
(longitude, latitude, and altitude) to within a few metre using time signals transmitted
along a line-of-sight by radio from satellites
The global coverage is achieved by constellations of about 30 Medium Earth
Orbit (MEO) satellites in different orbital planes. The actual systems use
orbit inclinations of >50° and orbital periods of 11 hours 58 minutes (height
20,200 km / 12,500 miles).

The GPS Operational Constellation consists of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth in very
precise orbits twice a day. GPS satellites emit continuous navigation signals.

The entire system is funded by the U.S. government and controlled by the
U.S. Department of Defense
The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978.
A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994. – 21 primary
satellites and 3 orbiting spares.
Each satellite is built to last about 10 years. Replacements are constantly
being built and launched into orbit.
At a speed of 1.9 miles per second between 60°N and 60°S latitude.
A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet
across with the solar panels extended.
This guarantees that signals from six of the satellites can be received from
any point on earth at almost any time.
About the GPS satellites

24-hour, worldwide service
Extremely accurate, three-dimensional location information (providing latitude,
longitude, and altitude readings)
Extremely accurate velocity information
Precise timing services
A worldwide common grid that is easily converted to any local grid
Continuous real-time information
Accessibility to an unlimited number of worldwide users
Civilian user support at a slightly less accurate level
GPS has a variety of use on land, at sea and in the air.

Galileo – a global system being developed and constructed by the European Union and other
partner countries, and planned to be operational by 2013.
Beidou – People's Republic of China's experimental regional system.
COMPASS – A proposed global satellite positioning system by the People's Republic of China.
GLONASS – Russia's global system which is being completed in partnership with India.
IRNSS – India's regional navigation system covering Asia and the Indian Ocean only (distinct from
India's participation in GLONASS).
QZSS – Japanese proposed regional system covering Japan only
Alternate to USA GPS

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