1. ASSIGNMENT ON
DIAGRAM AND
FLOWCHART
SUBMITED BY-KRISHNA
CHANDRA SAGAR
1S SEMESTER
ROLL NO-MBA 1910
2. DIAGRAM-A
diagram is a two-dimensional geometric symbolic representation of information according to
some visualization technique. Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization
which is then projected onto the two-dimensional surface. The word graph is sometimes used as
a synonym for diagram.
Here term diagram in common sense can have two meanings.
· visual information device : Like the term "illustration" the diagram is used as a collective
term standing for the whole class of technical genres, including graphs, technical
drawings and tables.
· specific kind of visual display : This is only the genre, that show qualitative data with
shapes that are connected by lines, arrows, or other visual links.
In science the term is used in both ways. For example Anderson (1997) stated more generally:
"diagrams are pictorial, yet abstract, representations of information, and maps, line graphs, bar
charts, engineering blueprints, and architects' sketches are all examples of diagrams, whereas
photographs and video are not". On the other hand Lowe (1993) defined diagrams as specifically
"abstract graphic portrayals of the subject matter they represent".
The essences of a diagram can be seen as:
· a form of visual formatting devices
· a display that do not show quantitative data, but rather relationships and abstract
information
· with building blocks such as geometrical shapes connected by lines, arrows, or other
visual link.
Main diagram types-
There are at least the following types of diagrams:
· Graph -based diagrams: these take a collection of items and relationships between them,
and express them by giving each item a 2D position, while the relationships are expressed
as connections between the items or overlaps between the items; examples of such
techniques:
3. tree
diagram
network diagram
flowchart
Venn diagram
existential graph
· Chart -like diagram techniques, which display a relationship between two variables
that take either discrete or a continuous ranges of values; examples:
histogram bar chart pie chart
function graphscatter plot
· Other types of diagrams-train
diagramexploded viewpopulation density mapPioneer plaque
4. FLOWCHART-A
graphical representation of the sequence of operations in an information
system or program. Information system flowcharts show how data flows from
source documents through the computer to final distribution to users. Program
flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single program or subroutine.
Different symbols are used to draw each type of flowchart.
5. SYMBOLS USED IN FLOWCHART-A
typical flowchart from older to computer science textbooks may have the following kinds of
symbols:
Start and end symbols-
Represented as circles, ovals or rounded rectangles, usually containing the word "Start" or
"End", or another phrase signaling the start or end of a process, such as "submit enquiry" or
"receive product".
6. Arrows-
Showing what's called "flow of control" in computer science. An arrow coming from one
symbol and ending at another symbol represents that control passes to the symbol the arrow
points to.
Processing steps-
Represented as rectangles. Examples: "Add 1 to X"; "replace identified part"; "save changes"
or similar.
Input/Output-
Represented as a parallelogram. Examples: Get X from the user; display X.
Conditional or decision
Represented as a diamond (rhombus). These typically contain a Yes/No question or
True/False test. This symbol is unique in that it has two arrows coming out of it, usually from
the bottom point and right point, one corresponding to Yes or True, and one corresponding
to No or False. The arrows should always be labeled.A decision is necessary in a flowchart.
More than two arrows can be used, but this is normally a clear indicator that a complex
decision is being taken, in which case it may need to be broken-down further, or replaced
with the "pre-defined process" symbol.
A number of other symbols that have less universal currency, such as:
A Document represented as a rectangle with a wavy base;
A Manual input represented by parallelogram, with the top irregularly
sloping up from left to right. An example would be to signify data-entry
from a form;
A Manual operation represented by a trapezoid with the longest
parallel side at the top, to represent an operation or adjustment to
process that can only be made manually.
Flowcharts may contain other symbols, such as connectors, usually represented as circles,
to represent converging paths in the flowchart. Circles will have more than one arrow
coming into them but only one going out. Some flowcharts may just have an arrow point to
another arrow instead. These are useful to represent an iterative process (what in Computer
Science is called a loop). A loop may, for example, consist of a connector where control first
enters, processing steps, a conditional with one arrow exiting the loop, and one going back
to the connector.It is important to remember to keep these connection logical in order.All
processes should flow from top to bottom and left to right.
7. Types of flowchart
Example of a system flowchart.
Sterneckert (2003) suggested that flowcharts can be modelled from the perspective of different user
groups (such as managers, system analysts and clerks) and that there are four general types:
· Document flowcharts, showing controls over a document-flow through a system
· Data flowcharts, showing controls over a data flows in a system
· System flowcharts showing controls at a physical or resource level
· Program flowchart, showing the controls in a program within a system
Notice that every type of flowchart focusses on some kind of control, rather than on the particular
flow itself.
EXAMPLE OF FLOWCHARTS-
