This document provides an introduction to solar and wind energy sources. It discusses how solar panels convert sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic cells and concentrated solar power. The history of solar cell technology is reviewed from 1839 to the present. Wind turbines capture kinetic energy from wind to generate electricity by rotating blades connected to a generator. India has significant potential for both solar and wind power, with over 32 GW of installed wind capacity and favorable conditions for further development.

1. Introduction to Solar & Wind
Energy Sources
Prof. Swapnil Y. Gadgune, Department of Electrical Engineering, PVPIT, Budhgaon, Sangli
Photo Credit:
pointclickswitch.com

2. Solar Energy
• Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity,
either directly using photovoltaic (PV), indirectly using concentrated
solar power, or a combination.
• Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar
tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.
• Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the
photovoltaic effect.

3. History Photovoltaic Cell
• 1839-The photovoltaic effect was first observed by French physicist A.
E. Becquerel.
• 1873-Willoughby Smith first described the "Effect of Light on
Selenium during the passage of an Electric Current".
• 1884-The first solar cell, consisting of a layer of selenium covered with
a thin film of gold, was experimented by Charles Fritts, but it had a
very poor efficiency.
• 1888-Russian physicist Aleksandr Stoletov built the first cell based on
the outer photoelectric effect discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1887.
• 1905-Albert Einstein proposed a new quantum theory of light and
explained the photoelectric effect in a landmark paper, for which he
received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.

4. History Photovoltaic Cell
• 1941-Vadim Lashkaryov discovered p-n-junctions in Cu2O
and Ag2S photocells.
• 1946-Russell Ohl patented the modern junction
semiconductor solar cell, while working on the series of
advances that would lead to the transistor.
• 1948-Kurt Lehovec may have been the first to explain the
photo-voltaic effect.
• 1954-The first practical photovoltaic cell was publicly
demonstrated at Bell Laboratories. The inventors were
Calvin Souther Fuller, Daryl Chapin and Gerald Pearson.
• 1958-Solar cells gained prominence with their incorporation
onto the Vanguard I satellite.
• 2017-The first demonstration of the alternating current
photovoltaic effect (AC PV) was done by Dr. Haiyang Zou
and Prof. Zhong Lin Wang at the Georgia Institute of
Technology.

5. Electricity Generation using PV Cell
when the silicon absorbs
photons – from light, the
electrons get the requisite
energy to move freely.
https://www.tonikenergy.com/blog/how-solar-cells-work/

6. Electricity Generation using PV Cell
When sunlight hits the
top layer of silicon crystal,
the electrons become
‘excited’ enough to move
through the front and
back metal contacts of the
cell – and the movement
of the electrons through
this circuit creates an
electric current.
https://www.tonikenergy.com/blog/how-solar-cells-work/

7. Electricity Generation using PV Cell
The current generated by
a solar cell is fairly small.
So solar cells are linked to
form a solar panel, and
then solar panels are
connected to create the
solar arrays.
https://www.tonikenergy.com/blog/how-solar-cells-work/

8. World Solar PV Energy Potential Map
https://britishbusinessenergy.co.uk/world-solar-map/

9. Top 10 leading countries in Global Solar
Power Generation in 2019
https://www.isolarworld.com/blog/Top-ten-leading-countries-in-solar-power-generation/

10. Solar Electricity Generation Growth in India
https://mercomindia.com/solar-power-generation-lowest-yoy/

11. Duck Curve
https://www.powermag.com/developments-in-energy-storage-
could-spell-the-end-of-the-duck-curve/

12. • When the wind blows past a
wind turbine, its blades
capture the wind’s kinetic
energy and rotate, turning it
into mechanical energy. This
rotation turns an internal shaft
connected to a gearbox, which
increases the speed of rotation
by a factor of 100. That spins a
generator that produces
electricity.
https://www.yokogawa.com/in/industries/power/renewable-energy/wind-power/
Wind Energy

13. India has the 4th largest installed
capacity in wind power after China,
U.S and Germany. The total installed
capacity of wind power in India as
on March 2017 is around 32 GW. A
recent study by National Institute of
Wind Energy (NIWE) has shown wind
energy potential of 302 GW at 100 m
hub-height in India.
Wind Power Generation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi
nd_power_by_country

14. Wind Power Potential in India
The potential of wind energy is concentrated in the
states of – Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and
Telangana. Tamil Nadu has the highest installed capacity
in the country with around 7.5 GW and its state
regulations are very much favourable to wind power
development. Maharashtra has the 2nd highest installed
capacity of about 5 GW followed by Gujarat with 3rd
highest installed capacity of around 4 GW in the country.
https://indien.um.dk/en/innovation/sector-
updates/renewable-energy/wind-energy-in-india/