model about groundwater transport. Which work in computer computre and can be used in real life and their we also consider some recent journal also. Where your idea is more clear about this model. SUTRA is the name of the model.

1. GROUND WATER FLOW
MODELLING
A presentation created under the guidance of
Dr. Soumen Maji
Assistant professor, Civil Engineering Department,
Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar
December 2022
GROUP MEMBERS-
Jyoti Prakash Gautam (202204011007)
Jugal Pratim Das (202204011009)
Suraj Tiwari (202204011012)
Fazlur Rahman (202204011015)

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS:
APPLICATION
HISTORY
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
DATA REQUIREMENTS
THE PROCESS

3. MODEL NAME
SUTRA ( Saturated-Unsaturated Transport)
 APPLICATION:
The SUTRA model is a finite-element simulation model for saturated-unsaturated, fluid-density-dependent
ground-water flow with energy transport or chemically-reactive single-species solute transport.
1. SUTRA can be used to model saturated ground-water flow systems at the areal and cross-sectional
levels, as well as unsaturated zone flow at the cross-sectional level.
2. Solute transport simulation using SUTRA can be used to model natural or man-made chemical species
transport, including solute sorption, production, and decay, as well as to analyse ground-water
contaminant transport problems and aquifer restoration designs.
3. Furthermore, SUTRA solute transport simulation can be used to model variable density leachate
movement as well as cross-sectional modelling of saltwater intrusion in aquifers at near-well or
regional scales, with either dispersed or relatively sharp transition zones between freshwater and
saltwater.

4.  HISTORY:
Version V09972D - 1997 second revision. The option to use Fortran 90 dynamic array dimensioning
has been added. The combination of two output files containing simulation results in simple column
format. The only change to the input data format is that the two new files and their unit numbers must
be specified in the "SUTRA.FIL" Name File.
V06902D was the first revision in 1990.It should be noted that input and output files from version
V12842D are NOT compatible with version V06902D. Minor changes to old data files are required,
as described in the change notes and revised documentation pages.
Version V12842D - The original version, released in 1984.

5.  SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
SUTRA is written in Fortran 77, with the option of using Fortran 90 statements to allow for dynamic array
allocation. Prior to simulation execution, SUTRA requires that the files required for the simulation be
defined. This is accomplished through the use of a Name File (SUTRA.FIL).
The unit number is specified on one record for each file (up to six), followed by a record containing the file
name. In general, the programme is simple to install on most computer systems.
The code has been used on a wide range of computers, from UNIX-based to DOS-based 386 computers
with as little as 640K of RAM.
 DATA REQUIREMENTS:
There are two SUTRA data files required:
(1) SUTRA input data and (2) simulation initial pressure, concentration, or temperature conditions
Subroutines BCTIME and UNSAT must be reprogrammed to implement time dependent boundary
conditions or unsaturated flow functions.

6.  THE PROCESS:
 Simulation may be done in either the areal plane or in a cross-sectional view.
The spatial coordinate system may be either Cartesian (x,y) or radial-cylindrical (r,z). Areal
simulation is usually physically unrealistic for variable-density fluid problems.
 Ground-water flow is simulated through numerical solution of a fluid mass balance
equation.
The ground-water system may be either saturated, or partly or completely unsaturated. Fluid density
may be constant, or vary as a function of solute concentrations or fluid temperature.
 SUTRA tracks the transport of either solute mass or energy in the flowing ground water
through a unified equation which represents the transport of either solute or energy.
Solute transport is simulated through numerical solution of a solute mass balance equation where
solute concentration may affect fluid density. The single solute species may be transported
conservatively, or it may undergo equilibrium sorption.

7. The Energy transport is simulated though numerical solution of an energy balance equation. Almost all aquifer
material, flow, and transport parameters may vary throughout the simulated region. Sources and boundary
conditions of fluid, solute and energy may be specified to vary with time or may be constant.
 SUTRA dispersion processes include diffusion and two types of fluid velocity-dependent dispersion.
(1)The standard dispersion model for isotropic media assumes direction-independent values of longitudinal and
transverse dispersivity.
(2)A velocity-dependent dispersion process for anisotropic media is also provided and is introduced in the SUTRA
documentation. This process assumes that longitudinal dispersivity varies depending on the angle between the flow
direction and the principal axis of aquifer permeability when permeability is anisotropic.
REFERENCE:
Clifford (1984), Water-Resources Investigations Report 84 4369, A FINITE-ELEMENT SIMULATION MODEL FOR
SATURATEDUNSATURATED, FLUID-DENSITY-DEPENDENT GROUNDWATER FLOW WITH ENERGY TRANSPORT OR
CHEMICALLYREACTIVE SINGLE-SPECIES SOLUTE TRANSPORT.