This document provides information about different types of tablets and the formulation process. It discusses: 1) The definition and advantages/disadvantages of tablets. 2) Various types of tablets including those ingested orally, used in the oral cavity, administered by other routes, and used to prepare solutions. 3) Excipients commonly used in tablets and their functions. 4) The formulation process including pulverization, granulation, compression, and coating. 5) Details on wet and dry granulation methods and tablet coating techniques.

1. HEMVATI NANDAN BAHUGUNA GARHWAL UNIVERSITY
A Central University (Srinagar Garhwal)
Formulation of Different Types of Tablets Summary
B.Pharm VIIIth Semester
Sudhir Priyadarshi
Roll No : 17134518057
To Head Of Department
Proof. Dr. Abdul Faruk
(Batch : 2017–2021)
Submitted By : Submitted To :

2. Contents :
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Tablets
Advantages of Tablets
Disadvantages of Tablets
- Types of Tablets
Tablets ingested Orally
Tablets used Orally
Tablets administrated by other routes
Tablets used to prepare solutions
Excipients and its Types
Diluents
Binder
Disintegrants
Lubricant and Glidents
Coloring Agents
Flavouring and Sweatness
- Formulation of Tablets
Pulverization and mixing
Granulation
- Wet Granulation
- Dry Granulation
Tablet Compression
Tablet Coating
Film coating

3. -
Tablets :
With Reference to USP, Tablets are compressed solid dosage form containing
Drug with or without vehicle.
- With Reference to IP, Tablets are solid unit dosage form prepared by
compressing a Drug or a Mixture of Drug with or without vehicle.
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Disadvantages of tablets :
- Hard To Swallowing case of Children and Unconscious patient.
Tablets with slow dissolution property and poor wetting are difficult to
Formulate.
- Disagreeable Taste with bad odour or oxygen sensitive Drug require
Encapsulation Coating, In such cases Capsules are recommended.
Due to amorphous Nature and Low Density property some Drugs
oppose Compaction.

4. Types of Tablets :
1. Tablets Ingested Orally
- Compressed Tablets : These tablets are begin by Compression
without Coating. They are made from powdered, granular or
crystalline material, With or without Vehicle.e.g: Aspirin, Paracetamol.
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Advantages of tablets :
They can be carried easily, swallowed easily and also aesthetic in look.
Disagreeable taste can be cover up by sugar coating.
Simple to take when fraction dose required.
Tablets are produced on a large scale, hence economical.

5. - Multiple Compressed Tablets : These are compressed Tablets made more
than One compression cycle, These Tablets formed by compressing
additional Tablet Granulation on a prior compressed Granulation.
- Sustained action Tablets: These are the Tablets which release the Drug at
a Desired Time with Extend effect after oral administration. E.g.
Diclofenac SR Tablets.

6. - Sugar Coated Tablets: Tablets containing sugar coating to cover up bitter
Taste of drug.
- Enteric Coated Tablets: These are the Tablets to by-pass the stomach
and breakdown in the intestine only.
- Film coated Tablets: These tablets are film coated by polymers.
E.g.. Hydroxy propyl cellulose, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and ethyl
Cellulose (Protect drug from atmospheric effects).

7. -
Tablets used in oral cavity:
Buccal Tablets: These Tablets placed in check side where they
dissolve Slowly absorbed in buccal cavity without passing alimentary
canal
E.g. progesterone tablets.
- Chewable tablets: These Tablets chewed and broken down between
teeth Before ingestion (for children) e.g. Antacid tablets, Digiene etc.

8. Lozenges Tablets: These tablets intent to perform local effect in mouth
or throat(for sore throat or coughing in cold)e.g. Vicks, lozenges,
Strepsils etc.
Sublingual tablets: These tablets placed under tongue where they
dissolve quickly And absorbed directly without passing GIT e.g.
Nitroglycerin.

9. -
Tablets administrated by other routes:
Implantation Tablets: These Tablets introduced subcutaneously by
minor surgery And slowly absorbed.
.
- Dental cones: These tablets are compressed tablets for placement on the
empty Sockets after tooth removal.(also having Anti Bacterial property).

10. -
Tablets used to prepare solution:
Effervescent Tablets: These Tablets containing sodium bicarbonate,
citric acid and tartaric acid which respond in regard of water release
carbon dioxide and Effervescence leading to decompose of
Tablet(ranitidine).
- Vaginal Tablets: These tablets intent to dissolve slowly in vaginal
cavity typically Ovid or peer shaped which can be inserted easily

11. Hypodermic Tablets: These are soft, easily soluble Tablets used for
the preparation of solution to be injected.
Dispensing Tablets: These Tablets Keep suitable quantity of potent drug
that can be converted into powder and integrate into liquids e.g. mild
silver potentiate, bichloride of mercury merbromin, and quaternary
ammonium compounds.

12. -
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Excipient / Tablet ingredients:
Diluent
Binder and adhesive
Disintegrants
Lubricants and Glidants.
Colouring agents.
Flavouring agents.
Sweetening agents.
Tablet Triturates: These are powders moulded into tablets,
containing potent substance mixed with lactose, sucrose and
dextrose etc.

13. Binders and adhesive:
These agents used to Enhance cohesive properties to powdered material.
E.g. starch paste, liq. Glucose, Sucrose soln., Gelatin soln., Cellulose soln.
(Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose), (poly vinyl pyrollidone).
Diluents:
These are used to make bulk of Tablets when drug is insufficient to produce
Bulk.
E.g. Lactose-anhydrous and spray dried lactose,
Directly compressed starch,
Calcium sulphate dihydrate,
Mannitol and sorbitol dextrose, sucrose.
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Function of Excipients:
- It impart weight, accuracy and volume.
- It Enhance Solubility.
- It Increase Stability.
It Enhances Bioavailability.
To alter Drug Release.

14. Lubricant and Glidants:
These are used to prevent adhesion of tablets materials to the surface of dies
and Punches and smoothes ejection of tablets from the die cavity e.g. Stearic
acid, magnesium stearate .
While, Glidants are designed to encourage flow of granules or powder material
by decreasing the friction between particles. E.g. Corn starch 5-10% conc. Talc
5% conc.
Coloring agent:
It makes aesthetic look to the tablets and also helps to identify the product
during Preparation .(colorant acquired in form of dyes and lakes).
Disintegrants:
It is a substance added to tablet to ease its disintegration after
administration
In the GIT e.g. Starch, clays, cellulose, gums and cross-linked polymers
etc.

15. -
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Formulation of Tablets:
1. Pulverization and mixing :in this different solid / powder
materials are reduced to same particle size, with the help of cutter
mill, Hammer Mill, Roller Mill and Fluid energy mill etc.
2. Granulation: In this the pulverized particles are made to cleave
to form large multi-Particle substance.(Range 0.2 to 4 mm.)
Objective of Granulation:
Enhance flow of powder.
To produce dust free formulation and steady mixture.
To improve compaction.
To avoid powder segregation.
Flavoring And Sweetness:
These are indented to chewable tablets or other tablets dissolve
in mouth.
e.g. Mannitol, Saccharin, Cyclamate, Asparmate

16. Step III: Mixing is done by using any one blender.
- Double cone blender - Planetary Mixer
- Ribbon Blender - V-blender
Step II: Weighing must be done in the clean area with suitable air
flow system to Avoid cross-contamination.
Step I: Milling of the drugs and vehicle, in this process active
ingredients and vehicle are milled To obtain homogeneity in the
final granulation.
1. Wet Granulation:
There are two types of Granulation:

17. Objective of wet Screening
- It Gain particle contact point.
- It Gain surface area to facilitate drying.
Step IV: Wet Massing: In this addition of binder soln. to Granules.
Method I Method II
Drug + Diluent Drug +Diluent
Dry Binder Is Added Binder solution is added
Blended Uniformly
Suitable Solvent is added to trigger the dry blender
Blended in sigma-mixer or planetary mixer till suitable
Wet mass is formed.

18. Step VII : Dry Screening:
In this granules are passed through mesh screen .
(Mesh size plays an important role)
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It can be done by :
Tray dryers (24 hrs of drying)
- Fluid bed dryer(30 min of drying)
Step VI: Drying:
- It is carried out at 60 degree C ,Depending on
Thermo labile nature of drug.
- It is required for removal of solvent.

19. I.
II.
II. Dry Granulation:
This method follows in a situation when
Effective dose of drug is too high for direct compaction.
Drug is heat sensitive/Moisture sensitive or both.
Steps :
Milling > Weighing > Screening > Blending > Slugging > Granulation (dry)
> Lubrication > Compaction.
Step VIII: Lubrication of Granules:
In this lubricant is added as a fine powder and blended very gently
using Tumbling Action to maintain the uniform size granules.
Tablet Diameter Mesh Size
3/16” #20
3.5/16-5/16” #16
5.5/16-6.5/16” #14

20. Tablets Compression:
By tablet compression it can reduce the volume by applying
pressure re-arrangement
Die, resulting a closer packing structure, reduce space and inter
particulate friction
Gains.
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Advantages of dry granulation over wet granulation:
No use of moisture.
Involves less steps and less time.
Less steps equals to less working space and energy.
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Here, Slugging
Slug signify to inadequate tablets or may be compacted mass of
powdered material. And it is done for imparting cohesiveness to
ingredients.
It is done by :
High Capacity Heavy Duty Tablet Press
Chilsonator Roller Compactor.

21. 1.
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Tablet machine output is controlled by three basics
No. of tooling sets.
No. of compression station.
Rotational speed of press.
However, Rotary press are designed for fast and economical
production of all kind of Tablets.
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Advantages are as follows:
Much more faster than any other process.
Minimum number of steps required.
- Modifying diluents, binders etc are available in market which
ensure spherical shape.
- To modify flow property.
It is done by direct compression method:
Milling> weighing> sieving> Blending> Compression.

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Tablet Coating:
Reason Behind Tablet Coating are
For cover up taste, color and odor of drug and make aesthetic
look.
Provide Physical handling.
Gives chemical protection from environment.
Control release of drug from tablet.
TYPES OF COATING:
1. Sugar coating
Sealing:
To prevent moisture enter into tablet core.
To strengthen the tablet core.
E.g. Alcoholic sol. Of shellac, Alcoholic sol. Of cellulose acetate
phthalate,
Alcoholic sol. of poly vinyl acetate phthalate.

23. -Polishing:
To bring the desired luster on the surface .
E.g. mixture of waxes (bees wax, carnauba wax, candella wax etc
-Printing:
For identify Sugar coating tables.
-Smoothing:
To cover and fill in the defect in the tablet surface occurred by sub-
coating step.
-Color coating:
To give an fine and uniform color .
-Sub-coating:
To round the edge and building up tablet size.
50%-100% weight increased by tablet.

24. - Pan-spray method:
In this method coating directly sprayed over Tablets from nozzles and
hot air passed
Through Tablets bed to dry it.
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Film Coating:
It adds 2% to 5% of weight, Its complex process in which use of
thin (20-200 µm)
Polymer-based coatings to an suitable substrate under conditions.
Types of film coating
Pan-pour method.
Pan-spray method
Fluidized bed process.
- Pan-pour method:
In this viscosity materials directly added into the Rotating pan
moving with the
Tablets.

25. - Enteric materials:
Cellulose acetate phthalate
Acryl polymers
Poly vinyl acetate phthalate
Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate.
- Non enteric materials:
Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose
Ethyl cellulose
Poly pyrrilodone
Enteric coating:
It is done by three process:
1. Pan-pour tablets.
2. Pan-spray method.
3. Fluidized bed process.
- Fluidized bed process:
It is used for coating of tablets and capsules etc.