Fingerprint identification has traditionally relied on comparing 12-16 matching ridge points between two prints. Recently there has been a shift to "ridgeology" where examiners consider additional features like ridge patterns, structures, and scars. Possible features for comparison include the overall ridge pattern, individual ridge patterns like endings and bifurcations, and individual ridge structures like width and pore position. Fingerprints can be classified by their level 1 overall pattern, then compared at levels 2 and 3 based on individual ridge characteristics. Proper identification requires analysis, comparison of visible features, and verification between prints. While 12 points was traditionally used, the probability of duplication is considered rather than a set number of points.

1. TINA S
Research scholar
Department of Forensic Science
Punjabi university,Patiala
sharmatina1989@gmail.com
Friction ridge
Identification

2. Contents
• What is Identification?
• Friction ridge identification
• Class and individual characteristics
• Structure of ridged skin
• Level 1 ,level 2 , level 3 Details
• Ace-v
• Conclusion
• References

3. Identification
• To ascertain the origin, nature, or
definitive characteristics.
• To associate or affiliate (oneself) closely
with a person or group.
• Determined by a set parameter.

4. Fingerprint Identification
For almost a hundred years, the primary method used to
examine prints was the point system. An examiner would
compare the ridges in two prints, and if enough of the ridge
points matched, anywhere from twelve to sixteen, then there
was said to be an identification.
In the past ten years, there has been a shift away from the points system to the
system known as “ridgeology”.1
An examiner must determine if there are enough
features (not just points) in common to determine if two fingerprints are
matches.
Possible features to consider in identification:
 Overall ridge pattern
 Individual ridge patterns (ridge ending, bifurcation, dot, etc.)
 Individual ridge structures (width, shape, position of pores, etc.)
 Other features present in a print, such as creases, scars, warts, etc.

5. Structure of riged skin

6. FINGERPRINT
CLASSIFICATION
CLASS CHARACTERSTIC INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERSTIC
Ridge pattern Ridge characterstics
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3

7. Level 1

8. Level 2

10. Take a look at the sample fingerprint below to see several ridge
characteristics that you might find during a fingerprint examination.
Crossover
Core
Bifurcation (fork)
Ridge ending
Island
Delta
Pore
Scar

11. analyse
verify
compare
evaluate

12. COMPARISON POSSIBLE?
DEFINE TOLRANCE
?
FRICTION RIDGE?
ANALYSIS
COMPARE
•MARK POSITIVE OR NEGETIVE?
•SUBSTRATE?
•ANY MARK IN ANATOMICAL
SEQUENCE?
• MARK MATRIX?
•DEVELOPING MEDIUM?
•DISTORTION?
•CLARITY?
•FEATURES VISIBLE?

13. A
COMAPRISON
AT LEVEL 1
AT LEVEL 3
EVALUATE
VERIFICATION
AT LEVEL 2
• SELECT REFRENCE POINT(ANY
RECURVING REDGE,GROUP OF
MINUTE,TYPE LINES,SCARS WARTS)
• ARE THESE ON SAME ORIENTATION?
• ESTABLISH ROUTE OF FRICTION
RIDGE
SELECT A VISIBLE FEATURE ON THE
MARK?
IS IT PRESENT ON KNOWN ?
COMAPARE?

14. COMPARRISON
OSBORN GRID METHOD
SEYMOUR TRACE METHOD
PHOTOGRAPHIC STRIP METHOD
POLYGON METHOD
OVERLAY METHOD
OSTERBURG METHOD
MICROSCOPIC METHOD
CONVENTIONAL METHOD

15. How many ridge characteristics can you identify in this fingerprint?

16. Features required for identification?
• Historically ,for very first time was given by frenchman
edmond locard.
• Locard suggested a tripartite rule
1. More than 12 points than identity beyond doubts.
2. If 8 to 12 then identity is to be considered with rarity of
the feature. presence of feature with respect to core
and delta
3. Limited number of characteristic points are present
then no certainty of identification but only presumption
proportional to point available and clarity

17. Do you know???
• Why 12 points of comparison?why not 10,
9, 6 or more if one fingerprint contains 200
approx minutae

18. Answer
• As examining the whole universe to see
whether any other individual have the
same points or not is beyond scope .
• Just consider improbabity of these 12
points to conside in two individuals
Its is highly improbable.

19. Different numerical standards for
different country
• Italy 16 -17
• U .k 16
• Germany/ 8-12
switzerland
• South africa 7
• Belgium 12

20. No predetermined numerical
standard approach
• International association for identification
studied and reviewed and concluded
1. Some type of minute more selective than
other. for example
bifurcations and ridge ending -80%
2.Quantitative feature 3 level to be added in
identification process
3. If no minutae around it is in its self source
of identity.

21. Identification
Qualitative • quantitative
Gerenal pattern
Type of minutae
Pores and edges
Number of minutae

22. VERIFICATION
• FINGERPRINT PROFESSION NEEDS TO BE OPERATED WITH AN
ETHICAL AND UNBIASD CULTURE
1. Training
2. Continuous education for new researches
3. Appraisal systems
4. Peer review ,collaborative studies,proficency testing
Which will let us provide service not only with a say that we are
presenting a service of 1000 years but of expertise itself.
1. Identification should not be done directly from comparison
but analysis feature extraction enhancement
2. Note taking from analysis to verification.
3. Proficiency testing and audits.

23. CONCLUSION
• Error in identification problem are not only due to failure to see the
outside of the things, but failure to recognize their differences and
their similarities
• And when we can see because of not able to recognize and
interperate them.
• Science is merely accurate classification resulting from
intelligent observation
Reasoning leading to correct recognition of similarity and dissimilarity
“knowledge is what necessary to ascertain resemblance and variation”
Albert s osborn

24. References
1. David r ashbaugh;qualitative and quantitative friction ridge
analysis,crc press,1999
2. Champod christephore,pirre margot,mulutinstoilovic crc press
Fingerprint and other ridged skin
3. James f.cowger;friction ;ridge skin CRC press london,1993
4. Gaensslen R.E,lee c henry;advances in fingerprint 2nd
edition
5. Albert S. Osborn;(1910) Questioned Documents
5. www.latentprint.com
6. www.onin.com
7. www.cplex.com
8. www.forensic-evidence.com
9. www.ridges-furrows.com

26. ANY QUESTIONS?????
WHENEVER HE STEPS
,WHTERVER HE TOUCHES
WHTEVER HE LEAVES,EVEN
UNCOUNCIOUSLY,WILL SERVE AS
SILENT WITNESS AGAINST HIM
HARIS V