Great earthquake Alaska-1964 ,Bhuj Earth quack-2001 and its planning measurement for two city's. What planner can do betterment after earth quack.

1. 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake
Department of Architecture
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
PREPARED BY
Jigar Lakhinkiya
Miral Kaloliya
Sharad Zalavadiya
GUIDED BY
Prof. Natwar Sharma
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2. Introduction
On March 27, 1964, at 5:36 p.m. a great earthquake of magnitude 9.2
(moment magnitude) occurred in Prince William Sound region of
Alaska.
The epicenter was about 10 km
east of the mouth of College
Fiord, and 120 km east of
Anchorage.
The epicenter was located at a
depth of approximately 25 km.
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3.  This earthquake is the second largest earthquake ever recorded in the
world. after a M9.5 earthquake in Chile in 1960. The duration of
rupture lasted approximately 4 minutes (240 seconds).
 The powerful earthquake caused soil liquefaction in the region.
Ground fissures and failures caused major structural damage in
several communities, much damage to property and several landslides.
Casualties: 139 killed
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4.  Aftershocks
 The main shock and its aftershocks occurred on a fault which is part
of the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates.
• In the first day there were 11 aftershocks with magnitudes greater than
6.0.
 in the next three weeks there were 9 more. Smaller aftershocks
continued for more than a year.
 Property damage was estimated at about $2.28 billion in U.S. dollars.
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5. Cause
Pacific plate
5 to 7 cm per
year
North American
plate
 After periods of tens to hundreds of years, this compression is relieved
by the sudden southeastward motion of portions of coastal Alaska as
they move back over the sub ducting Pacific plate.
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6.  This vertical deformation affected and area of approximately 250,000
sq.km. The end results was the movement of the Pacific plate under
the North American plate by about 9 meters on average.
Pacific plate
North American
plate
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7.  Major damage due to
1. Soil Liquefaction
2. Land Slide and Uplift
3. Tsunami 7

8. Soil Liquefaction
 Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a
soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.
Liquefaction and related phenomena have been responsible for
tremendous amounts of damage in Alaska earthquakes.
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9.  Sandy ground
liquefied in the
shaking, causing an
land to slide into the
waters of Knik Arm.
 (Picture credit:
Richard Schlecht—
Steve McCutcheon)
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Land Slide and Uplift

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Tsunami
 The 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake demonstrated that secondary faults
that spread out or splay upward from the main rupture plane can
accommodate much of the horizontal and vertical movement
associated with the sudden plate motion. These splay faults can locally
uplift the seafloor, causing the water above to be displaced and
creating a tsunami.
 Much of the damage and most of the lives lost were due to the effects
of water waves. These were mainly of two kinds: the Tsunami of
open-ocean sea wave, generated by large-scale motion of the sea
floor; and the local wave, generated by underwater landslides in bays
of fiords.
 Maximum height reported for these Tsunami were 20 meters in Valdez
Arm.

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Red: 1-4 hour
arrival times
Yellow: 5-6
hour arrival
times
Green: 7-14
hour arrival
times
Blue: 15-21
hour arrival
times.
Reference:
1. Wikipedia

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 On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s 52nd Republic Day,
a devastating earthquake occurred in the Kutch district of the state
of Gujarat.
 The earthquake was felt as far away as Delhi in the north, Kolkata in
the east and Chennai in the south.
 Bhuj town and the village Bhachau, 60 km east of Bhuj, were the
worst affected and many other areas of Gujarat including its state
headquarters Ahmedabad, were badly affected
Bhuj Earthquake 26th January. 2001

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INTRODUCTION
 26 January 2001, 8:46 AM IST
 Richter Scale 6.9
 Epicenter 9KM south of village
of Chobari in Katch District of
Gujarat
 Duration Over 2 Minutes
 Nearest City, Bhuj. 60KM SW
from epicenter
 Also called Bhuj Earthquake.

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GROUND MOTIONS
 In Earthquake no major
surface ruptures
 Wide spread liquefaction and
lateral spreads
 No records available, only
SMA at Bhuj observatory not
working due to cable failure
 Velocity data was obtained at
Bhuj observatory, using
which PGA at Bhuj was
estimated to be 0.38 g
 Teleseismic data was used to
locate source of Earthquake

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 The earthquake was caused at the convergent plate boundary between
the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate boundary. These pushed
together and caused the earthquake.
 However as Bhuj is in an intraplate zone, the earthquake was not
expected, this is one of the reasons so many buildings were destroyed
– because people did not build to earthquake resistant standards in an
area earthquakes were not thought to occur.
 In addition the Gujarat earthquake is an excellent example of
liquefaction, causing buildings to ‘sink’ into the ground which gains a
consistency of a liquid due to the frequency of the earthquake.
TAECTONIC SYSTEMS

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 56% of the total area of the Indian Republic is vulnerable to seismic
activity.
 12% of the area comes under Zone V (A&N Islands, Bihar, Gujarat,
Himachal Pradesh, J&K, N.E.States, Uttaranchal)
 18% area in Zone IV (Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, J&K, Lakshadweep, Maharashtra, Punjab, Sikkim,
Uttaranchal, W. Bengal)
 26% area in Zone III (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana,
Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu,
Uttaranchal, W. Bengal)
INDIA : VULNERABILITY TO EARTHQUAKES

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 The earthquake devastated Kutch. Practically all buildings and
structures of Kutch were brought down.
 Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Surendaranagar and Patan were
heavily damaged.
 Nearly 19,000 people died. Kutch alone reported more than 17,000
deaths.
 1.66 lakh people were injured. Most were handicapped for the rest of
their lives.
 The dead included 7,065 children (0-14 years) and 9,110 women.
 There were 348 orphans and 826 widows.
SUMMARY

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 Railways:- Damage to track between Viramgam to Gandhidam;
Gandhidham to Bhuj; Viramgam to Okha; and Palanpur to
Gandhidam. Heavy damage to various station buildings, station
cabins, bridges, residential quarters and signalling systems. Rail links
as far as Bhuj have been restored.
 Roads:- 650 kilometres of national highways damaged, 100
kilometres severely. National highways are now traffic-worthy.
 Ports:- Berths 1-5 at Kandla Port suffered major structural damage.
 Telecommunications:- 147 exchanges, 82,000 lines and optical fiber
systems damaged. All exchanges and at least 40,000 lines have been
restored.
Damage AssessmentDamage Assessment

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 Water:- Water supply to 18 towns and 1340 villages damaged or
destroyed. Piped water restored to 9 towns and 480 villages. Tube
wells are gradually being restored.
 Schools:- Kutch District had 1359 primary schools with 5168
schoolrooms. Of these, 992 schools and 4179 classrooms were
destroyed. There were 38 secondary schools of which six were
destroyed, 14 suffered heavy damage and 12 were partially damaged.
Of 128 non-government schools, nine were destroyed, 11 suffered
heavy damage and 99 were partially damaged.
 Power:- 45 sub-stations and power supply to 50% of feeders in Kutch
damaged. Power supply to nine towns & 925 villages affected. All
substations and 225 feeders have been restored and there is now
power to all villages in Kutch.
Damage AssessmentDamage Assessment

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 Fuel:- Jamnagar refinery shutdown 26 January by power failure.
Crude oil and product pipelines were shut down for checking. Crude
oil pipeline for one day, product pipelines for nine days. Availability
of product not affected as alternative arrangements have been made.
 Bridges:- Many minor and major bridges damaged including the
Syurajbari bridge at Bachau. Most main road bridges have been
repaired and are capable of accepting limited weight traffic.
Damage AssessmentDamage Assessment

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The response within India was immediate. The national and state
governments quickly provided assistance in many forms including
cash, medical supplies, communications teams, shelters, food,
clothing, transport and relief workers.
There were more than 185 non-government organizations (NGOs),
mostly Indian charities, which undertook earthquake-related activities.
LOCAL RESPONSE
INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE
 The response within India was immediate. The national and state
governments quickly provided assistance in many forms including
cash, medical supplies, communications teams, shelters, food,
clothing, transport and relief workers.
 There were more than 185 non-government organizations (NGOs),
mostly Indian charities, which undertook earthquake-related activities.

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 The short term rescue and relief operation were being undertaken,
medium term and long term recovery aspects were analyzed.
Rehabilitation schemes Government of Gujarat tired to, known as
packages, were formulated.
 The world bank and Asian development bank sanction loans in less
than three months after the earthquake
 Several state governments came forward to participate in, the
reconstruction work in different villages.
 The UN system, multilateral and bilateral agencies, NGOs and the
corporate sector participated in the relief and reconstruction work.
 Government of Gujarat provided assistance in the form of materials
and cash to about 218,000 families.
 NGOs supplemented the efforts by providing shelter to about 7000
families.
RELIEF

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Residential and local property
 Over a million structures were damaged or destroyed, including many
historic buildings and tourist attractions.

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 The quake destroyed around 40% of homes, eight schools, two
hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj and partly destroyed the city's
historic Swaminarayan temple and historic fort as well Prag
Mahal and Aina Mahal.
Prag Mahal Aina Mahal

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Damages on Tappar Dam Downstream section of Rudramata.
Bhachau Bus station Temple of Anjar

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• Massive slope failure of the
rail-road embankment near
Navlakhi port resulting in
fracture of rails, and damage to
prestressed concrete sleepers.
• The rails were hanging by
about 1.0 to 1.5 meters after the
earthquake.

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References
• Alaska Earthquake Information Center
• U.S. Geological Survey Photographic Library
• Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Washington
• Asperity distribution of the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake
• http://www.nicee.org/Bhuj.php
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquake
• http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm
• http://www.geerassociation.org/GEER_Post%20EQ%20Reports/Bhuj
_2001/india_photo.html

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