3. EVERYTHING in life is starts with a
source…….
As the source of a plant is a seed just like
that the source of oil and gas is a kerogen.
The formation of oil and gas is solving like
a puzzle each piece of the puzzle must be
present.
In this game of puzzling the main puzzles
are kerogen, time, temprature and
pressure.
4.
5. As we know that shale is composed
of 99% clay and 1% of organic
matter.
This 1% organic matter further
composed of 90% kerogen and 10%
of bitumen.
As shown..
6. Kerogen:
Kerogen is that part of organic matter
which is insoluble in non-polar solvents i.e
Benzene/methanol, toluene & methylene
chlorides etc.
Kerogen is a major starting material for
most oil and gas generation.
Kerogen is a most abundant form of
organic carbon on earth i.e 1000x more
7. Ingrediant for generating
kerogen:
For kerogen to be generated, organic matter must
be present in abundance.
It comprises mainly algae, plants and animal
matters.
However, the type and amount of kerogen
generation from organic matter depends on:
1) Nature of organic matter….
9. Colour of Kerogen:
Kerogen is amorphous and the initial
& immature kerogen colour is
greenish-yellow . but when kerogen is
moving from immature to mature
stage & increasing in carbon contents
its colour is changes to brown-black
or black.
10. Chemical Variability Of
Kerogen types:
Anaerobic bacteria breakdown the organic
matter into kerogen which can be Later transform
to oil and Gas.
we can use Van Krevelen plot to measure the
chemical variability of kerogen types. We can
plot Atomic H/C vs O/C ratio.
11. In this graph we see that the H/C
decreased rapidly as Hydrogen rock
molecules are crackedoff as Oil or Gas.
H/C ratio helps to find the origin of different
kerogen…
12.
13. Classification Of Kerogen:
According to Van-krevelen Diagram
kerogen can be classified based on the
ratio of H/C & O/C into 4 main types …
Type I kerogen
Type II kerogen
Type III kerogen
Type IV kerogen
14. Type I Kerogen:
Type I kerogen is derived mostly from the
remain of algae or planktons in marine
environment or lakes.
When it matures it mostly yield crude oil.
They have high proportion of H:C ratio(1.6-
1.8) & low O:C ratio(0.06).
An example of type 1 kerogen is found in
green river formation of USA.
15.
16. Type II kerogen:
Type II kerogen is derived mostly from the
mixture of marine one celled plants and
animals in a reducing environment.
They are mostly both Oil & Gas prone.
They have intermediat H:C & intermediat
O:C
Their examples can be seen in bazhenov
formation of Siberia.
17.
18. Type III kerogen:
Type III kerogen is derived from the higher
land plants, the same type that forms Coal
and swamps.
This coaly kerogen yields mostly Dry
natural gas and has rather low capacity to
forms oil.
They have low H:C ratio & high O:C ratio.
19.
20. Type IV kerogen:
Type IV kerogen is derived from the residual organic
matter.
This type of kerogen has high carbon content and is
hydrogen poor.
This type of kerogen is may have been altered by
combustion or biologic oxidation in swamps or soil.
Considered a form of dead carbon.
The type IV kerogen has no potiential for generating
oil and gas.
